FLORULA    BOSTONIENSIS. 


COLLECTION 


PLANTS    OF    BOSTON 


AND 


ITS     VICINITY, 


WITH    THEIR 


GENERIC  AND    SPECIFIC    CHARACTERS,  PRINCIPAL    SYNONYMS, 


DESCRIPTIONS,    PLACES    OF  GROWTH,  AND 


TIME    OF    FLOWERING, 


AND 


OCCASIONAL  REMARKS. 


By  JACOB  BIGELOW,  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR     OF    MATERIA    MEDICA    IN    HARVARD     UNIVERSITY,    MEMBER 
OF  THE  LINTfiEAN   SOCIETIES  OF  LONDON  AND  PARIS. 


THIRD    EDITION    ENLARGED, 
AND    CONTAINING    A     • 

GLOSSARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


BOSTON: 

CHARLES   C.  LITTLE   AND  JAMES  BROWN. 


1840. 
SOSTOK  COLLEGE  LIBRAKT 
CfiESTKUT  HILL, 


ASa. 


p  5  O 

CO       zi 
Of)       trl 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1840,  by  Jacob 
BiGELow,  in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Massachu- 
setts. 


BOSTON: 
PRINTED    BY    FREEMAN    AND    BOLLES, 

WASHINGTON    ''TRBBT, 


oliOfM 


J.. 


PREFACE 

TO    THE    THIRD    EDITION 


The  taste  for  botanical  studies  which  for  many  years  has 
prevailed  in  this  quarter  of  the  Union,  may  with  some  truth 
be  said  to  have  had  its  origin  about  the  time  of  the  publica- 
tion of  the  first  edition  of  this  work.  The  principal  use  of  a 
local  Flora  is  that  it  enables  botanical  inquirers  to  direct 
their  attention  chiefly  to  the  objects,  with  which  they  are 
most  likely  to  meet  in  their  researches  about  home,  and 
saves  them  from  the  more  extended  labor  of  searching  for 
the  names  of  these  objects  through  the  pages  of  general 
works. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  former  editions  of  the  Florula 
Bostoniensis,  much  progress  has  been  made  in  the  knowledge 
of  the  structure  and  relations  of  plants.  A  revolution  ap- 
pears to  be  taking  place  in  regard  more  particularly  to  two 
things.  Firstly,  the  terminology  of  the  science  has  been 
greatly  extended  by  the  introduction  of  more  precise  and 
definite  terms  to  express  the  numerous  forms  of  vegetable 
organic  structure.  This  is  rendered  necessary  by  the  vast 
additions,  which  are  continually  making,  to  the  catalogue  of 
known  plants,  to  distinguish  and  describe  which,  language 
itself  is  often  at  fault.  Secondly,  a  preference  among  bo- 
tanical writers,  greatly  preponderates  at  the  present  day, 
in  favor  of  the  arrangement  of  plants  by  natural  orders  and 


iv  PREFACE. 

systems,  rather  than  by  the  artificial  method  of  Linnaeus. 
To  those  who  cultivate  botany  extensively  as  a  science,  there 
can  be  no  question  that  the  natural  method  is  far  more  exact 
and  satisfactory.  On  the  other  hand,  to  beginners  in  study, 
the  artificial  mode  is  more  easy  of  comprehension,  and  is 
more  readily  made  available  for  the  first  steps  in  the  identi- 
fication of  plants. 

As  the  present  is  not  a  new  work,  but  an  enlarged  edition 
of  one  commonly  used  in  this  vicinity  for  the  last  twenty 
years,  it  has  not  been  thought  expedient  to  make  many  al- 
terations, either  in  the  nomenclature  or  arrangement  of  its 
contents.  Very  few  of  the  names  have  been  altered,  that 
confusion  in  reference  might  be  avoided.  A  considerable 
number  of  additions  will  be  found  in  the  pages  of  this  edi- 
tion, consisting  of  plants  noticed  in  this  vicinity  since  the 
former  editions,  or  communicated  by  the  kindness  of  various 
botanical  friends,  whose  names  will  be  found  in  their  re- 
spective places.  The  Glossary  of  botanical  terms  at  the 
end  is  much  enlarged. 

To  the  cultivators  of  American  botany  on  a  more  exten- 
sive scale,  I  take  the  liberty  of  recommending  the  Flora  of 
North  America  now  in  course  of  publication  by  Drs.  Torrey 
and  Gray  of  New  York,  a  work  which  does  justice  to  the 
great  learning  and  extensive  opportunities  of  its  authors  ; 
also  to  the  Flora  Boreali- Americana  of  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker,  a 
most  important  work  on  the  plants  of  Northern  and  North- 
western America. 

Boston,  May,  1840. 


PREFACE 

TO    THE    SECOND    EDITION. 


The  first  edition  of  the  Florula  Bostoniensis  was  pub- 
lished in  1814,  for  the  use  of  a  botanical  class  in  this  city. 
It  was  intended  to  contain  intelligible  descriptions  of  the 
more  common  and  interesting  plants  found  within  a  circuit 
of  about  ten  miles  around  Boston.  Its  publication  was  at 
that  time  rendered  necessary  by  the  great  deficiency  of 
books  relating  to  American  plants,  and  by  the  difficulty  of 
obtaining  foreign  works  of  a  character  suited  to  supply  this 
deficiency.  Similar  causes  afterwards  led  me,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  my  friend,  Dr.  Francis  Bobtt,  to  begin  the  collec- 
tion of  materials  for  a  Flora  of  the  New  England  states. 
In  the  pursuit  of  this  object  we  performed  several  botanical 
tours,  both  on  the  sea  coast  and  in  various  parts  of  the  inte- 
rior. The  most  remarkable  mountains  of  New  Hampshire 
and  Vermont,  which,  from  their  position  and  elevation,  af- 
ford a  different  vegetation  from  other  parts  of  the  United 
States,  were  visited  by  us,  and  some  progress  was  made  in 
the  proposed  undertaking.  The  design,  however,  was  sub- 
sequently relinquished,  having  been  rendered  more  difficult 
by  other  engagements,  while  it  became  less  necessary,  in 
consequence  of  the  appearance  of  various  American  botani- 
cal works.  The  publications  of  Muhlenberg,  Pursh,  Elliott, 
Nuttall,  Eaton  and  Torrey,  with  other  works  of  a  more 
limited  character,  have  certainly  contributed  much  to  fill 
the  void  which  existed  in  American  botany  ten  years  ago. 

The  materials  formerly  collected  towards  a  Flora  of  New 
England  not  having  been  published,  and  the  first  edition  of 
the  Florula  Bostoniensis  having  been  long  out  of  print,  I  have 


Vi  PREFACE. 

been  desired  by  the  publishers  of  the  latter  work  to  prepare 
an  enlarged  edition  for  the  press.  The  nature  of  my  occu- 
pations, however,  has  prevented  me  from  giving  the  requisite 
attention  to  this  object,  until  the  present  period.  Perhaps 
the  value  of  the  work  will  not  be  diminished  by  this  delay. 

The  second  edition  contains  about  twice  the  number  of 
plants  which  were  included  in  the  first.  Many  of  the  former 
descriptions  have  been  enlarged  or  amended  from  reexami- 
nations of  living  plants,  and  many  have  been  written  out 
anew.  Although  the  work  more  immediately  applies  to 
Boston  and  its  environs,  yet  I  have  inserted  in  this  edition 
all  such  plants  as  I  have  formerly  collected  and  described 
in  any  part  of  the  New  England  states. 

I  have  in  general  preferred  to  retain  the  older  names  of 
genera,  especially  such  as  were  in  the  first  edition  of  this 
Avork,  introducing  as  subgenera  the  divisions  of  later  bota- 
nists, together  with  some  others,  to  which  future  distributors 
will,  no  doubt,  give  names.  It  is  vain  to  attempt  keeping 
pace  with  the  continually  shifting  nomenclature  of  plants  ; 
and  it  may  justly  be  questioned  whether  the  benefit  which 
results  from  making  generic  distinctions  more  precise,  is  not 
more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  load  of  synonyms  which 
it  brings  with  it,  and  the  discouraging  necessity  which  it  im- 
poses on  students  of  the  science,  to  unlearn  continually 
what  they  have  acquired. 

The  field  of  vegetation,  which  has  already  been  explored, 
is  so  vast,  that  an  universal  botanist  is  a  character  now  un- 
known. The  most  useful  and  satisfactory  pursuit  of  the  sci- 
ence, for  persons  with  common  advantages,  will  be  found  in 
attention  to  the  native  plants  of  a  limited  district.  Even  the 
Flora  of  the  United  States  is  now  too  extensive  to  come  easily 
within  the  grasp  of  an  individual ;  and  that  of  any  consider- 
able section  of  our  territory  may  furnish  full  occupation  for 
years, 

Boston,  June,  1824. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


Ait.  Aiton. 

JBr.  R.  Brown. 

Curt.         Curtis. 
Desf.         Desfontaines. 
De  Cand.  De  Candolle. 


Ell 

Elliott. 

Erh. 

Ehrhart. 

Eat. 

Eaton. 

Fred. 

Froelich. 

Gmrt. 

Gaertner. 

Gron. 

Gronovius. 

Hook. 

Hooker. 

Huds. 

Hudson. 

L. 

Linnaeus. 

Lam. 

Lamarck. 

Lamh. 

Lambert. 

VHer. 

I'Heritier. 

Less. 

Lessing. 

Mich.  31x.  Michaux. 

Mich.f.  Michaux  the  younger. 


Mill. 

Miller. 

Muhl. 

Muhlenburg. 

Nutt. 

Nuttall. 

Pcrs. 

Persoon. 

Ph. 

Pursh. 

Poir. 

Poiret. 

Reich. 

Reichard. 

Salish. 

Salisbury. 

Sibth. 

Sibthrope, 

Sm. 

Smith. 

Sjpreng 

.  Sprengel. 

Sw. 

Svvartz. 

Tor. 

Torrey, 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Wang. 

Wangenheim. 

Willd. 

Willdenow. 

Sub.  syn.    Under  the  synonym. 

Abr.  Abridged. 

M.  t.  The  terms  being  changed. 


ERRATA. 


Page  31 J  line  32  for  aurundinacea  read  arundinacca. 


71,  "  18  "  Ligustrium  read  Ligusticum. 

72,  "  22  "  Araria  read  Aratia. 
116,  "  ]9  *'  lataaum  vea.d  lanatu7n, 
144,  "  11  "  Denscansis  read  Dens  Canis. 
231,  "  20  "  JVijmpcea  read  JVi/inphcsa. 

"    246,  "  13  "  Teucricum  read  Teucrium. 

"    268,  "  22  ''  .myssujn  read  Ahjssiim. 


FLORULA    BOSTONIENSIS. 


Class  I.     MONANDRIA.     One  Stamen. 
Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style. 

1.  Salicornia.  Calyx  inflated,  entire  ;  petals  none ; 
stamens  one  or  two  ;  seed  one,  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

2.  HippuRis.  Calyx  entire,  very  small ;  corolla 
none;  style  received  into  a  groove  of  the  anther; 
stigma  simple  ;  seed  one. 

Order  II.     DIGYNIA.      Two  styles. 

3.  PoDosTEMUM.  Calyx  of  two  or  three  scales; 
corolla  none ;  filament  forked ;  anthers  two ;  style 
none ;  stigma  reflexed  ;  capsule  two  celled,  two 
valved. 

4.  Callitrtche.  Calyx  none ;  petals  two ;  seeds 
four,  compressed,  naked,  with  a  margin  on  one  side; 
flowers  sometimes  monoecious. 

5.  Blitum.     Calyx  three  cleft;  petals  none;  seed  ^ 
one,  covered  with  the  berried  calyx. 

1 


2  CLASS  I.     ORDER  II. 


MONANDRIA. 
MONOGYNIA. 

1.    SALICORNIA. 
Salicornia   herbacea.     Common  Samphire^  or  Pigeon's 

foot. 

Herbaceous,  spreading ;  joints  compressed  at  the 
top,  truncated  ;  spikes  linear  with  obtuse  scales. 

Stem  erect,  leafless,  somewhat  four-sided,  the  joints  widened 
at  top,  and  truncated,  not  emarginate.  Branches  numerous, 
compound  or  decompound,  sometimes  double.  Spikes  lateral 
and  terminal,  linear,  from  twelve  to  twenty  times  longer  than 
they  are  wide  in  fruit.  Scales  rather  obtuse  with  a  slight  mem- 
branous border.  Flowers  three  on  each  side,  the  highest  being 
largest. — Salt  marshes. — August. — Annual. 

At  the  latter  end  of  the  season  the  lower  part  of  the  stem 
shrinks,  and  becomes  woody ;  the  plant,  however,  is  strictly 
annual. 

This  plant  agrees  exactly  with  specimens  from  England  and 
the  continent  of  Europe.  It  is,  however,  more  branched  and 
slender  than  the  engravings  usually  published  of  the  European 
plant. 

*Salicornia  mucronata.  Dwarf  Samphire. 

S.  humilis,  herhacea — articidis  inferne  tetragonis, 
superne  compressis^  truncatis — sjnculis  oblongis^  squa- 
mis  miicronatls. 

Low,  herbaceous ;  joints  quadrangular  at  bottom, 
compressed  and  truncated  at  top;  spikes  oblong  with 
mucronated  scales. 

Stem  erect,  leafless,  the  joints  quadrangular  at  bottom,  widen- 
ed and  entire,  not  emarginate  at  top.  Branches  few,  compound, 
in  small  plants  simple.  Spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  oblong, 
four  or  five  times  as  long  as  they  are  wide  when  in  fruit.  Scales 
very  acute  or  mucronate  with  a  slight  membranous  border. — 
Salt  marshes. — August.— Annual. 


CLASS  I.     ORDER  II.  3 

This  plant  is  less  than  half  the  height  of  the  preceding,  but 
thicker  in  all  its  parts,  and  always  distinguishable  at  sight. 
Spikes  very  thick,  with  remarkably  acute  scales.  It  is  wholly 
unlike  S.  ambigua  Mx.,  of  which  I  have  southern  specimens 
with  slender  branches  and  spikes  and  obtuse  scales. 

Dififerent  species  of  Salicornia  are  among  the  maritime  plants 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  soda.  They  are  used  at  table 
as  pickles. 

2.    HIPPURIS. 
HiPPURis  VULGARIS.     L.  Mares  tail. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  eight,  linear-lanceolatej  acute. 

An  aquatic  plant,  partly  floating,  partly  emerged;  the  emerg- 
ed leaves  smallest.  Flowers  axillary;  calyx  minute,  with  a 
lateral  stamen,  the  style  passing  through  the  anther.  I  have 
specimens  from  Vermont  and  Canada. — June. — Perennial. 

DIGYNIA. 

3.  PODOSTEMUM. 

PoDosTEMUM  CERATOPHYLLUM.     Mx.  Thread foot. 

Leaves  bristly,  many-parted. 

An  obscure,  tough  plant,  with  setaceous  leaves,  growing  under 
water,  with  the  roots  attached  to  stones  at  the  bottom.  Flowers 
solitary,  pedicelled,  monoecious. — Amherst. — Hitchcock. 

4.  CALLITRICHE. 

Callitriche  aquatica.     Sm.  Water  starwort. 

Stem  floating  ;  upper  leaves  spatulate,  obovate. 
Synonym.    Callitriche  veena.     L. 

The  stem  is  filiform,  floating,  and  composed  of  a  double  tube. 
The  leaves  are  small,  opposite,  inversely  ovate  or  wedge-shaped, 
rounded  at  the  end,  (not  acute  as  in  the  European ;)  the  upper 
ones  forming  star-like  tufts  on  the  ends  of  the  stem.  Flowers 
minute,  axillary,  solitary,  sessile.  It  grows  in  fresh  water,  sup- 
ported by  its  floating  upper  leaves  ;  flowering  above,  but  ripen- 
ing its  seeds  under  water. — Found  in  Roxbury. — Annual. 


4  CLASS  II.    ORDER  I. 

5.     BLITUM. 
Blitum  capitatum.  Strawberry  BUte. 

Leaves  triangular-hastate ;  heads  ahernate,  form- 
ing a  terminal  leafless  spike. 

A  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  with  a  fruit  resembling  some  of 
the  esculent,  compound  berries,  but  unpleasant. — June. — Annual. 


Class  IT.     DIANDRIA.      Tivo  stamens. 
Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style. 

A.     Flowers  inferior,  monopetalous,  regular. 

6.  LiGusTRUM.  Corolla  four  cleft;  berry  two  celled, 
four  seeded. 

B.     Flowers  inferior,  monopetalous,  irregular,  fruit  capsular. 

7.  Yeronica.  Calyx  four  parted ;  corolla  four 
cleft ;  rotate,  the  lowest  division  narrow ;  capsule 
superior,  two  celled  ;  obcordate. 

8.  Leptandra.  Calyx  live  parted  ;  corolla  tubular 
campanulate ;  stamens  much  exserted  ;  capsule  ovate, 
acuminate. 

9.  Gratiola.  Corolla  resupinate,  four  cleft,  two 
lipped;  calyx  mostly  seven  leaved;  stamens  four, 
two  of  them  barren  ;  capsule  two  celled. 

10.  Lindernia.  Calj^x  five  parted  ;  corolla  resupi- 
nate, upper  lip  reflected;  filaments  four,  the  two 
longer  ones  forked  and  barren  ;  capsule  two  celled. 

11.  Utricularia.  Corolla  ringent,  spurred;  calyx 
two  leaved;  capsule  one  celled. 

C.     Flowers  inferior,  monopetalous,  irregular :  seeds  naked. 

12.  Lycopus.  Corolla  four  cleft,  nearly  equal,  one 
of  the  divisions  notched  ,  stamens  distant ;  seeds  four. 


CLASS  II.     ORDER  I.  5 

13.  MoNARDA.  Corolla  ringent;  upper  lip  linear, 
involving  the  filaments  ;  seeds  fonr. 

14.  CuNiLA.  Corolla  ringent;  upper  lip  flat;  sta- 
mens four,  two  of  them  barren  ;  seeds  four. 

15.  CoLLiNsoNiA.  Corolla  somewhat  ringent;  lower 
lip  many  cleft,  capillary ;  seed,  one. 

16.  Crypta.  Calyx  two  leaved;  corolla  two  or 
three  petalled,  closed  ;  style  almost  wanting,  stigma 
obtuse ;  capsule  two  or  three  celled,  two  or  three 
valved,  cells  four  or  five  seeded. 

D.     Flowers  superior. 

17.  CmcMA.  Calyx  two  leaved  ;  corolla  two  pe- 
talled ;  petals  inversely  heart  shaped  ;  capsule  two 
celled  ;  cells  one  seeded. 


DIANDRIA. 
MONOGYjVIA. 

6.  LIGUSTRUM. 

LiGusTRUM  vuLGARE.     L.  Pi^ivet  Or  Prim. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  ;  panicle  crowded. 

An  ornamental  shrub  with  smooth,  opposite,  spear  shaped 
leaves,  thickening  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Remarkable  in 
summer  for  its  panicles  of  small  white  flowers,  and  in  autumn 
for  its  conical  bunches  of  black  berries. — Frequent  in  woods  and 
near  fences,  particularly  in  Roxbury. — May,  June. 

7.  VERONICA. 

Veronica  officinalis.  Common  Speedwell^ 

Spike  lateral ;  leaves  broad  ovate  or  oval,  hairy ; 
stem  procumbent ;  capsule  deeply  obcordate. 

Stem  branching,  spreading ;  leaves  opposite,  rough  ;  flowers 
pale,  blue,  veined. — Woods  and  fields. — May,  July. — Perennial. 

1^ 


6  CLASS  II.    ORDER  I. 

All  the  species  here  mentioned  are  common  to  Europe,  and 
probably  most  of  them  introduced. 

Veronica  serpyllifolia.     L.  Smooth  SjJecdwell. 

Raceme  terminal,  somewhat  spiked  ;  leaves  ovate 
somewhat  crenate,  three  nerved,  glabrous ;  capsules 
obcordate,  shorter  than  the  styles. 

A  small  plant,  hardly  distinguishable  among  the  grass  except 
when  in  flower.  Stem  decumbent,  rooting  at  the  base  ;  leaves 
opposite,  roundish  ovate ;  flowers  bluish  white  with  violet 
stripes ;  capsules  inversely  heart  shaped. — Pastures  and  road 
sides. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

Veronica  scutellata.     L.  Marsh  Speedwell. 

Racemes  lateral,  alternate ;  partial  flower  stalks 
divaricated  ;  leaves  linear,  slightly  indented. 

Stem  weak,  leaves  opposite,  linear-lanceolate  slightly  toothed ; 
racemes  axillary,  consisting  of  a  few  small  flowers  of  a  pale  flesh 
color  with  purplish  stripes.  Stalks  of  the  fruit  bent  backward. 
Found  very  common  in  wet  places,  varying  in  size  according  to 
the  quantity  of  water,  flowering  all  summer. — Perennial. 

Veronica  anagallis.     L.  Water  Speedwell. 

Racemes  opposite,  leaves  lanceolate  serrate,  stem 
erect. 

Stem  somewhat  quadrangular ;  racemes  many  flowered,  with 
short  petioles ;  flowers  purplish.  The  leaves  sometimes  ap- 
proach to  ovate. — In  ditches  all  summer. — Perennial. 

Veronica  beccabunga.     i.  BrooMime. 

Racemes  opposite;  leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  sub- 
serrate,  glabrous;  stem  procumbent,  rooting  at  base. 

A  fleshy,  succulent  species  with  blue  flowers. — Ditches  and 
brooks. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Veronica  agrestis.     L.  Procumbent  Speedwell. 

Flowers  axillary  ;  leaves  petioled,  heart-ovate,  cut- 
serrate,  shorter  than  the  peduncles;  stem  procum- 
bent. 


CLASS  II.     ORDER  I.  "         7 

Stem  branched;  lower  leaves  opposites,  the  rest  alternate; 
flowers  bluish  white,  striated. — Roads  and  fields. — May,  July. — 
Annual. 

Veronica  arvensis.     L.  Small  Speedwell. 

Flowers  axillary;  leaves  heart-ovate,  serrate,  the 

lower  ones  petioled ;  floral  leaves  lanceolate,  longer 
than  the  peduncles. 

A  pubescent  plant,  rather  smaller  than  the  foregoing.  Corolla 
pale  blue,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — May,  June. — Annual. 

8.    LEPTANDRA. 
Leptandra  Virginica.     Nutt.  Leptandra. 

Stem  erect ;  smooth  ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  from  four 
to  six  ;  spikes  terminal. 

Syn.    Veronica  Virginica.     L. 

A  tall  plant  with  white  spikes  and  verticillate  leaves.  Stem 
erect,  five  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  whorled,  lanceolate,  un- 
cinately  serrate,  pubescent  beneath.  Spikes  axillary  and  termi- 
nal, of  two  or  three  hundred  flowers,  which  are  nearly  sessile, 
with  acute  bractes.  Calyx  of  five  acute  leaves,  three  of  them 
external.  Corolla  white,  tubular  with  four  cordate  acute  seg- 
ments, villous  inside.  Stamens  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla, 
with  hairy  filaments. — Connecticut. — July. — Perennial. 

9.     GRATIOLA. 
Gratiola  aurea.     MuM.  Hedge  Hyssop. 

Smooth  ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  with  few  teeth,  half 
clasping  ;  sterile  filaments  minute. 
Syn.     Gratiola  officinalis.     Mich. 

Stem  smooth,  upright  or  ascending  at  base,  half  a  foot  high. 
Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  somewhat  clasping,  smooth,  dotted 
under  a  magnifier,  oblong-lanceolate,  with  a  slight  tooth  or  two 
on  each  side  toward  the  end.  Peduncles  axillary,  alternate, 
slender.  Calyx  leaves  seven,  linear-lanceolate,  two  of  them 
external,  perhaps  more  properly  bractes.  Corolla  irregular, 
yellow,   its  tube   curved,   and   hairy  within.     Filaments   four, 


8  CLASS  II.     ORDER  I. 

inserted  in  the  sides  of  the  corolla,  the  two  sterile  ones  minute. 
Style  long,  persistent. — Borders  of  ponds  and  muddy  places. — 
September. 

10.     LINDERNIA. 
LiNDERNiA  PYXiDARiA.     PursJi.  CommoTi  lAndcmia. 

Smooth  ;  leaves  oblong  ovate,  obsoletely  toothed, 
sessile;    peduncles   axillary,    one    flowered;    corolla 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  capsule  shorter  than  the 
calyx. 
^yn.     Gratiola  anagallidea.     Mx. 

LiNDERNIA   DILATATA.      Muhl. 

Stem  square,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  closely  sessile,  ovate, 
hardly  toothed.  Peduncles  axillary.  Calyx  leaves  five,  linear, 
acute.  Corolla  pale  blue,  the  upper  lip  very  short,  the  lower  of 
three  deflexed  roundish  lobes.     Capsule  oblong,  acute. 

It  is  a  small  annual  plant,  variable  in  habit,  found  in  damp 
rich  soils,  flowering  in  the  latter  part  of  summer. 

11.    UTRICULARIA. 

Utricularia  vulgaris.     L.  _  Bladder  wort. 

Floating ;  nectary  conical ;  scape  with  few  flowers. 

An  aquatic  plant,  appearing  above  water  only  with  its  stalk 
and  flowers.  The  roots  are  slightly  fixed  to  the  mud  at  bottom, 
the  rest  of  the  plant  floats  in  the  water  by  means  of  numerous 
small  air  bladders  attached  to  its  immersed  portions.  Stem  and 
peduncles  round,  shining.  Bractes  ovate,  scarious.  Calyx  of 
two  ovate  concave  leafets,  the  lower  one  widest  and  sometimes 
bifid.  Corolla  yellow,  personate,  the  upper  lip  irregularly  ovate, 
the  lower  with  a  projecting  palate  veined  with  brown.  Spur 
of  the  nectary  striated  with  parallel  angular  lines,  curved  up- 
ward, as  long  as  the  lower  lip,  acute,  sometimes  emarginate. 
Stamens  two  attached  to  the  upper  lip  near  its  insertion,  short, 
incurved.  Germ  globular,  style  clavate,  stigma  concave,  mem- 
branous, incurved  against  an  opposite  tooth. 

This  is  exactly  the  U.  vulgaris  of  Europe  by  Sowerby's  figure. 
The  horn  is  sometimes  acute  and  emarginate  in  the  same  plant, 


CLASS  II.    ORDER  I.  9 

and  sometimes  furnished  with  lateral  teeth. — Pitches  and  stag- 
nant waters. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Utricularia  cornuta.     3Ix.  Horned  Utricularia. 

Scape  rooting,  erect,  slender,  rigid;  flowers  two  or 
three,  subsessile ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  very  wide, 
three  lobed  ;  spur  porrected,  very  acute. 

A  terrestrial  species,  never  floating.  Scape  erect,  straight, 
filiform,  round,  smooth,  leafless;  furnished  with  ovate,  acute, 
appressed  scales.  Flowers  two  or  three,  at  the  top  on  very 
short  peduncles,  yellow,  issuing  from  between  three  acute 
bractes  of  which  one  is  larger  and  ovate,  the  two  others  linear. 
Calyx  of  two  leaves  which  are  ovate,  acute,  and  yellowish. 
Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  reflexed,  roundish,  yellow ;  lower  lip 
much  larger,  inflated,  emarginate,  with  a  small  projecting  ter- 
minal lobe.  Spur  as  long  as  the  upper  lip,  rigid,  acute,  slightly 
curved. 

Wet  grounds.  Sandwich,  Chelmsford,  fee.  Sometimes  so 
abundant  as  to  give  the  ground  a  yellow  appearance  at  a  dis- 
tance. 

Utricularia  inflata.     Walt.         Whorled  bladder  wort. 

Floating,  leaves   whorled,    inflated;  pinnatifid  at 
the  extremity. 
Syn.     Utricularia  ceratophylla.     Mx. 

Stem  slender,  with  vesicular  roots  or  fibres.  At  the  surface 
of  the  water  is  a  single  whorl  of  about  six  oblong  inflated  leaves, 
branched  at  the  extremity.  Flowers  three  or  four  on  a  stem 
pedunculated,  with  sheathing  bractes,  yellow.  Upper  lip  round- 
ish, mostly  entire.  Lower  lip  three  lobed,  its  inflated  portion 
small.  Spur  short,  compressed,  obtuse,  appressed  to  the  corolla, 
three  striate,  emarginate. — Ponds,  Charlestown. — August. 

Utricularia  purpurea.      Walt.         Purple  bladder  wort. 

Floating ;  scapes  mostly  one  flowered  ;  spur  flatten- 
ed, appressed  to  the  lower  lip  and  half  its  length. 

Bractes  sheathing.  Calyx  obtuse,  gibbous.  Flowers  purple, 
yellow  inside.     Upper  lip  entire,  lower  lip  much  inflated,  three 


10  CLASS  II,     ORDER  I. 

lobed,  its  middle-lobe  pressed  upward  by  the  spur,  which  is  short, 
greenish,  obtuse,  and  bending  upward,  compressed  transversely, 
not  carinate,  and  shorter  than  the  upper  lip.  Sent  from  Dan  vers 
by  Dr.  Nichols. — August. 

Utricularia  resupinata.     Greene,  31.  S.    Greene's  blad- 
der ivort. 

Scape  setaceous,  mostly  one  flowered ;  nectary 
resupinate. 

A  small  delicate  species  with  purple  flowers,  discovered  by 
B.  D.  Greene,  Esq.  at  Tewksbury.  The  nectary  is  short,  some- 
what obtuse,  and  in  the  young  flowers,  erect. 

The  scape  stands  erect  in  the  mud,  very  slender,  with  minute, 
oppressed  bractes  ;  a  few  vesicles  are  found  among  the  roots. 

Utricularia  gibe  a.      Willd.  Gibbous  Utricularia. 

Nectary  gibbous,  segments  of  the  corolla  roundish, 
scape  about  one  flowered. 

Very  small  with  yellow  flowers.  Bladders  few.  Lips  obtuse. 
Spur  obtuse  and  gibbous  in  the  middle.  Plymouth. — July. — 
Mr.  Tuckerman. 

12.    LYCOPUS. 
Lycopus  EuROPiEus.  Water  horelwund. 

Lower  leaves  cut,  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate ; 
calyx  acuminate-prickly. 

Stem  square ;  leaves  opposite,  lower  ones  deeply,  upper  ones 
more  slightly  toothed.  Flowers  in  whorls.  This  plant,  as  Dr. 
Smith  observes,  resembles  the  mints,  but  has  no  aromatic  smell. 
Taste  bitter. — Wet  ground,  flowering  all  summer. — Perennial. 

Lycopus  Virginicus.    L.      Virginian  Water  Jioreliound^ 

Bugle  weed. 
Leaves  broad  lanceolate,  serrate,  narrowed  at  base; 
calyx  shorter  than  the  seed,  not  prickly. 

Stem  obtusely  quadrangular.  Leaves  opposite,  smooth,  vari- 
ously toothed.  Flowers  in  small  whorls,  the  calyx  short  and 
unarmed.  Between  this  and  the  preceding  there  are  all  inter- 
mediate varieties. — Wet  grounds. — July,  August.— ^Perennial, 


CLASS  II.    ORDER  I. 


11 


These  plants  have  much  popular  reputation  as  a  temporary 
remedy  in  haemoptysis,  a  disease  which  it  is  more  easy  to  arrest 
for  a  time,  than  to  prevent  permanently. 

13.    MONARDA. 
MoNARDA  ALLOPHYLLA.     Mich.  Soft  Mouarda. 

Leaves  oblong,    sharply  serrate;    head  terminals- 
calyx  bearded  at  the   edge;    corollas   slender,   elon- 
gated. 
Syn.     MoNARDA  oblongata.     Ait. 

Stem  square,  commonly  purple  or  spotted,  two  feet  high ; 
leaves  soft  and  downy,  dotted  under  a  magnifier,  rounded  at 
base,  serrate  on  the  sides,  entire  towards  the  point.  Petioles 
and  smaller  branches  downy.  Bractes  and  calyxes  ciliate. 
Flowers,  in  terminal  heads,  blue  or  flesh  colored.  Corolla 
downy,  upper  lip  linear,  lower  lip  with  two  lateral  lobes  and  a 
linear  middle  segment.  Style  longer  than  the  stamens ;  stigma 
bifid. — Chelsea  beach  island.  Waltham. — July,  August, — Pe- 
rennial.— The  taste  of  the  whole  plant  resembles  that  of  thyme. 

A  second  variety  has  deep  purple  flowers  and  bractes  of  the 
same  color;  leaves  a  little  more  villous.  This  appears  to  be  the 
M.  Kalmiana  of  Pursh.  I  am  inclined  with  Michaux  to  con- 
sider many  of  the  supposed  species  as  mere  varieties. 

14.     CUNILA. 

Subgenus  Hedeoma.     Calyx  gibbous  at  base— fertile  stamens  as 
long  as  the  corolla. 
CuNiLA  puLEGioiDES.     L.  Pennyroyal. 

Leaves  oblong,  few  toothed  ;  flowers  whorled. 

Syn.    Hedeoma  pulegioides.     Pers. 

A  well  known  pungent  and  strong  scented  plant.  Leaves  op- 
posite ;  lanceolate-oval,  with  a  few  teeth  on  each  side.  Flowers 
in  numerous  whorls ;  calyxes  with  the  upper  lip  ending  in  three 
points,  the  lower  in  two  bristles. 

This  plant,  having  found  its  way  into  England,  was  described 
as  a  new  species  of  mint,  under  the  name  of  mentha  exigua, 
until  Dr.  Smith  detected  the  error. 

In  dry  grounds. — July,  August. — Annual. 


12  CLASS  11.     ORDER  I. 

15.     COLLINSONIA. 
CoLLiNsoNiA  Canadensis.     L.  Horse  weed. 

Leaves  heart-ovate ;    stem  smooth  :    teeth  of  the 
calyx  subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube. 

Plant  three  or  four  feet  high.  Stem  smooth,  furrowed  on  four 
sides,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite,  very  large,  serrate 
and  acuminate,  the  lower  ones  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  pair 
sessile.  Panicle  terminal,  its  branches  opposite.  Flowers  dull 
yellow;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  fringed.  Stamens  distant,  slen- 
der, very  long.  Style  very  long,  dark  purple ;  stigma  bifid. — 
Roxbury,  road  side. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

16.  CRYPTA. 

Crypta  minima.     Nutt.  Small  Crypta. 

Syn.     Peflis  Americana.        j  p^^^j^ 
Herpestis  micrantha.  j 

A  minute  plant,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud  and  sand. — 
Leaves  wedge-obovate,  opposite,  entire,  obtuse.  Flowers  axil- 
lary roundish,  very  minute,  white.  Calyx  leaves  oval,  concave. 
Petals  two  or  three  concave.  Stamens  two  or  three.  Cap- 
sule globular. — Banks  of  Fresh  Pond. — Mr.  Tuckerman.— 
August. 

17.  CIRC^A. 

Circjea  lutetiana.     L.  Enchanter' s  nightshade. 

Stem  erect ;  leaves  ovate,  slightly  toothed,  opaque, 
pubescent. 
Syn.     Circ^a  Canadensis.     Muhl. 

Stem  round ;  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  ; 
petals  inversely  heart  shaped,  reddish  white  ;  capsules  roundish, 
covered  with  minute  hooks;  stalks  of  the  capsules  bent  back- 
ward.— Moist  woods,  particularly  on  Chelsea  beach  island. — 
June,  July. — Perennial. 
CiRC^A  alpina.     L.  Alpine  enchanter's  nightshade. 

Stem  branched ;  leaves  broad-heart  shaped,  mem- 
branous, toothed. 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  I.,  II.  I3 

A  smaller  and  more  humble  plant  than  the  preceding,  with 
very  distinct  heart  shaped  leaves.  Capsules  reflexed,  pubescent. 
— In  old  woods. — July. — Perennial. 


Class  III.     TRIANDRIA.      Three  stamens. 

Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.      One  style. 

A.  Flowers  superior. 

18.  Iris.     Corolla  six  parted,  the  divisions  alter- 
nately reflected;  stigmas  petal  form. 

B.  Floioers  inferior. 

19.  Xyris.      Corolla   three    petalled ;    calyx   two 
valved ;  capsule  three  celled. 

C.  Flowers  grassy. 

20.  ScHCENus.  Corolla  none ;  calyx  of  fascicled, 
chaffy  scales ;  seed  one,  roundish. 

21.  Cyperus.  Corolla  none ;  calyx  of  chaffy 
scales  imbricate  two  ways ;  seed  mostly  naked. 

22.  SciRPUs.  Corolla  none ;  calyx  of  chaffy  scales 
imbricate  every  way  ;  seed  mostly  naked. 

23.  Eriophorum.  Corolla  none;  calyx  of  imbri- 
cate scales ;  seed  invested  with  long  woolly  hair. 

24.  Spartina.  Calyx  two  valved,  compressed,  one 
valve  larger,  longer,  and  carinated ;  corolla  two 
valved. 

25.  Oryzopsis.  Calyx  two  valved,  the  valves  obo- 
vate,  one  flowered ;  corolla  two  valved,  the  outer  one 
awned ;  nectary  two  leaved. 

Order  II.       DIGYNIA.        Two  styles. 

A.     Flowers  scattered,  one  in  each  calyx. 

26.  Milium.     Calyx  two  valved,  the  valves  ventri- 

2 


14  CLASS  III.    ORDER  II. 

cose,  nearly  equal ;  corolla  two  valvedj  mostly  shorter 
than  the  calyx. 

27.  Alopecurus.  Calyx  two  valved,  one  flowered ; 
corolla  one  valved ;  flowers  spiked. 

28.  Trichodium.  Calyx  two  valved,  one  flowered; 
corolla  one  valved,  awnless  ;  flowers  panicled. 

29.  MuHLENBERGiA.  Calyx  minute,  one  valved ; 
corolla  two  valved,  hairy  at  base,  outer  valved  awned 
at  the  tip. 

30.  Anthoxanthum.  Calyx  two  valved ;  corolla 
two  valved,  acuminate,  awned;  stamens  two. 

31.  Phleum.  Calyx  two  valved,  one  flowered, 
sessile,  linear,  truncate,  ending  in  a  point,  inclosing, 
and  longer  than  the  corolla. 

32.  Agrostis.  Calyx  two  valved,  one  flowered ; 
the  valves  acute ;  corolla  two  valved,  unequal,  larger 
than  the  calyx. 

33.  CiNNA.  Calyx  two  valved,  one  flowered;  co- 
rolla linear,  naked  at  base  ;  stamen  one. 

34.  Leersia.  Calyx  none ;  corolla  two  valved, 
closed. 

35.  Phalaris.  Calyx  two  valved,  the  valves  cari- 
nate,  equal ;  corolla  two  valved,  included,  hairy  at 
base.     Rudiments  resembling  valves. 

36.  Aristida.  Calyx  two  valved,  corolla  one 
valved  with  three  terminal  awns. 

37.  Stipa.  Calyx  two  valved  ;  corolla  two  valved, 
the  valves  involute,  truncate ;  awn  terminal,  very 
long,  twisted  at  base. 

B.     Flowers  more  than  one  in  each  calyx. 

38.  AiRA.  Calyx  two  valved,  two  or  three  flow- 
ered without  the  rudiment  of  an  additional  flower ; 
corolla  two  valved. 


CLASS  III.    ORDER  II.  15 

39.  Uniola.  Calyx  many  valved  ;  spikelet  ovate, 
carinate. 

40.  Dactylis.  Calyx  of  two  valves,  many  flow- 
ered, one  of  the  valves  larger,  longer,  compressed, 
carinate. 

41.  AvENA.  Calyx  two  valved,  many  flowered, 
with  a  twisted  awn  on  the  back. 

42.  PoA.  Calyx  two  valved ;  spikelet  rounded  at 
the  base ;  corolla  two  valved,  the  valves  ovate,  some- 
what acute,  awnless. 

43.  Briza.  Calyx  two  valved;  corolla  inflated,  its 
valves  heart-shaped,  mostly  obtuse. 

44.  Festuca.  Calyx  two  valved  ;  spikelet  oblong, 
roundish,  with  pointed  glumes. 

45.  Bromus.  Calyx  two  valved ;  spikelet  oblong, 
roundish,  two  ranked ;  awn  from  below  the  top  of 
the  valves. 

46.  Arundo.  Calyx  two  valved  ;  corolla  woolly  at 
the  base,  awnless. 

.  C.     Flowers  polygamous. 

47.  Panicum.  Calyx  of  two  very  unequal  valves, 
containing  two  flowers,  the  outer  one  barren ;  corolla 
cartilaginous,  investing  the  seed. 

48.  Andropogon.  Flowers  double  ;  one  pedicelled, 
barren ;  the  other  sessile,  containing  two  florets,  one 
barren,  the  other  perfect,  its  corolla  furnished  with  a 
twisted  awn. 

49.  HoLcus.  Calyx  two  valved,  two  or  three  flow- 
ered; corolla  two  valved,  barren  floret  mostly  awned. 

D.     Flowers  spiJced  on  a  long  slender  receptacle. 

50.  LoLiuM.     Calyx  one  valved,  many  flowered. 

51.  Triticum.     Calyx  two  valved,  many  flowered. 


IQ  CLASS  III.     ORDER  III. 

52.  Elymus.     Involucre  four  leaved,  two  flowered  ; 
flowers  compound. 

53.  HoRDEUM.     Involucre  six  leaved,  three   flow- 
ered ;  flowers  simple. 

Order  III.        TRIGYNIA.        Tliree  styles. 

A.  Floioers  inferior. 

54.  Lechea.     Corolla  three  petalled;    calyx  three 
leaved  ;  capsule  three  celled,  three  valved. 

^^.  MoLLUGO.     Corolla  none ;    cal^^x   five  leaved ; 
capsule  tliree  celled. 

B.  Floivers  superior. 

56.  Proserpinaca.    Corolla  none  ;  calyx  three  part- 
ed ;  seed  one,  three  celled. 


TRIANDRIA. 

3IONOGYNIA. 

18.     IRIS. 
Iris  versicolor.     L.  Blue  Flag. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xvi. 

Leaves  ensiform,  stem  acute  on  one  side,  capsules 
oblong,  three  sided,  with  obtuse  angles. 
Syn.     Iris  Virginica.  1st  edit. 

The  most  common  and  showy  ornament  of  our  meadows  in 
the  early  part  of  summer.  The  root  is  fleshy,  horizontal,  send- 
ing down  a  multitude  of  fibres.  Stem  two  or  three  feet  high, 
round  on  one  side,  acute  on  the  other,  frequently  branched,  and 
bearing  from  two  to  six  flowers.  Leaves  sword  shaped,  striated, 
sheathing  at  base.  Bractes  becoming  scarious.  Peduncles  of 
various  length,  flattened  on  the  inside.  Germ  three  cornered, 
with  flat  sides  and  obtuse  angles.  Outer  petals  of  the  flower 
spatulate,  beardless,  the  border  purple,  the  claw  variegated  with 


CLASS  III.    ORDER  III.  XT' 

green,  yellow,  and  white,  and  veined  with  purple.  Inner  petals 
erect,  varying  in  shape  from  spatulate  to  lanceolate,  usually 
paler  than  the  outer,  entire  or  emarginate.  Style  short,  con- 
cealed ;  stigmas  three,  petal-form,  purple  or  violet,  resting  on 
the  outer  petals,  their  extremities  bifid,  crenate,  and  more  or  less 
reflexed;  their  lower  lip  short.  Stamens  concealed  under  the 
stigmas  with  oblong-linear  anthers.  Capsule  three  celled,  three 
valved ;  when  ripe,  oblong,  turgid,  three  sided,  with  roundish 
angles.     Seeds  numerous,  flat. 

Borders  of  swamps  and  wet  meadows. — June. — Perennial. — 
The  root  is  a  violent  emetic. 

The  Iris  Virginica  of  Linnaeus,  characterized  by  an  ancipital 
stem  and  ensiform  leaves,  is  probably  identical  with  this  species. 

Iris  prismatica.     Pursh.  Boston  Iris. 

Iris  imberbis  ;  foliis  linearibus  ;  caiile  tereti,  pluri- 
floro  ;  germinibus  trigonis,  lateribus  trisulcis. 

Flowers  beardless  ;  leaves  linear  ;  stem  round, 
many  flowered  j  germs  triangular,  twice  grooved  on 
the  sides. 

Syn.  Iris  gracilis.  \st  edit. 
Iris  Virginica.  Torrey. 
This  plant  was  first  described  by  me  in  the  former  edition  of 
this  work  under  the  name  of  I.  gracilis.  Two  years  afterwards, 
Mr.  Pursh  gave  it  the  name  of  I.  prismatica,  which  name  I  am 
willing  to  adopt,  the  other  ^having  since  been  bestowed  on  an 
African  plant.  When  I  sent  it  to  the  late  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  he 
at  first  pronounced  it  I.  Virginica,  but  afterwards  agreed  that  it 
was  new.  Having  a  round  stem  and  linear  leaves,  it  certainly 
wants  the  Linnsean  characteristics  of  I.  Virginica.  Its  best  dis- 
tinctive character  is  the  doubly  grooved  germ,  which  Pursh  has 
overlooked. 

Root  fleshy,  sending  out  short  runners,  from  which  new  plants 
arise ;  stem  round,  smooth,  slender,  from  one  to  two  feet  high, 
branching  at  top,  bearing  several  alternate  leaves,  and  from  two 
to  eight  flowers.  Leaves  linear,  erect,  sheathing  at  their  base 
Bractes  or  involucres  close,  becoming  dry.    Peduncles  flattened 

2# 


18  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

on  the  inside,  varying  in  their  proportions  to  the  bractes,  but 
commonly  longer.  Outer  petals  slender,  spreading,  purple  at 
the  edge,  yellow,  and  veined  in  the  middle,  the  yellow  portion 
much  greater  than  in  the  last  species.  Inner  petals  lanceolate, 
slightly  emarginate.  Germs  oblong,  three  sided;  sides  with 
two  deep  parallel  grooves,  the  whole  representing  a  cylinder 
with  three  smaller  ones  attached  to  its  sides.  As  the  germ  en- 
larges, the  distance  between  the  two  furrows  does  not  increase, 
and  they  are  nearly  obliterated  in  the  capsule,  which  is  triangu- 
lar and  turgid  with  its  three  rows  of  seeds. 

Found  at  South  Boston  and  Cambridge,  in  the  same  places 
with  Iris  Virginica,  but  much  less  frequent. — June. — Perennial. 

19.     XYRIS. 
Xyris  Jupicai.     Mich.  Yellow  eyed  grass. 

Leaves  linear,   somewhat  obtuse  ;  scape  near  the 
head  dilated,  two  edged  ;  scales  rounded. 
Syn.     Xyris  Caroliniana.     Lam.  Poir. 

Root  bulbous ;  leaves  grassy,  shorter  than  the  scape ;  scape 
erect,  two  edged,  twisted,  a  little  widened  at  top.  Heads  round- 
ish, rather  acute,  supporting  a  number  of  small  yellow  florets 
projecting  out  of  the  scales,  hairy  within,  and  consisting  of  three 
ovate,  crenate  petals. — Meadows. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

20.     SCHCENUS. 
ScHOENus  MARiscoiDEs.     31uM.  Water  Bog  rush. 

Culm  round ;  leaves  channelled ;  umbel  terminal, 
spikes  fascicled. 

A  firm  rush  a  foot  or  two  high.  Leaves  half  cylindrical,  chan- 
nelled. Fascicles  about  three  together,  each  containing  a  dozen 
lanceolate,  brown  spikes. — Edges  of  Fresh  Pond. — July. — Pe- 
rennial. 

^  Subgenus  Rhyncospora.  Seed  surrounded  with  Iristles — style 
persistent. 

ScHCENus  ALB  US.     L.  White  headed  Bog  rush. 

Culm  three  sided,  leafy ;  flowers  fascicled ;  leaves 
setaceous. 


CLASS  III.    ORDER  III.  I9 

Syn.     E.HYNCOSPORA  ALBA.      Vahl. 

A  smooth,  grassy  plant,  with  white  heads  of  flowers.  Stem 
half  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  three  sided,  mostly  smooth. 
Leaves  mostly  belonging  to  the  stem,  alternate,  sheathing,  the 
sheaths  tubular  or  entire.  Flowers  in  fascicles  on  footstalks, 
terminal  and  axillary,  erect.  Glumes  white,  afterward  becoming 
brownish.  Seeds  surrounded  with  short  hairs. — In  low  woods 
and  swamps. — Brighton. — July. — Perennial. 

21.     CYPERUS. 
Cyperus  inflexus.     Muhl.  Infiected  Cyperus. 

Heads  roundish,  glomerate  ;  spikelets  linear,  about 
eight  flowered ;  glumes  squarrose  at  the  tip. 

Syn.     CypEKUS  uncinattjs.     Pursh. 

Two  or  three  inches  high,  with  soft,  crowded,  ascending,  slen- 
der spikelets;  the  glumes  recurved  at  the  tip. — Wet  grounds. — 
August. 

Cyperus  flavescens.     L.  Yellow  Cyperus. 

Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  crowded,  three  or  four 
together ;  involucre  three  leaved,  longer  than  the 
umbel. 

Spikelets  from  fifteen  to  twenty  flowered,  yellowish  green. — 
Wet  grounds. — August,  September. — Perennial. 

Cyperus  castaneus.  Chesnut  Cyperus. 

Spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  involucre  three  leaved, 
longer  than  the  umbel. 

Syn.     Cyperus  flavescens,  (?.  castaneus.     Pursh. 

Smaller  than  the  preceding  ;  spikelets  broader,  chesnut  color- 
ed, fifteen  to  twenty  flowered. — Wet  grounds. — August. 

Cyperus  diandrus.      Torrey.  Diandros  Cyperus. 

Umbel  sessile,  or  one  to  two  rayed,  shorter  than 
the  involucre;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  about  fif- 
teen flowered  ;  stamens  two. 

From  eight  to  twelve  inches  high,  the  umbel  sometimes  re- 


20  CLASS  in.    ORDER  III. 

sembling  a  small  panicle. — Wet  grounds  and  salt  marshes. — 

September. 

Cyperus  dentatus.      Torrcy.  Toothed  Cyperus. 

Umbel  compound,  six  to  ten  rayed,  shorter  than  the 
involucre  ;  spikelets  three  together,  ovate  compressed, 
eight  flowered. 
Syn.     Cyperus  parviflorus.     Muhl. 

Ten  or  twelve  inches  high.     Spikes  very  much  compressed, 
the  tips  of  the  glumes  spreading  so  as  lo  give  a  serrate  appear- 
ance to  the  edge  as  remarked  by  Dr.  Torrey. — Edges  of  water. — 
September. 
Cyperus  strigosus.     L.  Narrow  spiked  Cyperus. 

Spikelets  linear,  spreading  or  reflexed,  ten  or 
twelve  flowered ;    root  globose. 

A  foot  or  more  in  height.  Umbel  mostly  simple,  the  spike- 
lets numerous,  narrow,  and  inserted  into  their  common  stalk 
nearly  at  right  angles. — Low  grounds. — August,  September. — 
Perennial. 

Cyperus  mariscoides.     Ell.  Tuberous  Cyperus. 

Umbel  simple  with  one  or  two  rays ;  spikelets 
seven  or  eight  flowered,  collected  into  dense  spherical 
heads  ;  root  globose. 

Eight  or  ten  inches  high.  Root  a  solid  bulb.  Spikelets 
crowded  into  hard,  dense  heads. — Plentiful  on  the  barren  sand  in 
the  lower  part  of  Watertown.— July,  August. — Perennial. 

§  Subgenus  Dulichium.     Spikelets  racemed,  style  bifid. 

Cyperus  spathaceus.     L.  Sheathed  Cyperus. 

Culm  round,  leafy ;  leaves  alternate,  with  entire 
sheaths  :  racemes  axillary  and  terminal. 

Sy7l.       SciRFUS  SPATHACEUS.       Mlch. 

Dulichium  spathaceum.     Reichard. 
A  tall,  leafy  grass.     Stem  smooth,  hardly  three  sided,  covered 
with  numerous  short,  flat,  smooth,  spreading  leaves,  proceeding 


CLASS  III.    ORDER  III.  21 

from  sheaths  which  are  perfectly  entire  or  tubular,  the  part  op- 
posite the  leaf  ending  in  a  rounded  point.  The  lower  leaves, 
not  the  sheaths,  are  deciduous.  Racemes  mostly  axillary.  Pe- 
duncle compressed,  bearing  from  five  to  eight  alternate,  sessile, 
narrow  spikelets  of  about  six  flowers.  Glumes  two  ranked. 
Seeds  surrounded  with  hairs. — Borders  of  ponds  and  rivers. — 
August. — Perennial. 

22.     SCIRPUS. 
§  Subgenus  Eleocharis.     Seed  surrounded  ivith  bristles — style 
articulated  to  the  seed,  conical  and  persistent. 

SciRPus  TENUIS.     Muhl.  Slender  Cluh  rush. 

Culm  filiform,  quadrangular,  leafless;  spike  termi- 
nal, oval,  acute  at  both  ends;  glumes  obtuse ;  sta- 
mens three,  styles  three  cleft. 

A  slender,  leafless,  acute-angled  species. — Common  in  wet 
grounds  and  shallow  water. — May,  June. 
SciRPUs  PALusTRis.     L.  MarsTi  Cluh  rush. 

Culm  rounded,  inflated;  spike  terminal,  oblique, 
oblong,  acute;  gliimes  acute  ;  root  creeping. 

Culms  stout,  slightly  compressed,  many  from  the  same  root,  a 
foot  high,  leafless,  with  blunt  sheaths  at  base.     Lower  glumes 
larger. — AVet  meadows  and  ditches.^ July. — Perennial. 
SciRPus  CAPiTATus.      WHld.  Headed  Cluh  rush. 

Culm  roundish ;  spike  terminal,  roundish  ovate, 
obtuse,  seed  smooth. 

Distinguished  from  the  foregoing  by  its  obtuse  and  almost 
globular  heads. — Small  ponds,  &c. — July. 

SciRPus  TRicHODEs.     MuM.  Hair  Cluh  rush. 

Culm  setaceous  compressed,  grooved;  spike  termi- 
nal, ovate,  acute,  naked,  stamens  three,  style  bifid. 

An  exceedingly  slender  and  hair-like  species,  three  or  four 
inches  high,  related  to  <S.  acicularis  of  Europe,  and  considered 
by  Dr.  Torrey  to  be  identical  with  it. — About  shallow  water. — 
July. 


22  CLASS  III.     ORDER  III. 

SciRPus  PLANiFOLius.     Mulil.  Flat  leaved  Club  rusk. 

Culm  triangular;  leaves  linear,  flat,  about  equal  to 
the  culm ;  spike  terminal,  oblong,  compressed,  shorter 
than  its  bractes. 

A  small  species  in  wet  grounds,  the  radical  leaves  as  high  as 
the  culm.  Bractes  cuspidate,  the  outer  one  longer  than  the 
spike. — May,  June. 

SciRPus  c^spiTOSus.     L.  Scaly  Club  rush. 

Culm  rounded,  sheathed  at  base  with  rudiments 
of  leaves;  spike  terminal,  the  two  outer  glumes  as 
long  as  the  spike. 

Var.  ^.  callosus.  The  two  outer  glumes  obtuse  and  fleshy  at 
the  tips. 

A  low  plant  with  very  small  spikes.  The  truncated  glumes 
with  fleshy  whitish  tips,  had  led  me  to  consider  this  a  distinct 
species,  until  I  received  similar  specimens  from  Europe. — On  the 
"White  mountains. — July. — Perennial. 

§§  Subgenus  Scirpus.  Seed  surrounded  with  bristles — style 
filiform,  deciduous. 

Scirpus  Americanus.      j^ers.  Three  sided  Cluh  rush. 

Culm  nearly  naked,  triangular;  spikes  few,  lateral, 
conglomerate  sessile  ;  glumes  ror.-.rcl-ovate,  mucronate. 
Syn.     Scirpus  triqueter.     Mx. 

Culm  two  or  four  feet  high,  sharply  three  cornered  with  con- 
cave sides.  It  resembles  S.  triqueter  of  Europe,  very  much,  but 
the  spikes  are  fewer  and  farther  from  the  top. — Salt  marshes. — 
July. — Perennial. 

Scirpus  debilis.     Pursh.  Weak  stemmed  Club  rush. 

Culm  round,  striated ;  spikes  few,  lateral,  crowded, 
sessile,  short-ovate. 

About  a  foot  high  ;  glumes  broad,  carinate. — "Wet  ground  and 
edges  of  ponds. — August. — Perennial. 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  III.  23 

SciRPUS  MARiTiMus.     L.  Sea  Club  rush. 

Culm  triangular,  panicle  clustered,  leafy,  terminal ; 
glumes  pointed,  torn  into  three  segments. 

Syn.     SciRPTJS  hacrostachyus.     Lam.     Muhl. 
SciRPUs  EOBUSTUS.     PursJi. 

Culm  erect,  smooth,  one  or  two  feet  high,  leafy  at  base. 
Leaves  linear,  acute,  rough  on  the  margin.  Bractes  or  floral 
leaves  several,  very  unequal  in  length.  Panicle  resting  on  these, 
crowded,  consisting  of  large  sessile  and  pedunculated  spikes, 
ovate,  conspicuous  by  their  dull,  chesnut  color  and  yellow  an- 
thers. The  glumes  are  ovate,  shining,  slightly  carinated,  divided 
into  three  small  segments  at  tip,  the  middle  one  of  which  is  pro- 
longed into  a  short,  setaceous  awn. — Salt  marshes  and  ditches. — 
July. — Perennial. 

I  do  not  discover  sufficient  grounds  to  separate  this  from  the 
European  plant. 

SciRPUs  AcuTus.     Mulil.  Pointzd  Sullrush. 

Culm  round,  leafless,  equal ;  spikes  several,  below 
the  top,  oblong,  somewhat  umbelled.  - 

Syn.     SciRPUS  validus.     Pursh  ? 

SciRPds  LACusTRis.     Torrey  ? 

This  nearly  resembles  the  large  bullrush,  {Scirpus  lacustris) 
but  difiers  in  its  fructification,  which  is  lateral,  never  terminal. 
Culm  sheathed  at  base,  erect,  round,  smooth,  naked,  filled  with 
light,  spongy  pith,  often  spotted,  five  or  six  feet  high,  uniform 
in  size  for  a  great  part  of  its  length,  ending  in  an  acute  point. 
Spikes  several,  in  a  cyme  or  umbel  about  an  inch  below  the  tip, 
oblong  and  closely  imbricate.  Peduncles  rough,  compressed, 
unequal;  scales  ovate,  mucronate,  scarious  at  the  edges,  pubes- 
cent.— In  deep  water  at  Fresh  Pond  and  elsewhere. — June, 
July. — Perennial. 

This  is  the  largest  rush  in  the  vicinity.  The  name  acutus 
was  given  it  by  Muhlenberg. 

§§§  Subgenus  Trichophorum.  Seed  surrounded  with  bristles 
much  longer  than  itself.     Style  filiform,  deciduous. 


24  CLASS  III.     ORDER  III. 

SciRPUs  ERioPHORUM.     3Iic7i.  Rccl  Cottoii  grciss. 

Culm  obtusely   triangular,   leafy ;  panicle   decom- 
pound, prolifcroLis,  nodding. 

Syn.     Eeiofiiorum  cyperinum.     L.     and  first  edit. 
Trichophorum  cyperinum.     Pers. 

A  common,  rank,  tall,  meadow  grass.  Culm  smooth,  strong, 
roundish,  compressed  on  three  sides.  Leaves  very  long,  rough 
at  the  edge.  Panicle  terminal,  urabelled,  nodding,  proliferous, 
with  a  long  leafy  involucre.  Spikelets  in  heads  very  numerous, 
small,  ovate,  covered  by  the  red,  projecting,  woolly  hairs. — 
August. — Perennial. 

^^^^  Subgenus  Isolepis.  Seed  naked  at  base — style  simple, 
not  articulated,  deciduous. 

SciRPus  CAPiLLARls     L.  Capillary  Cluh  rush. 

Culm  capillary,  triangular ;  spikes  ovate,  two  or 
three  pedunculate  and  one  sessile. 

A  very  delicate  species,  two  or  four  inches  high,  sending  up 
many  stems  from  a  root.  Leaves  setaceous.  Spikes  somewhat 
umbelled,  oblong,  reddish. — Dry,  sandy  fields. — August. 

SciRPus  AUTUMNALis.     X.  Autumnal  Cluh  rush. 

Culm    compressed  ;    ancipital ;  umbel   compound  ; 

spikes  lanceolate,  somewhat  four  sided. 

Grows  in  bunches  from  five  to  ten  inches  high.  Leaves  flat. 
Involucre  two  leaved.  Spikes  crowded,  a  few  together  at  the 
ends  of  the  umbel. — Muddy  grounds. — August,  October. 

23.     ERIPHORUM. 
Eriophorum  alpinum.     L.  Alpine  Cotton  grass. 

Culm  triangular,  naked;  leaves  shorter  than  the 
sheaths  ;  spike  solitary,  oblong  ovate. 

A  slender  species,  half  a  foot  high  with  a  single  small  spike, 
to  which  is  attached  a  thin  tuft  of  white  crisped  hairs.  When 
young,  it  resembles  Scirpus  csespitosus. — On  the  White  moun- 
tains, N.  H. — July. — Perennial. 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  III.  25 

Eriophorum    angustifolium.       Willd.       Narrow  leaved 

Cotton  grass. 

Culm  somewhat  triangular,  leaves  linear,  grooved; 
spikes  many,  on  smooth  stalks. 

This  species  and  the  following  are  well  known  by  their  white 
woolly  spikes  among  the  meadow  grass  in  summer.  This  grass 
has  narrow  channelled  leaves,  ending  in  a  triangular  point,  and 
simple  peduncles. — Wet  grounds. — June.— Perennial. 

Eriophorum  polystachyon.  L.  Broad  leaved  Cotton  grass. 
Culms  triangular,  leaves  broad-linear,  flat;  spikes 
many,  on  rough  stalks,  nodding. 

Leaves  broader  and  more  flat  than  in  the  foregoing ;  and  the 
wool  shorter.  Spikes  on  long  drooping  peduncles,  which  are 
sometimes  branched. — Wet  meadows. — June. — Perennial. 

Eriophorum  Virginicum.     L.       Virginian  Cotton  grass. 
Culms  roundish  below,  three  sided  above;  spikes 
nearly  sessile,  clustered,  erect ;  involucre  two  or  three 
leaved. 

Leaves  very  long.  Wool  of  a  reddish  color,  short. — Wet 
meadows  and  swamps. — July. — Perennial. 

24.     SPARTINA. 
Spartina  Cynosuroides.     Muhl.  Rough  grass. 

Spikes  numerous,  alternate,  or  scattered;  pedun- 
cles rough;  outer  valve  of  the  calyx  rough  with 
minute  teeth  on  the  back. 

Syn.     Dactylis  cynosuroides.     L. 

Trachynotia  cynosuroides.     Mich. 

Stem  three  feet  high,  round  and  smooth.  Leaves  very  long, 
smooth,  somewhat  rough  on  the  margin,  the  edges  convolute 
when  the  plant  grows  near  the  sea.  Spikes  numerous,  on  rough 
peduncles,  given  off  successively  from  the  three  sides  of  a  trian- 
gular common  stalk.  Flowers  closely  imbricated,  in  a  double 
row,  leaning  to  one  side  of  their  flexuous  receptacle.  Inner  valve 

3 


26  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

of  the  calyx  very  small;  outer  valve  much  larger,  carinated,  and 
rough  with  minute  prickles  on  the  keel. — Marshes. — August. — 
Perennial. 

Spartina  juncea.     Mulil.  Short  Rough  grass. 

Spikes  from  one  to  three;  peduncles  smooth  ;  outer 
valve  of  the  calyx  rough  with  minute  teeth  on  the 
back ;  leaves  convolute-setaceous. 
Syn.     Trachynotia  juncea.     Mich. 

A  much  smaller  grass  than  the  preceding,  which  it  resembles 
in  the  form  of  its  spikes.  Stem  round,  smooth,  about  a  foot 
high.  Leaves  alternate,  somewhat  two  ranked,  acquiring,  when 
rolled  up,  a  filiform  appearance.  Spikes  about  two,  on  smooth 
stalks,  shorter  than  in  the  foregoing  species,  but  similar  in  shape. 
Outer  valve  of  the  calyx  nerved,  rough  on  the  keel  like  the  last. 
Anthers  purplish. — ^Salt  marshes. — July. — Perennial. 

Spartina  glabra.     Muhl.  Ditch  grass. 

Spikes    nurnerous,  sessile,   somewhat  imbricated ; 

valves  of  the  calyx  mostly  glabrous. 

A  large  rank  grass,  common  about  muddy  shores  and  in  salt 
water  ditches.  Stem  round,  smooth,  three  or  four  feet  high. 
Leaves  very  long,  smooth,  acute.  Spikes  ten  or  a  dozen,  sessile^ 
lying  over  each  other,  with  their  backs  successively  applied  to 
the  three  sides  of  a  long  triangular,  smooth,  common  stalk. 
Flowers  closely  imbricated,  iri  a  double  row,  leaning  outward,  as 
in  the  former  species.  Inner  valve  of  the  calyx  linear.  Outer 
valve  many  times  larger,  compressed,  and  to  the  naked  eye  gla- 
brous. Through  a  glass  it  is  found  ciliated  on  the  keel.  An- 
thers straw  colored. — August,  September. — Perennial. 

25.     ORYZOPSIS. 
Oryzopsis  asperifolia.     3Ix.  Mountain  Rice. 

Leaves  erect,  rigid,   pungent  at  the  point ;  panicle 
simple. 

This  grass  is  remarkable  for  its  large  seeds,  which,  it  has  been 
suggested,  may  render  it  worthy  of  cultivation.     It  is  a  foot  or 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  III.  27 

more  in  height,  with  a  panicle  of  a  few  racemose  branches. 
Seeds  greenish  white.  The  single  style  is  the  chief  character 
which  separates  it  from  some  species  of  milium. — In  old  woods 
in  the  interior. — May. — Perennial. 

DIGYNIA. 

26.     MILIUM. 
Milium  racemosum.     Sm.  Black  seeded  Millet  grass. 

Panicle  simple,  its  branches  racemose ;  calyx  ellip- 
tical, acute,  ribbed ;  corolla  hairy  at  base ;  awn  as 
]ong  again  as  the  valves. 

8yn.    Oryzopsis  melanocakpa.     Muhl. 
PiPTATHERUM  Ni&RUM-     Torrey . 

A  tall  grass  with  large  black  grains.  Culm  two  or  three  feet 
high.  Leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate.  Panicle  of  a  few  long, 
simple,  racemose  branches,  erect  at  first,  but  afterwards  spread- 
ing. It  resembles  Oryzopsis,  but  is  distinguished  by  its  distinct 
styles,  dark  seeds,  taller  stature,  and  later  period  of  flowering. — 
Woods,  in  the  interior  of  the  state. — August. — Perennial. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  found  worth  cultivation. 

Milium  pungens.      Torrey.  Dwarf  Millet  grass. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  very  short,  pungent,  at  length 
involute ;  panicle  contracted,  branches  mostly  in  pairs, 
corolla  hairy  ;  awn  uncertain. 

Culm  slender,  a  foot  high,  with  a  few  very  short  leaves.  Pan- 
icle small,  the  branches  rather  erect.  Calyx  obtuse  or  truncate. 
Corolla  as  long  as  the  calyx,  hairy.  In  all  my  specimens  a  part 
of  the  flowers  have  an  awn  about  half  as  long  as  the  corolla. — 
"Woods,  Sudbury. — May. 

27.    ALOPECURUS. 
Alopecurus  pratensis.     L.  Common  Foxtail  grass. 

Culm  erect,  smooth ;  sheaths  swelling ;  spike  cy- 
lyndrical,  obtuse ;  calyx  glumes  acute,  connate ;  co* 
rolla  equal  to  the  calyx. 


28  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

Common  foxtail  grass  is  well  marked  by  the  upper  sheaths, 
which  appear  as  if  inflated.  Culm  two  or  three  feet  high. 
Spike  lobed.  Calyx  acute,  villous.  Corolla  nearly  equal  to  the 
calyx.     Awn  twisted. — Fields,  &c. — May. 

An  early,  excellent  grass,  probably  introduced. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus.     L.      Floating  Foxtail  grass. 
Culm  ascending,  bent  at  the  joints ;  spike  somewhat 
compound,  cylindrical ;  glumes  obtuse,  hairy.     Sm. 

Stems  of  various  lengths,  ascending,  forming  knees  or  angles 
at  the  joints,  and  rooting  from  the  lower  ones,  when  the  plants 
grow  in  the  water.  Leaves  rather  smooth  and  short,  their 
sheaths  a  little  swelling.  Spike  cylindrical,  obtuse,  divisible 
into  lobes.  Glumes  of  the  calix  obtuse,  fringed  with  long  hairs. 
Corolla  awned  at  base. — Ponds  and  ditches. — July. — Perennial. 

2S.    TRICHODIUM. 
Trichodium  laxiflorum.     Mich.  Thin  grass. 

Culms  erect ;  leaves  narrow,  short ;  sheaths  some- 
what rough.     Pei's. 

This  grass  is  readily  known  by  its  very  thin,  spreading,  capil- 
lary panicle.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  slender.  Leaves  short,  gla- 
brous, on  roughish  sheaths.  Panicle  consisting  of  very  long, 
straight,  rough  branches,  of  a  purplish  color,  hardly  larger  than 
hairs,  and  very  flexible.  These  are  given  off  in  half  whorls, 
and  are  repeatedly  subdivided  into  three  or  four  branchlets  at  a 
time.  Flowers  minute,  scattered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
Glumes  lanceolate,  acute.— Roadsides. — July. — Perennial. 

29.     MUHLENBERGIA. 
§  Subgenus  Brachyelytrum.     Upper  valve  of  the  corolla  with 
a  clavate  rudiment  at  base. 

MuHLENBERGiA  ERECTA.     Schreh.        Erect  Muhlcubergia. 
Culm  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  pubescent ;  panicle  lax  ; 
calyx  with  a  long  awn. 
Syn.    Brachyelytrum  aristatum.     Beauv. 

DiLEPTRUM   ARISTOSTJM.      Mx. 


CLASS  III.    ORDER  III.  29 

A  simple,  slender  grass,  two  or  three  feet  high.  Flowers  few, 
remote,  long-awned. — On  the  sides  of  Wachuset  Hill — June. 

DIGYNIA. 

30.    ANTHOXANTHUM. 
Anthoxanthum  odoratum.     L.         Sweet  scented  Vernal 

grass. 

Spike  ovate-oblong ;  flowers  longer  than  their  awns, 
standing  on  short  stalks. 

Stem  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  short,  flat ;  sheaths  some- 
what swelling ;  stipule  lanceolate,  scarious.  Spike  terminal, 
solitary;  calyx  glumes  unequal,  rough  on  the  back;  corolla 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  awned  on  the  back. 

This  grass,  when  partly  faded,  is  exceedingly  fragrant,  whence 
its  name.  It  grows  on  farms,  where  it  was  formerly  introduced 
from  Europe. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

31.     PHLEUM. 
Phleum  pratense.     L,     Herds  grass  or  Cafs  tail  grass. 

Spike  cylindrical,  very  long;  glumes  fringed  at 
the  back,  longer  than  the  awns.     Sm. 

Culm  upright,  round,  smooth.  Leaves  flat,  pointed,  rough  on 
the  upper  side;  sheaths  long,  striated;  stipules  blunt.  Spike 
long,  cylindrical,  upright.  Calyx  of  two  glumes  fringed  with 
hairs  on  the  back,  square  or  truncated  at  the  end,  with  two  short 
awns. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

This  grass  is  extensively  cultivated,  forming  a  chief  constitu- 
ent of  what  is  with  us  called  English  hay.  It  is  usually  denom- 
inated herds  grass,  and  sometimes  improperly /oa:  tail  grass.  In 
England  it  is  known  by  the  name  of  cafs  tail,  and  Timothy 
grass,  the  last  burlesque  appellation  derived  from  Mr.  Timothy 
Hanson,  one  of  its  early  propagators.  It  is  said  to  have  fallen 
there  into  disrepute,  although  its  reputation  is  good  in  this  coun- 
try. Professor  Blartyn  and  Mr.  Curtis  speak  of  it  as  a  harsh, 
coarse  grass,  in  all  respects  inferior  to  the  true  fox  tail  grass, 
(Alopecurus  pratensis.) 
3^ 


30  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

32.    AGROSTIS. 
Agrostis  vulgaris.     WitJi.     Red  top.     Fine  Bent  grass. 
Panicle  spreading  with  divaricated,  capillary  branch- 
es ;  calyx  valves  equal ;  inner  petal  obtuse,  half  as 
long  as  the  other.     >S'm. 

A  pretty  common  grass  in  dry  mowing  land  and  pastures, 
usually  entering  into  the  composition  of  our  English  hay.  Stem 
erect,  smooth,  slender,  leafy.  Leaves  narrow,  acute,  Avith  long 
sheaths.  Panicle  erect,  red,  its  branches  very  numerous  and  fine, 
arranged  in  half  whorls,  flexuous  and  variously  divided.  Flow- 
ers numerous  and  very  small.  Calyx  valves  lanceolate,  acute, 
spreading,  purple  at  base,  scarious  on  the  margin.  Inner  valves 
of  the  corolla  half  as  long  as  the  outer. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Agrostis  alba.     L.  White  Sent  grass. 

Panicle  loose;  culm  creeping;  calyx  valves  equal, 
lanceolate,  polished,  rough  on  the  keel.     Sm. 

Stems  spreading,  ascending,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 
Leaves  rough,  their  sheaths  smooth.  Panicle  loose,  consisting 
of  somewhat  distant  half  whorls,  its  branches  much  subdivided 
and  roughish.  Flowers  lanceolate,  shining,  white  or  purplish 
brown.  Valves  of  the  calyx  equal,  acute,  rough  on  the  back 
only. — Meadows. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Agrostis  canina.     L.  Dogs  Bent  grass. 

Calyx  elongated;  corolla  with  a  dorsal,  crooked 
awn  ;  culms  procumbent,  somewhat  branched. 

In  mowing  lands  and  about  the  borders  of  fields,  probably 
from  Europe. — July. 
Agrostis  clandestina.     Muhl.  Hidden  Bent  grass. 

Panicle   spiked,    partly   concealed ;    corolla   much 

longer  than  the  calyx,  hairy,  shghtly  awned  ;  leaves 

rigid,  very  long. 

A  long,  hard  grass  with  concealed  spikes. — Found  by  road 
sides  and  on  dry  soils. — September. 


CLASS  III.    ORDER  III.  31 

§  Subgenus  Polypogon.  Calyx  and  corolla  terminating  in 
bristles. 

Agrostis  racemosa.     Mich.  Racemed  Bent  grass. 

Panicle  dense,   interrupted ;  bristles  of  the  calyx 
scabrous ;    corolla   awnless,    hairy    at    base ;    culm 
branched. 
Syn.     Polypogon  racemosus.     Nuttall. 

Culm  compressed,  erect.  Leaves  erect,  rigid.  Panicle  formed 
of  many  conglomerated  spikes. — In  wet  meadows. — August. — 
Perennial. 

33.     CINNA. 
CiNNA  AURUNDiNACEA,     L.  Recdy  Cluna. 

Panicle    large,    capillary,    loose  ;    culm    smooth  ; 
leaves  broad  linear. 
Syn.     Agrostis  cinna.     Schreb. 

A  large  rank  grass,  three  or  four  feet  high,  resembling  some 
species  of  Arundo,  and  differing  from  most  other  grasses  in 
having  a  solitary  stamen  in  each  flower. — Wet  shady  grounds. — 
August. — Perennial. 

.  34.     LEERSIA. 
Leersia  oryzoides.     Swartz.  Cut  grass. 

Panicle  loose ;    spikelets   triandrous ;    keel  of  the 
glumes  ciliate.     Sio. 
Syn.  Phalaris  oryzoides.     L. 

Stem  about  two  feet  in  height.  Leaves  exceedingly  rough 
backward,  so  as  to  cut  the  hands  if  drawn  across  them ;  narrow, 
on  long  rough  sheaths.  Panicle  erect,  spreading^  with  slender, 
rough  branches.  Flowers  very  distinguishable  by  their  oval 
figure  and  white  color.  Glumes  of  the  corolla  compressed,  the 
two  valves  shut  together,  so  as  to  assume  an  elliptical  form,  with 
the  curvature  on  one  side  greatest.  Keel  of  the  valves  ciliated, 
giving  the  circumference  of  the  flower  a  fringed  appearance. — 
Wet  places. — August. — Perennial. 


32  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

Leersia  Virginica.      Willcl.  Virginian  Cut  grass. 

Panicle  simple ;  flowers  monandrouSj  sparingly  cil- 
iate  on  the  keel. 

Smoother  than  the  preceding  species,  the  flowers  considerably 
smaller  and  less  ciliate,  white. — Damp  woods,  Oak  island. — 
August. 

35.  PHALARIS. 

Phalaris  Americana.     Ell.         American  Canary  grass. 
Panicle  oblong,  spiked  ;  glumes  of  the  calyx  boat- 
shaped,  serrulate;  corolla  unequal ;  rudiments  hairy. 

Syn.     Phalakis  arundinacea.     Mx. 

Calamagrostis  colorata.     Nutt. 

A  large,  rank,  aquatic  grass,  three  or  four  feet  high  with  a 
panicle  of  pubescent  flowers. — In  Muddy  brook,  near  Jamaica 
plain  road. — July. 

36.  ARISTIDA. 

Aristida  dichotoma.     Mx.  Forked  Aristida. 

Cespitose;  culms  dichotomous  ;  flowers  subspiked; 
lateral  awns  very  short,  the  intermediate  one  con- 
torted. 

A  slender  grass  with  short,  lateral  branches  and  setaceous 
leaves.     Spikes  or  racemes  slender,  with  twisted  awns. 
Road  sides  in  gravelly  soils. — September. 

37.     STIPA. 
Stipa  avenacea.     L.  Feather  grass. 

Leaves  striated,  smooth  ;  panicle  spreading  some- 
what one  sided,  its  branches  verticillate  ;  calyx  as 
long  as  the  seed  ;  awn  naked,  finally  contorted. 

Remarkable  for  the  length  of  its  awns.  Culm  two  or  three 
feet  high,  slender,  naked  above.  Leaves  narrow,  smooth  below, 
inclining  to  roll  up.  Panicle  long,  few-flowered,  nodding  when 
young.  Glumes  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal,  acuminate.  Corolla 
stipitate,  its  lower  valve  terminating  in  a  twisted  awn  two  or 
three  inches  long,  at  first  straight,  but  at  length  contorted.     Seed 


CLASS  III.    ORDER  III.  33 

a  third  of  an  inch  long.    Dry  woody  hills  near  the  Andover 
turnpike,  Medford, — June,  July.— Perennial. 

38.    AIRA. 
AiRA  FLExuosA.     L.  Wood  Hair  grass. 

Panicle  spreading,  trichotomoiis ;  peduncles  flex- 
uoiis,  awns  geniculate;  leaves  setaceous,  culm  nearly- 
naked. 

A  tall  thin  grass  found  in  old  woods,  one  or  two  feet  high. 
Glumes  membranaceous,  purplish.  Corolla  with  a  bent  awn 
near  the  base. — Sides  of  Wachusett  hill. — June. 

AiRA  TRUNCATA.     3Iuhl.  Truncate  Hair  grass. 

Panicle   oblong,    racemose;    calyx   unequal,  three 
flowered,  one  abortive ;  lower  glume  obtuse,  corolla 
glabrous. 
Syn.    KoELERiA  truncata.     Torrey, 

Woods,  Watertown. — June. 

39.    UNIOLA. 
Uniola  spicata.     L.  Spike  grass. 

Somewhat  spiked ;  leaves  involute,  rigid.     L. 

A  common  grass  of  the  salt  marshes.  Stem  a  foot  high, 
round,  smooth.  Leaves  of  the  stem  numerous,  short,  smooth, 
increasing  in  frequency  upward,  the  upper  ones  hardly  an  inch 
apart,  rolled  up  so  as  to  acquire  a  setaceous  form,  commonly 
investing,  and  often  overtopping  the  spike.  Spike  irregular, 
about  an  inch  long,  consisting  of  ten  or  a  dozen  small,  com- 
pressed, crowded  spikelets.  Glumes  flattened,  sharp  on  the 
back. — July. — Perennial. 

40.     DACTYLIS. 

Dactylis  glomerata.     L.  Orchard  grass. 

Panicle  crowded,  leaning  one  way.     JSrn. 

Root  perennial.  Culms  round,  rough  toward  the  top.  Leaves 
very  rough.  Stipules  cloven  or  torn.  Panicle  of  flowers  con- 
sisting of  close  bunches  on  rough  and  rigid  peduncles ;  leaning 


34  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

toward  one  side.  Calyx  pubescent  and  rough,  the  inner  valve 
twice  as  large  as  the  outer,  and  shortly  awned. — June. — Peren- 
nial. 

A  coarse,  but  extremely  hardy  and  productive  grass,  said  to  be 
much  more  luxuriant  here  than  in  Europe. — By  fences,  thickets, 
&c. — June,  July. 

41.    AVENA. 

^  Subgenus  Danthonia.    Lower  valve  of  the  corolla  two  toothed^ 
with  the  awn  between. 
AvENA  spicATA.     L.  Spiked  Oat  grass. 

Panicle  simple,  few  flowered  ;  spikelets  six  or  seven 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  lower  valve  of  the 
corolla  hairy ;  leaves  subulate,  the  lower  ones  hairy 
at  the  neck. 
Syn.     Danthonia  sncATA.     Nittt. 

A  common  grass  in  dry  sunny  pastures.  Culm  a  foot  high, 
slender,  with  short  setaceous  leaves.  Calyx  nerved,  acute, 
longer  than  the  spikelet.  Outer  valve  of  the  florets  ending  in 
two  bristles  or  teeth  with  a  contorted  awn  between  them. — 
June. — Perennial. 

§§  Subgenus  Arrhenatherum.  Calyx  two  flowered^  one  bar- 
ren  and  awned. 

AvENA  ELATioR.     L.  Tall  Oat  grass. 

Panicle  equal,  nodding ;  awn  twice  as  long  as  the 

flower ;  culm  geniculate,  smooth  ;  root  nodose, 

Syn.    HoLcus  avenaceus.     Sm. 

Arrhenatherum  avenaceum.     Beauv. 

A  large  valuable  grass  introduced  by  cultivation  from  Europe. 
Panicle  lax  with  brownish  spikelets.  Awn  of  the  barren  flower 
much  twisted. — Naturalized  in  some  parts  of  the  state. — June. 

42.    POA. 
PoA  pratensis.     L.  Common  Spear  grass. 

Panicle  spreading ;  spikelets  of  four  flowers  ;  glumes 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  III.  35 

lanceolate,  five  nerved,  connected  by  a  web ;  stipule 
short  and  blunt.     Sm. 

Spear  grass  or  meadow  grass  is  found  in  all  situations,  consti- 
tuting a  considerable  portion  of  the  common  turf  in  pastures, 
road  sides,  &c.  Culms  leafy,  slender,  smooth,  often  stoloniferous. 
Leaves  spreading,  blunt,  with  obtuse  or  truncated  stipules.  Pan- 
icle large,  loose,  of  horizontal  fine  branches,  bearing  many  ovate 
spikelets  of  about  four  flowers. — June.---Perennial. 

This  is  an  excellent  and  useful  grass. 

PoA  coMPREssA.     L.  JBIue  grass. 

Panicle  condensed,  its  branches  leaning  one  way; 
erect,  before  and  after  flowering.  Culm  ascending, 
compressed.     Sm. 

Root  creeping.  Stem  decumbent  at  base,  erect  above,  very 
much  compressed,  whence  the  name.  Leaves  commonly  glau- 
cous, narrow,  with  long  sheaths.  Panicle  erect,  crowded,  tend- 
ing to  one  side,  obtuse  ;  its  branches  short  and  rough,  appressed 
to  the  stem  except  at  the  time  of  flowering.  Spikelets  ovate. 
Florets  closely  imbricate j  varying  in  number,  connected  at  base 
by  a  thin  web. — Dry  grounds. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

Po A  ANNUA.     L.  Annual  Spear  grass. 

Panicle  divaricated;  spikelets  ovate  ;  florets  a  little 
remote,  five  ribbed,  destitute  of  a  web ;  stem  oblique, 
compressed.     S?n. 

A  smaller  grass  but  equally  common  with  the  first.  It  is 
annual  in  duration,  but  rapid  in  increase,  and  commonly  the  first 
grass  to  appear  on  new  grounds.  Culms  smooth,  flattened, 
spreading  obliquely.  Leaves  flaccid,  obtuse,  their  margin  waved 
in  the  middle.  Stipules  sharp.  Panicle  erect,  with  its  branches 
depressed  when  old. 

PoA  NERVATA.      JVUM.  Meodow  Spear  grass. 

Panicle  diff'use,  weak,  nodding,  spikelets  five  flow- 
ered ;  florets  seven  nerved,  obtuse. 

A  tall  slender  meadow  grass,  the  panicle  commonly  nodding, 


36  CLASS  III.     ORDER  III. 

the  spikelets  small  and  purplish. — Wet    grounds. — July. — Pe- 
rennial. 

PoA  AQUATiCA.     /?.  Tor.  Water  Spear  grass. 

Panicle  erect,  diffuse,  its  branches  flexuous,  smooth; 
spikelets  linear,  six  to  eight  flowered;  flowrets  ovate, 
obtuse  ;  leaves  broad  linear,  smooth. 

A  tall  rank  reedy  grass,  four  or  five  feet  high,  with  a  panicle 
nearly  a  foot  long. — Wet  soils. — August. 

PoA  MARiTiMA.  Sea  Spear  grass. 

Panicle  branched,  somewhat  crowded;  spikelets 
cylindrical,  about  five  flowered,  leaves  involute,  root 
creeping. 

About  a  foot  high,  rigid  and  glaucous.  Panicle  erect,  spike- 
lets linear,  nerved.  When  in  flower  this  grass  has  a  beautiful 
glaucous  or  purplish  appearance. — Salt  marshes,  Cambridge, 
Dorchester. — June. — Perennial. 

PoA  OBTUSA.     Muhl.  Obtuse  Spear  grass. 

Panicle  ovate,  contracted,   spikelets  ovate,  tumid, 

five  to  seven  flowered;  corolla  ovate,  smooth,  obtuse  ; 

leaves  smooth,  as  long  as  the  culm. 

An  aquatic  poa  with  a  small  dense  panicle  of  large  swelling 
spikelets. — Borders  of  Fresh  Pond. — August. 

Poa  hirsuta.     Mx.  Hair  Spear  grass. 

Panicle  very  large,  loose,  capillary ;  bearded  in  the 
axils ;  spikelets  about  five  flowered ;  culm  erect,  com- 
pressed ;  sheaths  hairy. 

An  elegant  grass,  with  a  capillary  branching  panicle  a  foot  or 
more  in  length.  Sheaths  very  hairy.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  nerved. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  straight,  hairlike.  Spikelets  oblong, 
purple. — Dry  soils. — August. 

Poa  capillaris.     L.  Capillary  Spear  grass. 

Panicle  very  large,  loose,  capillary ;  not  hairy ; 
spikelets  about  three  flowered,  ovate,  acute. 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  III.  37 

Resembles  the  preceding  ■which  is  perhaps  only  a  variety  of 
this.  Pursh  states  that  this  plant  is  very  subject  to  variation. 
The  chief  distinction  of  this  seems  to  consist  in  its  smaller  size 
and  its  panicks  not  being  hairy  in  the  axils. — Dry  grounds. — 
August. 

PoA  ERAGROSTis.     L.  Branching  Spear  grass. 

Panicle   equal,  spreading;   spikelets   oblong,    com- 
pressed, ten  to  twenty  flowered;  florets  obtuse. 
Syn.     Briza  erageostis.     Muhl. 

A  very  elegant  species  with  a  large  panicle  of  sea  green 
spikelets.  These  are  long,  tumid,  numerous,  and  remarkably 
even,  the  two  rows  being  separated  by  a  nearly  straight  line. — 
Sandy  soils,  rare. — August. 

43.     BRIZA. 
Briza  Canadensis.     Mich.  Rattlesnake  grass. 

Panicle  lax,  spikelets  erectj  with  from  four  to  ten 
florets  ;  calyx  very  small ;  outer  valve  of  the  corollas 
oval,  acute. 

A  large  grass  found  in  meadows  and  readily  recognized  by  its 
swelling  spikelets.  Stem  erect,  smooth.  Leaves  rough  on  the 
back.  Panicle  loose,  with  slender  branches,  nodding.  Spike- 
lets numerous,  on  distinct  footstalks,  ovate,  erect  or  nodding. 
Valves  of  the  calyx  short  and  narrow.  Outer  valve  of  the  co- 
rolla oval,  inflated,  acute,  with  a  scarious  point  and  margin. 
Inner  valve  obtuse. — July. 

Briza  media.     L.  Smaller  Quahing  grass. 

Panicle  erect ;  spikelets  cordate,  about  seven  flow- 
ered ;  calyx  smaller  than  the  florets. 

A  light  slender  grass,  a  foot  high.  Spikelets  at  first  ovate, 
afterwards  cordate,  shedding  the  florets  easily. — Pastures,  South 
Boston,  Dorchester. — June. 

Probably  introduced  from  Europe. 

4 


38  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

44.     FESTUCA. 
Festuca  elatior.     L.  Tall  Fescue  grass. 

Panicle  drooping,  spreading  loosely  every  way, 
much  branched ;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  acute : 
florets  cylindrical,  obscurely  ribbed.     Sm. 

Stem  three  or  four  feet  high,  glabrous.  Leaves  wide  and 
long,  smooth,  with  a  rough  margin.  Panicle  large,  decompound, 
loose  and  nodding.  Spikelets  numerous,  pedunculated,  ovate- 
oblong,  acute.  Glumes  of  the  calyx  unequal,  acute,  keeled, 
glabrous.  Florets  numerous,  two  ranked,  glabrous. — Meadows 
and  thickets. — June. — Perennial. 

This  is  a  very  productive  and  useful  grass. 

Festuca  tenella.      Willd.  Small  Fescue  grass. 

Panicle  spiked,  very  simple,  secund ;  spikelets 
about  nine  flowered ;  florets  subulate,  longer  than 
the  bristles ;  culm  filiform,  angular  above ;  leaves 
setaceous. 

A  small  and  exceedingly  delicate  festuca. — Found  in  dry  pas- 
tures at  Dorchester. — June. 

§  Subgenus  GrLYCEiiiA.  Corolla  unarmed ;  nectaries  collateral 
connate. 

Festuca  fluitans.     X.  '       Floating  Fescue  grass. 

Panicle  slightly  branched,  leaning;  spikelets  linear, 
eight  to  twelve  flowered  ;  florets  very  obtuse,  seven 
nerved. 

Sijn.     Glyceria  fluitans.     R.   Brown. 
Poa  fluitans.     Smith. 

A  thrifty  aquatic  grass,  found  in  wet  meadows  and  the  edges 
of  ponds  and  streams.  Stems  rooting  at  base,  tall,  rdund, 
smooth.  Leaves  flat,  smooth,  the  lower  ones  loose  and  floating. 
Sheaths  long,  compressed.  Panicle  very  long,  nearly  erect,  with 
alternate  branches  pressed  near  to  the  stalk.  Spikelets  linear, 
round,  upright.  Calyx  unequal,  smooth,  not  very  acute.  Co- 
rollas very  obtuse.    Antliers  short  and  round.    This  grass  thrives 


CLASS  III.    ORDER  III.  39 

in  inundated  grounds,  and  is  very  grateful  to  horses  and  cattle. — 
June,  July. — Perennial, 

Festuca  acutiflora.  Acute  Fescue  grass. 

Panicle   simple,     elongated,     appressed;    spikelets 

linear ;  florets  distinct,  attenuated,  acute,  indistinctly 

nerved. 

Syn.    Glycee-ia  acutiflora.     Torrey. 

This  grass  in  size  and  habit  resembles  the  preceding,  but  the 
leaves  are  shorter,  and  the  glumes  of  the  corollas  are  attenuated 
to  a  sharp  point,  the  upper  valve  bifid.  In  my  specimens  the 
spikelets  are  about  twelve  flowered. — Ditches. — Dorchester. — 
June. 

45.     BROMUS. 
Bromus  secalinus.     L.  Rye  Brome  grass. 

Panicle  spreading  ;  peduncles  but  little  branched ; 
spikelets  ovate,  compressed,  of  about  ten  distinct, 
somewhat  cylindrical  florets.     Sfn. 

Stem  erect,  three  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  flat,  rough  at  the 
edge  and  underneath,  somewhat  hairy  above.  Sheaths  smooth. 
Panicle  spreading,  its  branches  rough,  unequal,  mostly  simple, 
and  one  flowered.  Spikelets  large,  flattish,  nearly  oval,  of  about 
ten  florets.  Calyx  unequal,  smooth.  Outer  glume  of  the  corol- 
las swelling,  with  a  rough  awn  inserted  at  the  back  a  little  be- 
low the  tip. — June. — Perennial. 

Bromus  purgans.     L.  Meadow  Brome  grass. 

Panicle  nodding ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  terete,  florets 

hairy  ;  bristle  straight;  leaves  smooth,  sheaths  hairy. 

Three  or  four  feet  high  and  somewhat  glaucous. — Wet  grounds. 
— July,  August. 

Bromus  mollis.     L.  Soft  Brome  grass. 

Panicle  erect,  contracted  ;  spikelets   oblong-ovate, 

somewhat   compressed,    pubescent ;    bristle   straight, 

nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  leaves  softly  pubescent. 


40  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

The  leaves  appear  somewhat  less  soft  and  the  bristle  shorter 
than  in  the  European. — Fields. — June,  July. 

Bromus  ciliatus.     L.  Ciliated  JSrome  grass. 

Panicle  nodding,  spikelets  oblong,  terete,  eight  or 
ten  flowered  ;  glumes  acute  ciliate  ;  corolla  hairy  and 
ciliate  ;  bristles  short. 

Spikelets  rather  large  and  strongly  fringed  with  hairs. — "With 
the  foregoing  there  are  intermediate  species  or  varieties  difficult 
to  separate. 

46.     ARUNDO. 
Arundo  Canadensis.     Mx/  Canada  reed. 

Panicle  oblong-lax;  glumes  rough,  pubescent,  as 
long  as  the  corolla ;  corolla  awned  on  the  back ;  hairs 
as  long  as  the  val\res ;  culm  and  leaves  smooth,  slen- 
der. 

Syn,    Arundo  Cinnoides.    MuKl. 

Calamagrostis  Mexicana.     Nutt. 

Found  in  low  grounds,  two  or  three  feet  high,  with  the  habit 
of  Cinna  arundinacea. — August. — Perennial. 

Arundo  coarctata.      Tor.  Glaucous  reed. 

Panicle  somewhat  spiked,  conglomerate;  calyx  a 
little  longer  than  the  corolla,  carinate ;  corolla  longer 
than  the  hairs,  awned  a  little  below  the  tip. 

Syn.     Arundo  glauca.     Muhl. 

Four  or  five  feet  high,  very  slender,  with  a  somewhat  glaucous 
hue. — In  wet  grounds. — August. — Perennial. 

§  Suhgenns  Psamma.  Nectaries  linear-lanceolate,  longer  than 
the  seed  ;  stigmas  three. 

Arundo  arenaria.     L.  Beach  reed,  Beach  grass. 

Panicle  spiked  ;  calyx  acute  ;  hairs  a  third  as  long 
as  the  corolla  ;  leaves  involute. 
Syn.    Psamma  arenaria.     Beauv. 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  III.  41 

Found  on  the  sea  beach  among  the  drifting  sand ;  two  or  three 
feet  high,  glaucous,  with  long  narrow  leaves  and  a  whitish  pani- 
cle.— Nahant,  Cape  Cod. — August. — Perennial. 

A  coarse  paper  has  been  made  from  this  grass. 

§§  Subgenus  Phragmites.     Calyx  from  five  to  seven  flowered. 

Arundo  Phragmites,     L,  Common  reed. 

Calyx  containing  five  florets,  panicle  loose.     L. 

A  native  of  wet  situations.  Culm  of  the  height  of  a  man, 
very  erect  and  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate,  long  and  broad,  flat 
and  sharp  pointed.  Panicle  erect  or  nodding,  conspicuous  for 
the  long,  slender,  shining  hairs  which  project  from  the  flowers, 
and  give  the  whole  a  bright,  silvery  appearance. — Found  at  the 
edges  of  deep  waters,  particularly  on  the  north  side  of  Fresh 
Pond,  where  it  resembles  at  a  distance  a  field  of  standing  corn. 
— Flov/ers  in  July  and  August. — Perennial. 

47.     PANICUM. 
§  Siih genus  ^'E^A.7^lIL.     Flowers  mostly  spiked  ;  spihelets  furnish- 
ed with  a  hristly  involucre. 

Panicum  GLAucuM.     L.  Glaucous  Pauic  grciss. 

Spike  oblong ;  involucre  of  many   bristles,   rough 
forward  ;  corolla  of  the  fruit  transversely  wrinkled. 
Syn.     Set  ARIA  glauca.     JR.  <^  S. 

PeNNISETUM    GLAUCUM.       Nutt. 

Culm  round,  striated,  grooved  at  top.  Leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, flat,  with  striated  sheaths  and  hairy  stipules.  Spike  cylin- 
drical, its  pedicels  mostly  two  flowered,  with  involucres  often  or 
a  dozen  yellowish  bristles  which  are  rough  upward.  Corolla 
inclosing  the  seed  corrugated. — Cultivated  and  low  grounds. — 
July. — Annual. 

Panicum  verticillatum.     L.  Whorled  Panic  grass. 

Spike  whorled ;  spikelets  in  fours ;  involucres  of 
two  bristles,  rough  backward,  single  flowered. 

Syn.     Setaria  verticillata.     R.  <Sf  S. 
Pennisetum  verticillatum.     Nutt. 
4# 


42  CLASS  III.     ORDER  III. 

Culm  spreading,  rough  near  the  spike.  Leaves  broad,  rough 
forward ;  stipules  hairy.  Spike  single,  rather  cylindrical,  com- 
posed of  crowded  spikelets  arranged  in  whorls.  The  spike  feels 
rough  when  drawn  downward,  being  in  this  respect  the  reverse 
of  the  former  species,  the  bristles  of  which  are  differently  beard- 
ed.—Cultivated  grounds. — July,  August. — Annual. 

§§  Subgenus  Echinochloa.     Flowers  in  a  compound  clustered 
panicle  ;  louder  valve  of  the  barren  floret  awned  or  acuminate. 
Panicum   crus  galli.     L.  Cocksfoot  Panic  grass. 

Racemes  compound,  alternate  and  in  pairs  ;  their 
stalk  five  angled  ;  gkiraes  terminating  in  hispid  bris- 
tles. 
Syn.     Echinochloa  crus  galli.     R.  6f  S. 

A  large  annual  grass,  two  or  three  feet  high,  with  broad  flat 
leaves.  Panicle  made  up  of  compound  crowded  racemes,  the 
rachis  five  angled.  Upper  glumes  terminating  in  awns  of  vari- 
ous length. — A  common  weed  in  cultivated  ground. — August, 
September. — Annual. 

§^^  Subgenus   Digitaria.     Flowers    in   digitate   or  fascicled 
spikes,  without  bristles. 
Panicum  sanguinale.  Purple  Panic  grass. 

Spikes  digitate,   about  four;    leaves   and   sheaths 
somewhat  hairy;  flowers  oblong,  pubescent  on  the 
margin. 
Syn.    Digitaria  sanguinalis.     Mx. 

A  common  weed.  Culm  ascending  at  base  and  rooting  from 
the  lower  joints.  Leaves  a  little  waved  and  hairy.  Spikes 
linear,  radiating  from  the  top  of  the  culm,  their  rachis  compres- 
sed, serpentine,  with  spikelets  of  two,  three,  or  four  flowers  in 
its  depressions. — Cultivated  grounds. — July,  August. — Annual. 

§^^^  Subgenus  Panicum.  Flowers  panicled,  perfect  florets  car- 
tilaginous,  unarmed. 

Panicum  capillars.     L.  Hairy  Panic  grass. 

Sheaths  very  hairy ;  panicle  capillary,  branching. 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  III.  ^         43 

decompound,  lax  ;  flowers  minute,  all  pedicelled.  sol- 
itary, oblong-ovate,  acimiinate,  awnless. 

A  large  branching  grass,  the  culm,  leaves,  and  especially  the 
sheaths,  covered  with  thick,  rigid,  horizontal  hairs.  Panicle 
often  a  foot  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  its  branches  long,  straight, 
stiff,  slender,  given  off  at  right  angles,  knotted  at  base.  Pedun- 
cles capillary,  supporting  solitary,  scattered,  naked  flowers. — 
Frequent  in  cornfields,  &c. — July,  August. — Annual. 

Panicum  latifolium.     L.  Broad-leaved  Panic  grass. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping;  sheaths  hairy 
at  the  neck;  panicle  nearly  simple. 

Remarkable  for  its  broad  leaves.  Culm  a  foot  high,  smooth, 
giving  out  branches  from  its  joints.  Leaves  rough  at  the  edge, 
acuminate,  clasping,  hairy  where  they  unite  with  the  sheaths. 
Panicle  small  or  of  middling  size,  its  branches  -mostly  simple, 
the  lower  ones  a  little  divided.  Stigmas  purple. — Woods.— 
May,  June. — Perennial. 
Panicum  nervosum.     Muhl.  Nerved  Panic  grass. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  clasping;  sheaths  and  nodes 
smooth  ;  panicle  much  branched,  many  flowered.    , 

Much  taller  than  the  preceding,  with  narrower  leaves  and  a 
larger  panicle. — Meadows,  Cambridge. — July. — Perennial. 

Panicum  viRGATUM.     L.  Reedy  Panic  grass. 

Panicle  spreading ;  glumes  acuminate,  smooth,  de- 
hiscent; leaves  arundinaceous. 

A  tall,  hard,  reedy  grass,  growing  about  the  edges  of  marshes, 
where  its  dry  stems  and  leaves  stand  through  the  winter.  Culm 
three  or  four  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  linear,  firm,  rough  at 
the  edge.  Panicle  large,  stiff,  with  remote  flowers,  the  glumes 
gaping  open,  and  very  acute. — On  Cragie's  road. — August.— Pe- 
rennial. 

Panicum  discolor.     Muhl.  Variegated  Panic  grass. 

Panicle  spreading ;  calyx  roundish,  larger  valve 
striate ;  culm  erect ;  sheaths  hairy ;  lower  leaves 
oval. 


44  CLASS  III.     ORDER  111. 

A  slender,  erect,  pubescent  species,  with  a  small  capillary 
panicle.  Sheaths  and  sometimes  the  culm  hairy.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, the  uppermost  close  to  the  panicle,  the  lower  ones  close 
to  the  ground,  very  short,  ovate,  acute.  Smallest  glume  often 
purple. — AVet  meadows,  and  sometimes  dry  grounds,  varying  in 
pubescence. — July. — Annual. 

Panicum  nodiflorum.     Lam.  Dense  Panic  grass. 

Panicles  very  small,  lateral  and  terminal ;  glumes 
ovate,  pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate;  culm  procum- 
bent. 

A  procumbent  species,  invested  with  thin  hairs.  Leaves  short 
lanceolate,  crowded  in  tufts  on  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and 
nearly  concealing  the  small  panicles. — Dry  fields. — July,  August. 

It  appears  to  be  the  P.  nodiflorum  of  Pursh,  excluding  Mi- 
chaux's  synonym. 

Panicum  dichotomum.     Pursh.  Forked  Panic  grass. 

Panicle  simple,  few  flowered;  glumes  obovate  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  divaricate,  glabrous;  culm 
dichotomous,  procumbent. 

Procumbent  like  the  foregoing.  Leaves  of  the  culm  lanceo- 
late ;  those  of  the  branches  much  smaller,  linear,  and  divaricated. 
Panicle  with  few  scattered  flowers. — Dry  fields  and  woods. — 
July. 

48.     ANDROPOGON. 

Andropogon  nutans.     L.  Chesnut  Beard  grass. 

Panicle  compressed,  nodding;  calyx  hairy;  barren 
flower  caducous ;  perfect  floret  with  a  long  twisted 
awn. 
Syn.     Andropogon  avenaceus.     Mx. 

A  tall  grass  with  a  long  panicle  of  hairy,  chesnut  colored 
flowers.  Culm  four  or  five  feet  high.  Leaves  rough  on  the 
edge.  Panicle  slightly  nodding.  Calyx  villous;  corolla  red, 
with  a  long  shining  awn  twisted  and  bent. —Borders  of  Dry 
Woods. — August,  September. — Perennial. 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  III.  45 

Andropogon   furcatus.     Muhl.         Forked  JBeard  grass. 
Spikes  digitate,  about  four  ;  barren  floret  awnless  ; 
perfect  floret  awn ed ;   rachis  hairy. 

Four  or  five  feet  high,  divided  at  top  into  a  few  diverging  hairy 
spikes.  Rachis,  pedicels  of  the  barren  flowers,  and  calyx  of  the 
fertile  ones,  hairy.  Awns  twisted,  slightly  bent. — Dry  fields. — 
August,  September. — Perennial. 

§  Subgenus  Pollinia.     Barren  florets  awned. 
Andropogon  purpurascens.     3Iu1il.  Broom  grass. 

Branches  straight,  appressed,  each  with  from  two 
to  four  spikes  on  smooth  pedicels  of  different  lengths  j 
rachis  ciliate. 

Very  common  in  dry  barren  soils,  its  spikes  having  a  hairy 
appearance.  Culm  three  feet  high,  very  slender.  Branches 
deeply  divided  into  several  stalks,  one  usually  very  short  and 
axillary,  another  long  and  slender,  each  bearing  a  small  leaf. 
Rachis  and  calyx  very  hairy,  corolla  nearly  smooth,  with  a 
twisted  awn. — August,  September. — Perennial. 

49.     HOLCUS.   ' 
HoLCus  LANATus.     L.  "  Velvet  grass. 

Panicle  equal ;  calyx  two  flowered  ;  lower  floret 
perfect,  awnless  ;  upper  floret  barren,  with  a  recurved 
awn  included  in  the  calyx  ;  root  fibrous. 

An  exceedingly  soft  grass  covered  throughout  with  a  whitish 
downy  pubescence,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple.  Culm  two 
or  three  feet  high.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate.  Calyx  glumes 
mucronate.  Upper  floret  barren,  with  a  short  awn  which  is 
straight  at  first,  but  at  length  recurved.  Meadows,  Watertown. 
— June. — Perennial. 

^  Subgenus  YiiE^ocn.'LO A.  Calyx  three  flowered ;  lateral  ones 
triandrous,  barren;  central  one  diandrous,  perfect. 

HoLcus  ODORATus.     L.  ScTieca  grass. 

Panicle  glabrous;  florets  ciliate,  about  as  long  as 
the  calvx. 


46  CLASS  III.     ORDER  III. 

ST/n.     HoLCUS  BOEEALis.     Sckrader. 

HOLCUS    FRAGRANS.       WiU(L? 
HiEROCHLOA    BOREALIS.       R.  <^    S. 

This  is  one  of  our  earliest  grasses,  and  distinguished  by  the 
delightfully"  fragrant  odor  it  exhales  while  drying.  Culm  one  or 
two  feet  high,  smooth,  invested  with  very  short,  remote  lanceo- 
late leaves.  Panicle  erect,  sometimes  one  sided,  with  large, 
distinct,  chesnut  colored  flowers.  Calyx,  two  valved,  acute, 
scarious,  containing  three  florets  about  as  long  as  itself.  Two 
lateral  florets  barren,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  inside.  Middle 
floret  perfect,  ciliate  at  the  end.  There  are  no  awns,  unless  the 
longest  hairs  be  so  called. — Meadows,  Cambridge,  Dorchester. — 
May. — Perennial. 

This  grass  agrees  with  H.  odoratus  of  Europe  much  better 
than  with  H.fra grans  of  Willdenow,  if  indeed  the  latter  be  any 
thing  more  than  a  variety. 

^§  Subgenus  Torresia.  Calyx  three  flowered,  two  harren 
florets  awned  on  the  hack. 

HoLcus  ALPiNus.      WaM.  Alpine  soft  grass. 

Panicle  small ;  calyx  oblong ;  florets  hairy  with  a 
geniculate  awn  on  the  back. 

Syn.     Hierochloa  alpina.     R.  S^  S. 

This  grass  I  found  in  1816,  and,  not  having  seen  Wahlenberg's 
Flora  Lapponica,  named  it  H.  monticola.  Its  habit  resembles 
that  of  H.  odoratus,  but  it  is  shorter,  smaller,  and  more  fragrant. 
Calyx  smooth,  purplish,  acute,  longer  than  the  florets.  Florets 
three,  two  outer  ones  obtuse,  crested,  slightly  ciliate  within, 
awned  on  the  back.  Central  floret  perfect.— On  the  White 
mountains  of  New  Hampshire. — July. 

50.     LOLIUM. 
LoLiuM  PERENNE.     L.  Ray  grass.     Darnel. 

Spike  awnless ;  spikelets  compressed;  longer  than 
the  calyx.     Sm. 

Stem  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  round,  smooth.  Leaves  smooth, 
with  short  stipules  clasping  the  stem.     The  stem  terminates  iu 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  IIL  47 

a  long,  smooth,  flexuous  rachis  or  receptacle,  to  the  two  sides  of 
which  the  spikelets  are  fixed,  alternately,  and  at  some  distance 
from  each  other.  Calyx  sessile,  of  one  valve,  containing  a  flat 
ovate,  acute  sharp  edged  spikelet  of  close  lanceolate  florets. — 
May,  June. — ^Perennial. — Introduced,  rare. 

51.     TRITICUM. 
Triticum  repens.     L.  Couch  grass. 

Calyx  subulate,  many  nerved,  five  flo-^ered ;  florets 
sharp  pointed  ;  leaves  flat ;  root  creeping.     Sm. 

Syn.     Agropye-On  repens.     Beauv. 

This  grass  has  a  long,  creeping  root,  penetrating  deeply  into 
the  earth,  and  very  tenacious  of  life,  which  renders  it  a  trouble- 
some weed  in  cultivated  grounds.  Stem  about  two  feet  high. 
Leaves  spreading,  flat,  rough  on  the  edge  and  upper  surface. 
Stem  ending  in  a  flexuous  receptacle,  bearing  two  rows  of  alter- 
nate, sessile  spikelets,  more  numerous  and  crowded,  than  in  Lo- 
lium  perenne.  Glumes  all  lanceolate,  subulate,  and  acuminate. 
— Flowers  all  summer. — Perennial. 

52.     ELYMUS. 
Elymus  Virginicus     L,  Lyme  grass. 

Spike  erect;  involucres  striated,  four  or  six  leaved; 
spikelets  two  or  three  together,  each  containing  two 
or  three  flowers,  mostly  smooth. 

The  large  erect  spikes  of  this  grass  resemble  at  a  distance 
heads  of  barley.  The  stem  is  round  and  smooth.  Leaves 
smooth,  somewhat  rough  on  the  margin.  The  stem  ends  in  a 
compressed,  flexuous,  toothed  receptacle ;  each  tooth  supporting 
an  involucre  of  four  or  six  striated,  rough,  lanceolate  glumes, 
ending  in  short  awns.  Each  involucre  contains  two  or  three 
flowers.  Calyx  lanceolate  with  a  straight  terminal  awn. — 
Marshes. — July. — Perennial. 

Elymus  striatus.     Willd.  Striated  Lyme  grass. 

Spike  erect ;  involucre  four  leaved,  nerved  ;  spike- 
lets two  together,  each  one  or  two  flowered,  hispid. 


48  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

Much  smaller  and  more  slender  than  the  preceding,  in  its  as- 
pect resembling  small  spikes  of  rye.  Leaves  and  sheaths  vari- 
able from  smooth  to  pubescent.  Involucre  four  leaved,  deeply 
nerved,  two  flowered,  one  floret  commonly  abortive.  Awns 
three  or  four  times  as  long  as  the  corolla. — Woods. — July. — 
Perennial. 

^  Subgenus  Gymnosticum.  Involucre  uncertain,  spikelets  di- 
varicate. 

Elymus  hystrix.     L.  Hedgeliog  grass. 

Spikes  erect ;  involucre  of  four  bristles  or  callosi- 
ties ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  divergent,  at  length  divari- 
cate. 

Syn.     AsPRELLA  Hystrix,  Cavan. 

Gymnostichum  Hystrix.     Schreb. 

This  singular  grass  is  known  at  sight  by  its  pairs  of  diverging 
spikelets  placed  almost  at  right  angles  with  the  rachis.  It  differs 
from  the  genus  Elymus,  in  the  apparent  absence  of  the  invo- 
lucre. The  lower  pairs  of  spikelets,  however,  have  commonly 
a  short  setaceous  involucre  of  four  bristles  springing  from  the 
same  number  of  callosities  at  base.  Upwards,  the  bristles  dimin- 
ish in  size  and  number,  leaving  only  the  callosities  in  their 
place.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  widely  divergent,  three  flowered. 
Awn  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  the  corolla. — Woods. — July 

By  an  oversight,  the  late  Dr.  Muhlenberg  has  called  the  spike- 
lets six  to  nine  flowered. 

We  have  two  varieties. 

a.  Three  or  four  feet  highj  sheaths  smooth,  spikelets  about 
twenty,  pubescent. 

^.  One  or  two  feet  high,  sheaths  rough,  spikelets  about  ten 
glabrous, 

53.    HORDEUM. 
HoRDEUM  JUBATUM.     Ait.  Squivvel  tail  gvass. 

Lateral  florets  abortive,  their  awns  many  times 
shortest,  involucres  setaceousj  six  times  as  long  as 
the  flower. 


CLASS  III.     ORDER  III.  49 

This  grass  is  remarkable  for  the  length  and  fineness  of  its 
awns,  which  give  to  its  spikes  a  hairy  appearance.  Stems  slen- 
der, smooth,  and  round,  two  feet  high.  Leaves  rather  short, 
rough  on  the  back  and  edge.  Sheaths  smooth.  Receptacle  com- 
pressed, ciliate  on  the  edges,  jointed,  breaking  at  the  joints  as 
the  plant  dries.  Flowers  two  ranked,  one  at  each  joint  or  tooth 
of  the  receptacle.  Each  perfect  floret  is  surrounded  at  its  base 
by  an  involucre  of  six  long  capillary  awns,  two  of  which  are 
distinct;  the  other  four  unite  in  pairs  a  short  way  from  their 
insertion,  each  pair  with  a  minute,  abortive  floret  in  its  fork. 
Outer  glume  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  ending  in  an  awn  six  times 
its  length,  and  equalling  those  of  the  involucre. — Marshes.—- 
June. 

TRIGYNIA. 

54.    LECHEA. 
Lechea  major.     L.  Large  Pin  weed. 

Hairy ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  flowers  in  fasci- 
cled racemes,  unilateral,  on  short  stalks. 

An  upright  hairy  plant,  found  upon  rocks,  dry  hills,  and  sandy 
fields  exposed  to  the  sun.  Stem  from  one  to  two  feet  high,  stiff", 
brittle,  purple,  covered  with  hair.  Leaves  nearly  oval,  reflexed 
at  qie  margin,  downy,  whitish  underneath.  Flowers  small.; 
obscure,  crowded  upon  the  ends  and  sides  of  the  branches,  fol- 
lowed by  roundish  capsules  of  the  size  of  a  large  pin  head.— 
July,  August. 

Lechea  minor.     L.  Small  Pin  weed. 

Smoothish,  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  panicle 

leafy,  its  branches  elongated,  flowering  on   all  sides. 

Grows  with  the  last  in  dry  sterile  situations,  and  is  about  half 
its  size,  its  branches  finer  and  more  spreading.  Leaves  narrow, 
revolute  at  the  margin.  Branches  numerous,  mostly  simple. 
Flowers  minute,  in  small  lateral  and  terminal  racemes.  Cap- 
sules round,  not  larger  than  mustard  seed. — July,  August. 

Lechea  racemulosa.     Mx.  Clustered  Pin  weed. 

Covered  with  close  hair  ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  cili- 


50  CLASS  III.    ORDER  III. 

ate;  panicle    slender,  pyramidal;  flowers  alternatCj 

pedicelled. 

About  the  size  of  the  last,  but  more  hairy,  and  its  clusters 
more  naked. — Dry  fields. — July,  August. 

55.    MOLLUGO. 
MoLLUGO  VERTiciLLATA.     L.  Carpet  weed. 

Leaves  whorled,  wedge-form,   acute;  stem  subdi- 
vided, decumbent ;  peduncles  one  flowered,     h. 

A  small,  flat,  spreading  plant  common  in  cultivated  ground. 
Stems  prostrate,  jointed,  simple,  or  compound,  giving  off  at  each 
joint  a  whorl  of  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate  leaves,  and  a  few 
small  flowers  on  simple  footstalks. — Flowers  at  midsummer  and 
after. — Annual. 

56.    PROSERPINACA. 

ProserpinAca  palustris.  Ij.    Spear  leaved  Proserpinaca. 

Lower  leaves  subpinatifid  or  cut-serrate ;  the  rest 
linear-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate.     Mich. 

An  aquatic,  remarkable  for  its  very  hard,  triangular,  axillary 
fruit.  The  leaves  stand  alternately  on  the  stem,  are  narrow, 
pointed,  with  very  acute  serratures.  When  the  plant  grows  in 
the  water,  its  immersed  leaves  are  cut  into  linear  segments. 
Flowers  two  or  three  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf.  Nut  bony,  three 
sided,  three  celled. — Found  in  meadows  and  ponds. — June,  July. 

Proserpinaca  pectinata.  Lam.  Fine  leaved  Proserpinaca. 
Leaves  all  pectinate. 

This  is  a  smaller  species  than  the  foregoing,  and  by  some  is 
thought  a  variety.  Leaves  all  pinnatifid,  with  linear  segments. 
Angles  of  the  fruit  somewhat  obtuse. — Gathered  in  low  grounds 
at  Plymouth  by  Mr.  Tuckerman. — July,  August. 


CLASS  IV.    ORDER  I.  51 


Class  lY.     TETRANDRIA.     Four  stamens. 
Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style. 

57.  Cephalanthus.  Proper  calyx  superior,  funnel 
form ;  common  receptacle  globular ;  seed  one,  downy. 

58.  Plantago.  Calyx  four  cleft;  corolla  four  cleft, 
inferior,  with  a  reflected  border ;  stamens  very  long ; 
capsule  two  celled,  opening  transversely. 

59.  Centaurella.  Calyx  four  parted  ;  corolla  four 
parted,  somewhat  bell  shaped  ;  capsule  invested  with 
the  permanent  corolla  and  calyx,  one  celled,  two 
valved. 

60.  MiTCHELLA.  Corolla  monopetalous,  superior, 
two  on  each  germ ;  stigmas  four ;  berry  bifid,  four 
seeded. 

61.  HousTONiA.  Corolla  monopetalous  ;  calyx  four 
toothed  ;  capsule  two  celled,  two  valved. 

62.  Ammannta.  Calyx  inferior,  tubular,  eight  tooth- 
ed ;  capsule  four  celled. 

63.  Galium.     Corolla  flat,  superior ;  seeds  two. 

64.  CoENus.  Calyx  four  toothed  ;  corolla  four  pe- 
talled,  superior ;  drupe  with  a  two  celled  nut. 

65.  IcTODEs.  Spathe  one  leaved ;  spadix  oval, 
covered  with  flowers ;  calyx  wedge  shaped ;  seeds 
numerous,  globular,  imbedded  in  the  spadix. 

66.  LuDwiGiA.  Calyx  four  parted,  superior  ;  petals 
four  ;  capsule  quadrangular,  four  celled. 

67.  IsNARDiA.  Calyx  campanulate,  four  cleft,  per- 
manent ;  corolla  none ;  capsule  four  celled. 

68.  SwERTiA.  Calyx  flat,  four  or  five  parted ;  co- 
rolla four  parted,  segments  spreading  with  two  nec- 
tariferous, ciliate  pores  at  the  base  of  each.    • 


52  CLASS  IV.     ORDER  I. 

69.  Alchemilla.  Calyx  persistent,  eight  cleft,  the 
alternate  segments  smaller.  Corolla  none.  Style 
from  the  base  of  the  germ. 

Order  II.     DIGYNIA.      Two  styles. 

70.  Hamamelis.  Involucre  three  leaved ;  proper 
calyx  four  leaved ;  petals  four ;  nut  two  celled,  with 
two  horns. 

71.  Sanguisorba.  Calyx  two  leaved,  inferior;  co- 
rolla flat,  four  cleft,  superior ;  capsule  four  cornered. 

Order  IV.      TETRAGYNIA. 

72.  Ilex.  Calyx  four  toothed ;  corolla  monopeta- 
lous  ;  styles  none;  berry  four  seeded. 

73.  Sagina.  Calyx  four  leaved  ;  petals  four  ;  cap- 
sule four  celled,  four  valved,  many  seeded. 

74.  Potamogeton.  Calyx  none;  corolla  four  pe- 
talled ;  seeds  four,  sessile. 

75.  RuppiA.  Calyx  none;  corolla  none;  seeds  four, 
pedicelled. 


TETRANDRIA. 
MONOGYNIA. 

57.     CEPHALANTHUS. 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis.     L.  Button  husJi. 

Leaves  opposite  or  in  threes.     L. 

Button  bush  or  river  bush  is  a  frequent  ornament  of  the  water 
side,  its  insulated  thickets  furnishing  a  safe  retreat  for  the  nests 
of  the  black  bird  (Icterus  phoeniceus.)  The  shrub  rises  five  or 
six  feet  out  of  the  water,  its  leaves  are  tough,  spreading,  pointed, 
and  entire.  In  the  month  of  July  it  puts  forth  its  spherical 
heads  of  flowers,  which  at  a  distance  appear  not  unlike  the  balls 
of  the  plane  tree.  Receptacle  globular,  of  the  size  of  a  large 
pea,  covered  with  whitish  funnel  shaped  flowers.    The  long  pro- 


CLASS  IV.    ORDER  I.  53 

jecting  styles  give  to  the  whole  a  bristly  aspect.  The  appear- 
ance of  this  shrub  on  elevated  ground,  often  indicates  the  pre- 
sence of  springs  of  water. 

58.    PLANTAGO. 
Plantago  major.     L.  Large  Plantain, 

Leaves  ovate,  smoothish,  somewhat  toothed  with 
rather  long  footstalks ;  scape  round ;  flowers  imbri- 
cated ;  seeds  numerous.     Sm. 

This  vegetable,  which  grows  at  every  one's  door,  and  not  the 
less  for  being  trampled  under  foot,  is  in  considerable  repute 
among  many  people  as  a  refrigerant  external  application.  Leaves 
spreading  on  the  ground,  on  channelled  footstalks  containing 
strong  fibres,  like  others  of  the  genus,  which  draw  out  when  the 
stalks  are  broken.  Spikes  very  long  and  close.  As  in  others  of 
the  kind,  the  flowering  commences  at  bottom  and  proceeds  very 
gradually  toward  the  top. — Flowers  most  of  the  summer. — 
Perennial. 

Plantago  lanckolata.     L.     Ribwort  or  field  Plantain. 
Leaves   lanceolate,    tapering    at   each   end :  spike 
ovate,  naked  ;  scape  angular.     >S'm. 

Distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  narrow  leaves,  short  spikes, 
and  furrowed  stalk.  The  leaves  are  lanceolate,  acute,  entire, 
and  strongly  ribbed.  Stalk  upright,  deeply  channelled.  Spike 
dark  colored,  ovate,  with  a  circle  of  projecting,  whitish  sta- 
mens.— Pastures  and  road  sides. — From  May  to  October. — 
Perennial. 

Plantago  maritima.     L.  Sea  Plantain. 

Leaves  linear,  mostly  entire,  channelled,  woolly  at 
the  base ;  spike  cylindrical,  scape  round.     Sm. 

Found  on  salt  marshes  and  known  by  its  leaves,  which  are 
fleshy,  linear-subulate,  and  hollowed  out  on  their  inner  side. 
Spike  cylindrical,  of  short  or  moderate  length, — Flowers  in  July 
and  August. — Perennial. 

5^ 


54  CLASS  IV.     ORDER  I. 

59.     CENTAURELLA. 
Centaurella  paniculata.     Mich.         Late  Ccntaurella. 

Stem  branching  above  ;  branches  subdivided  ;  pan- 
icle erect,  many  flowered ;  segments  of  the  corolla 
oval ;  style  much  shorter  than  the  germ.     Mich.  A 

Syn.     Bartonia  paniculata.     Miihl. 

A  slender,  upright  plant,  found  in  meadows,  flowering  about 
August.  Stem  square,  often  twisted.  Leaves  opposite,  minute, 
subulate,  resembling  scales.  Flowers  small,  white,  on  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  which  are  erect  and  simple  or  compound. 

60.  MITCHELLA. 

MiTCHELLA  REPENS.     L,  CJiequev  berry. 

A  handsome  little  creeping  plant,  the  only  species  of  its  genus. 
It  is  found  in  woods  about  the  roots  of  trees,  creeping  in  the  de- 
cayed leaves.  Stems  furnished  with  opposite,  round,  or  heart 
shaped,  smooth,  petioled  leaves,  about  the  size  of  the  finger  nail. 
Corollas  purplish  white,  funnel  form,  foar  cleft,  hairy  within, 
bearing  the  stamens  in  their  sinuses.  The  two  calyxes  and 
corollas  stand  on  a  common  germ,  so  that  two  apparent  flowers 
produce  only  one  berry.  The  blossoms  are  exceedingly  fragrant, 
and  the  leaves  sometimes  variegated. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

61.  HOUSTONIA. 

HousTONiA  ccERULEA.     L.  Bluisli  Housfoiiia. 

Root  leaves  ovate ;  stem  compound  ;  first  pedun- 
cles two  flowered.     L. 

Common  among  the  grass  in  moist  ground,  flowering  in  May 
and  afterward.  The  stems  are  slender,  repeatedly  forked,  the 
divisions  supporting  single  flowers.  The  root  leaves  are  spatu- 
late  or  oval,  tapering  into  footstalks  ;  those  of  the  stem  opposite, 
situated  at  the  forks  and  elsewhere,  lance-oval,  the  upper  ones 
sessile.  Flowers  smaller  than  violets,  with  which  they  grow. 
Segments  of  the  calyx  erect, .  pointed.  Corolla  bluish  white, 
yellow  at  the  centre,  consisting  of  a  slender  tube  with  four  ovate, 
acute,  spreading  segments.  Anthers  inserted  at  the  mouth  of 
the  tube. — Style  exserted,  stigma  bifid. — Perennial. 


CLASS  IV.    ORDER  I.  55 

HousTONiA  LQNGiFOLiA.   WUld.      Long  leaved  Houstonia. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  each  end ;  flowers 
corymbed.      WUld. 

Found  in  dry  soils  at  Blue  hills  and  elsewhere,  not  commonly 
exceeding  four  or  five  inches  in  height.  Stem  erect,  six  sided, 
branching  toward  the  top.  Leaves  smooth,  opposite,  lanceolate, 
somewhat  obtuse.  Flowers  purplish,  in  a  terminal  corymb. — 
Calyx  segments,  oblong,  acute;  corolla  funnel  shaped,  divided 
into  four  acute  spreading  segments,  pale  striped  with  purple  in- 
side ;  stamens  inserted  in  the  tube  ;  style  as  long  as  the  corolla, 
stigma  two  cleft. — Blue  hills,  Milton. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

62.    AMMANNIA. 
Ammannia  humilis.  Lolo  Ammannia. 

Stem  procumbent,  leaves  lanceolate  narrowed  to  a 
petiole,  flowers  solitary  opposite  sessile. 

Stem  ascending,  leaves  oblong  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  acute 
at  base,  and  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  small,  red,  closely  sessile 
in  the  axils.  In  wet  meadows  and  on  the  muddy  banks  of 
rivers. — August,  September. — Perennial. 

63.     GALIUM. 
Galium  asprellum.    3Iich.     Pointed  Cleavers  or  Clivers. 
Stem  decumbent,  rough  backward ;  leaves  in  sixes, 
oval-lanceolate  with  a  flaccid  point;  flowers  on  very 
short  pedicels  ;  frnit  smooth.     Mich.  abr. 

Found  in  thickets  and  low  grounds.  Stem  weak,  supported 
by  plants  around  it,  like  many  others  of  the  genus;  rough  with 
minute  refiexed  prickles,  as  are  also  the  ribs  and  margins  of  the 
leaves.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  six,  lanceolate,  with  a  slender,  sca- 
rious,  curved  point.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  smooth,  very  mi- 
nute.— June,  July. — Perennial. 

Galium  septentrionale.     R.  Sf  S.       Northern  Galium. 
Stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  in  fours  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  with  the  margin  and  midrib  rough ;  pani- 
cle terminal ;  fruit  hispid. 


56  CLASS  IV.    ORDER  I. 

Syn.    Galium  bokeale.     Pursh. 

The  stem  of  this  species  is  erect,  square,  and  perfectly  smooth. 
Leaves  narrow  lanceohue,  acute,  the  margin  rough  and  often 
revolute.  Flowers  numerous,  white,  in  a  terminal  panicle  with 
trichotomous  hranches.  Fruit  covered  with  minute  bristles. — 
AVoods. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

It  approaches  very  near  to  G.  boreale  of  Europe,  and  may  per- 
haps be  a  variety.  But  on  comparing  it  with  specimens  from 
England  and  Germany,  I  find  it  constantly  differs  in  the  smooth- 
ness of  its  stem,  and  its  narrower,  longer,  and  more  acute 
leaves. 

Galium  tinctorium.     L.  Dyers  Cleavers. 

Leaves  linear,  those  of  the  stem  in  sixes,  of  the 
branches  in  fours;  stem  flaccid;  peduticles  two 
flowered;  fruit  smooth.     L. 

A  weak, branching  plant,  rough  with  reflexed  prickles.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  whorled,  the  larger  ones  in  sixes,  smaller 
ones  in  fours.  Peduncles  very  small,  supporting  minute  white 
flowers,  which  are  succeeded  by  smooth  fruit. ^—Thickets  and 
low  ground. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

According  to  Kalm  the  roots  dye  a  permanent  red. 

*Galium  obtusum.  Obtuse  Galium. 

G.  caule  Icevi,  procitmbente  ;  foliis  quaternis^  ohlance- 
olaiis,  oblusis,  margine  nervoqiie  asprellis  fructu  Icevi. 

Stem  smooth,  procumbent ;  leaves  in  fours,  oblan- 
ceolate,  obtuse,  rough  on  the  edge  and  midrib ;  fruit 
smooth. 

Stem  slender,  diffuse,  much  branched,  quadrangular,  entirely 
smooth.  Leaves  universally  in  fours,  linear-lanceolate,  very 
obtuse,  a  little  rough  at  the  midrib  and  margin.  Peduncles 
slender,  three  flowered.  Petals  acute,  white.  Fruit  globular, 
smooth. — On  the  banks  of  Muddy  brook,  Roxbury. — July. — 
Perennial. 

I  should  not  have  added  another  species  to  this  numerous 
genus,  but  I  find  no  character  applying  to  this  in  the  extensive 


CLASS  IV.     ORDER  I.  57 

list  of  Rcemer,  and  Schultes.    It  is   a  larger  and  more  open 
plant  than  G.  tinctorium. 

Galium  verum.     L.  Yellow  JBedstraw. 

Leaves  eight  in  a  whorl,  channelled,  entire,  rough; 

flowers  in  dense  panicles  ;  fruit  smooth.     JSm. 

Grows  at  Roxbury  in  dry,  open  pastures.  Stem  upright, 
slender,  pubescent.  Leaves  linear,  rough,  with  the  edges  rolled 
back,  pointing  downward.  Branches  opposite,  unequal,  leafy, 
many  flowered.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  followed  by  minute 
smooth  fruit. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Probably  introduced  from  Europe. 

Galium  circ^zans.     Mx.  Cross  Cleavers. 

Stems  erect ;  leaves  in  fours,  oval,  ciliate ;  pedun- 
cles divaricate,  few  flowered  ;  fruit  bristly. 
Syn,    Galium  brachiatum.     Muhl.  nee  Pursh. 

Found  in  woods.  Stem  upright,  smooth,  minutely  pubescent. 
Leaves  an  inch,  or  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  more  than  half 
as  broad,  three  nerved,  hairy  at  the  margin  and  nerves.  Branches 
few,  near  the  top,  opposite,  few  flowered.  Peduncles  nearly  sim- 
ple, bent  in  various  directions,  making  angles  at  every  flower, 
and  giving  off  at  the  same  time  a  minute  leaf.  Fruit  a  little  burr 
with  its  short  footstalk  reflected,  as  in  Circeea,  with  uncinate 
bristles. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

*Galium  Torreyi.  Acuminate  Galium. 

G.  caiile  erecto  ;  foliis  qiiaternis  lanceolatis  acumin" 

atis  ;  pedunculis  paucifloris ;  fructu  hispido. 

Stem  erect ;  leaves  in  fours,  lanceolate  acuminate : 
peduncles  few  flowered  ;  fruit  hispid. 
Syn.     Galium  ciRCiEZANs  var,  lanceolatum,     Torrey.  N.  Y.  Cat. 

This  species  is  a  congener  of  the  preceding,  and  closely  re- 
sembles it  in  its  mode  of  flowering  and  fruit.    Its  leaves,  how- 
ever, are  narrower,   twice  as  long,   and   attenuated   to  a  long 
point,  giving  it  a  very  different   aspect.    It  is   generally  less 
ciliatg.    From  G.   septeutrionale  it  diflers  in  its  leaves  beinS 


58  CLASS  IV.     ORDER  I. 

lanceolate,  not  linear,  and  three  or  four  times  as  large.  The 
fruit  also  is  scattered,  and  nearly  sessile  on  virgaled  stalks,  not 
forming  a  thick  panicle  as  in  that  species. — Woods. — June,  July. 
— Perennial. 

This  plant  and  the  preceding  are  sometimes  called  Liquorice 
by  the  country  people. 
Galium  trifidum.      Willd.  Small  Cleavers. 

Stems  procumbent,  rongh  backward;  leaves  of  the 
stem  in  fives,  of  the  branches  in  fours,   linear,  ob- 
tuse, rough  on  the  edge;  flowers  mostly  trifid :  fruit 
smooth. 
Syn.     Galium  Claytoni.     Mx. 

This  is  our  smallest  species,  and  its  corollas  have  frequently 
but  three  segments.  It  agrees  sufficiently  well  with  the  Euro- 
pean plant  figured  by  Oeder,  though  some  have  separated  it. — 
Wet  grounds. — July. 

Galium  triflorum.     Mx.  Three  Jloioered  Cleavers. 

Stems  procumbent,  smoothish ;  leaves  in  sixes, 
obovate-lanceolate,  smooth,  scarcely  ciliate  ;  branches 
elongated,  three  flowered;  flowers  pedicelled,  fruit 
hispid. 

A  well  marked  species  with  rather  large  leaves  and  small 
flowers.     The  fruit  forms  a  sort  of  umbel  of  three  rays. — Woods, 
Chelsea  beach  island. — July. — Perennial. 
Galium  Aparine.     L.  Common  Cleavers. 

Leaves  in  eights,  lanceolate,  carinate,  rough,  prick- 
ly backwards;  stem  flaccid;  fruit  bristly.     Sm. 

Stem  brittle,  weak,  much  branched,  prickly  backward,  leaning 
upon  other  plants  for  support.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  about  eight 
together,  lance-obovate,  their  margin  and  keel  rough  backward. 
Flowers  numerous,  small,  white,  on  axillary  and  terminal  pedun- 
cles.   Fruit  hispid. — In  moist  thickets. — May,  June. — Annual. 


CLASS  IV.     ORDER  I.  59 

64.     CORNUS. 

^  Subgenus ■■ .     Flowers  umhelled,  with  a  four  leaved 

involucre. 

•^CoRNus  Canadensis.     L.  Dwarf  Cornel. 

Herbaceous  ;  upper  leaves  in  whorls,  slightly  peti- 
oled,  veined.      Willd. 

A  handsome  plant  of  half  a  foot  in  height.  Root  creeping, 
stem  simple,  ascending,  surmounted  at  top  with  a  single  whorl 
of  six  oval  leaves,  two  of  which  are  lower  and  larger.  The  una- 
bel  of  flowers  is  surrounded  by  a  large  white  involucre  of  four 
leaves,  which  at  first  sight  is  taken  for  the  petals  of  a  simple 
flower.  The  berries  or  drupes  are  globular  and  red.  Among  the 
fertile  stems  are  found  a  multitude  of  barren  ones,  supporting 
whorls  of  four  leaves. — Woods,  Brookline,  Cambridge. — May, 
June. — Perennial.y 

CoRNus  Florida.  Dogwood  tree. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxviii. 

Arboreous,  flowers  in  heads,  surrounded  by  an  in- 
volucre of  obovate  leaves  with  recurved  points. 

A  conspicuous  and  very  ornamental  tree,  covered  •  early  in 
June  with  a  profusion  of  large  white  flowers.  It  is  below  the 
middle  size,  is  of  slow  growth,  and  possesses  a  very  compact  wood, 
covered  with  a  rough  broken  bark.  The  branches  are  smooth, 
covered  with  a  reddish  bark,  marked  with  rings  at  the  place  of 
the  former  leaves.  The  leaves,  which  are  small  at  the  flowering 
time,  are  opposite,  petioled,  oval  acute,  entire,  nearly  smooth, 
paler  beneath,  and  marked  as  in  others  of  the  genus  with  strong 
parallel  veins.  The  flowers,  which  are  very  small,  grow  in 
heads  or  sessile  umbels,  upon  peduncles  an  inch  or  more  in 
length.  At  the  base  of  each  bunch  is  the  large  spreading  involu- 
cre, constituting  the  chief  beauty  of  the  tree  when  in  flower. 
This  involucre  is  composed  of  four  white,  nerved,  obovate  leaves, 
having  their  point  turned  abruptly  down  or  up,  so  as  to  give 
them  an  obcordate  appearance.  The  point  has  frequently  a  red- 
dish tinge.  Calyx  superior,  somewhat  bell  shaped,  ending  in 
four  obtuse  spreading  teeth.     Petals  four,  oblong,  obtuse,  reflex- 


60  CLASS  IV.    ORDER  I. 

ed.  Stamens,  four  erect,  the  anthers  oblong,  with  the  filaments 
inserted  in  their  middle.  Style  erect,  shorter  than  the  stamens, 
with  an  obtuse  stigma.  The  fruit  is  an  oval  drupe  of  a  glossy- 
scarlet  color,  containing  a  nucleus  with  two  cells  and  two  seeds. 
The  bark  of  this  tree  is  a  bitter  tonic,  used  in  medicine. — Woods, 
Quincy,  Dedham. — June. 

§§  Subgcjius .     Flowers  cymed,  without  an  involucre. 

CoRNUS  ALTERNiFOLiA.     T Hev.      Alternate  leaved  Cornel. 
Branches   warty ;  leaves   alternate,    ovate,    acute, 
whitish  underneath  ;  cymes  spreading. 

A  small  tree  somewhat  resembling  the  next  species,  but  larger, 
its  leaves  somewhat  smaller,  and  arranged  about  the  stem  with- 
out order.  Fruit  purple,  smaller  than  in  C.  alba. — Swamps — 
rare. — June. 

CoRNus  ALBA.     L.  Wliite  berried  Cornel. 

Branches  recurved ;  leaves  opposite,  broad,  ovate, 
hoary  underneath  ;  cymes  naked,  flat.     VHer. 

A  shrub  Or  small  tree  with  spreading  branches,  and  ovate, 
acuminate  leaves,  whitish  underneath.  Cymes  without  involu- 
cres, as  are  the  rest  of  this  subgenus.  Flowers  white,  succeeded 
by  white  fruit.  In  rich  ground  it  sometimes  blossoms  twice  a 
year. — Roxbury,  Cambridge. 
CoRNUS  ciRCiNATA.     V Herit.  Round  leaved  Cornel. 

Branches  warty  ;  leaves  opposite,  orbicular,  white- 
downy  underneath ;  cymes  naked,  flattened.  VIIei\ 
Syn.     CoRNUS  tomentulgsa.     Mich. 

An  erect,  slender  shrub,  distinguished  by  its  spotted  or  warty 
branches,  but  particularly  by  its  large,  rounded,  acuminate  leaves, 
which  are  white  and  downy,  almost  woolly  underneath.  Cymes 
terminal,  flattened.     Fruit  bluish. — On  Brighton  road. — June. 

CoRNus  PANicuLATA.     V Herit.  Panided  Cornel, 

Branches  erect,  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  hoary  un- 
derneath ;  cymes  panicled.     VHer. 


CLASS  IV.    ORDER  I.  61 

A  more  common  shrub  than  the  two  last,  sufficiently  distin- 
guishable by  its  smaller  leaves.  The  cymes  are  numerous  upon 
the  branches,  more  or  less  oblong,  and  decidedly  panicled  when 
in  fruit.  Calyx  very  minute,  so  as  to  be  hardly  perceptible  to 
the  naked  eye.  The  berries  or  drupes  are  white,  as  in  Cornus 
alba. — Low  grounds. — June,  July. 

65.    ICTODES. 

IcTODES  FcETiDus,  SkuTiIc  Cabbage. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxiv. 

Syn.     Dra€Ontium  fcetidum.     L. 

POTHOS    FCETIDA.       Mx. 
SyMPLOCARPUS    FCETIDA.       Nutt. 

A  strong  scented,  repulsive  plant,  exceedingly  meritorious  of 
the  name  it  bears.  The  root  is  large  and  abrupt,  with  numerous 
crowded,  fleshy  fibres.  The  spathe,  which  emerges  from  the 
ground  some  time  before  the  leaves,  is  ovate,  swelling,  various 
in  width,  cucullate,  spotted,  and  sometimes  nearly  covered  with 
dull  brownish  purple;  the  top  acuminate  and  incurved,  the  edges 
infolded,  auriculate  at  base,  and  at  length  coalescing.  Within 
this  is  the  oval  spadix,  on  a  short  peduncle,  covered  with  perfect 
tetrandrous  flowers,  and  of  the  same  color  with  the  spathe. 
Calyx  leaves  four,  fleshy,  wedge  shaped,  truncate,  the  top  and 
edges  inflected,  the  whole  crowded  so  as  to  form  a  compact  cov- 
ering for  the  spadix.  Stamens  four,  opposite  the  calyx  leaves, 
with  subulate  filaments  equal  in  length  to  the  calyx,  and  oblong 
four  celled  anthers.  Style  four  sided,  tapering;  stigma  minute, 
pubescent;  germ  roundish,  concealed  within  the  spadix.  After 
the  spathe  decays,  the  spadix  continues  to  grow,  and  with  it 
every  part  of  the  flower  except  the  anthers.  When  the  fruit  is 
ripe,  the  spadix  has  attained  many  times  its  original  dimensions, 
while  the  calyx,  filaments,  and  style  are  larger,  very  prominent, 
and  separated  from  each  other.  Within  the  spadix,  at  the  base 
of  each  style,  is  a  round,  fleshy  seed,  as  large  as  a  pea,  white, 
tinged  with  green  and  purple,  invested  with  a  separate  mem- 
branous coat,  and  with  a  prominent  corculum  situated  in  a  de- 
pression at  top. 

The  leaves,  which  spring  up  some  time  after  the  flowers,  are 
6 


62  CLASS  IV.    ORDER  L 

numerous,  large,  and  crowded,  oblong  heart  shaped,  acute, 
smooth,  with  numerous  fleshy  veins  of  a  paler  color.  They 
grow  from  the  root  on  long  petioles,  hollowed  in  front,  and  furn- 
ished with  large  oblong  sheaths.  They  continue  to  increase  in 
size  for  a  month  or  two  after  the  flowering  period  is  past,  and 
are  conspicuous  in  summer  in  every  meadow,  swamp,  and  brook 
side. 

The  odor  depends  on  a  volatile  principle  not  separable  by  dis- 
tillation. There  is  besides  an  acrid  principle,  which  remains  in 
the  root  when  dried.  This  plant  has  been  found  useful  in  asth- 
ma and  some  other  diseases,  but  is  not  safe  in  large  quantities^ 

66.    LUDWIGIA. 
LuDWiGiA  ALTERNiFOLiA.     L^  CommoYi  Ludwigia. 

Erect,   smooth  ;  leaves   alternate,   lanceolate,  pale 
beneath ;  peduncles  axillary,  one  flowered  ;  capsules 
globose,  four  cornered,  crowned  with  the  calyx. 
Syn.    Ludwigia  macrocarpa.     Mx. 

Stem  erect,  round,  with  a  tough,  fibrous  bark.  Leaves  scat- 
tered, on  Very  short  petioles,  lanceolate,  entire,  pale,  and  veined 
underneath.  Flowers  on  short,  axillary  stalks.  Calyx  of  four- 
ovate  acute  leaves,  investing  the  germ  at  base,  which  is  square^ 
with  winged  angles.  Petals  orbicular,  yellow. — Shady  swamps, 
Cambridge. — July,  August.— PerenniaL 

67.  ISNARDIA, 

isNARDiA  PALUSTRis.     L.  Isiiardict. 

A  weed  swimming  in  ditches  and  streams  of  water,  or  creep- 
ing on  wet  grounds.  Leaves  opposite,  oval  or  ovate,  smooth. 
Flowers  small,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  without  beauty. 
^— June. — Annual. 

68.  SWERTIA. 

SwERTiA  PusiLLAi     Ph.  Alpine  sitertia. 

Corolla  rotate,  twice  as  lorig  as  the  calyx ;  stem 
simple,  one  flowered  ;  leaves  oblong* 

A  small  plant,  hardly  exceeding  an  inch  in  height  with  a  blue 
flower  of  considerable  size^  having  the  habit  of  a  Gentian.    It 


CLASS  IV.     ORDER  I.  63 

has  one  or  two  pairs  of  small  oblong  leaves. — Said  by  Pursh  to 
grow  upon  the  White  mountains. 

69.    ALCHEMILLA. 
Alchemilla  alpina.  Lady^s  mantle. 

Leaves  digitate,  serrate  at  the  end,  white  and  silky 
underneath. 

Leaves  five  parted,  the  lobes  or  leafets  serrate  at  the  extremity, 
covered  underneath  with  a  white  satiny  down.  Stem  erect, 
flowers  panicled,  calyx  silken  on  the  outside. — On  the  high 
mountains  of  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire. — Pursh. — July. 

DIGYNIA. 

70.    HAMAMELIS. 

HamameLiIs  VrRGiNicA.     L.  JVitch  hazel. 

The  variegated  appearance  of  the  American  forest  during  the 
months  of  autumn,  has  been  repeatedly  noticed  by  travellers. 
Among  the  crimson  and  yellow  hues  of  the  falling  leaves  there 
is  no  more  remarkable  object  than  the  Witch  hazel,  in  the  mo- 
ment of  parting  with  its  foliage,  putting  forth  a  profusion  of 
gaudy,  yellow  blossoms,  and  giving  to  November  the  counter- 
feited appearance  of  spring.  It  is  a  bushy  tree,  sending  up  a 
n,umber  of  oblique  trunks,  about  the  size  of  a  man's  arm  or 
larger.  The  leaves  are  oval  or  obovate,  loosely  waved  or  toothed 
upon  the  margin.  Flowers  sessile,  about  three  together,  pro- 
ceeding from  a  gemmaceous  involucre.  Calyx  double,  pubes- 
cent, ths  first  of  three  roundish,  short,  bracteiform  leafets ;  the 
second  larger,  of  four  ovate,  acute,  recurved  segments.  Petals 
four,  very  long,  linear,  transversely  corrugated,  in  the  bud  rolled 
inward.  Nectaries  four  scales,  wedge  shaped,  truncate,  adnate 
to  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Filaments  erect,  clavate,  with  ad- 
nate anthers  opening  on  each  side  by  oval,  concave,  vertical 
valves  like  doors.  Germs  two,  ovate,  hairy,  with  divergent 
styles.  Capsule  roundish,  its  lower  half  invested  by  the  persist- 
ent calyx  with  four  recurved  points  ;  its  upper  half  naked,  with 
a  partial  fissure  and  two  short  recurved  points.  Nuts  two, 
double  shelled,  the  outer  shells  growing  together,  bursting  elas- 
tically  at  top ;  inner  shells  free,  oblong,  glossy,  and  blackish ; 
seed  or  kernel  oblong,  the  corculum  very  distinct  and  nearly  as 


64  CLASS  IV.    ORDER  I. 

long  as  the  seed. — Not  uncommon  in  damp  woods. — October, 
November. 

The  wood  is  white,  its  fibres  fine  and  flexible.  The  twigs 
were  formerly  used  in  the  imposture  of  the  diving,  or  mineral 
rods,  supposed  to  indicate  the  existence  of  precious  ores. 

71.    SANGUISORBA. 
Sanguisorba  Canadensis.     L.  Canada  Burnet. 

Spikes  very  long,  cylindrical ;  stamens  many  times 
longer  than  the  corolla. 

Stem  erect,  two  feet  high,  round,  smooth,  striate,  two  or  more 
feet  high.  Leaves  pinnate,  the  leafets  oblong,  unequal  at  base, 
serrate,  very  obtuse.  Spikes  terminal,  very  long,  with  white 
flowers.  Calyx  two  leaved,  minute.  Corolla  of  four  obtuse 
segments.  Stamens  several  times  longer  than  the  corolla. 
Germ  oval  between  the  calyx  and  corolla. — On  the  Newburyport 
turnpike,  twelve  miles  from  Boston,  in  wet  meadows. — July. — 
Perennial. 

TETRANDRIA, 

72.    ILEX. 
Ilex  opaca.     Ait.  American  Holly. 

Leaves  oval,  evergreen,  with  strong  spreading  spi- 
nous teeth  ;  fascicles  of  flowers  lax,  peduncles  com- 
pound ;  calyxes  rather  acute,  smooth  \  fruit  ovate. 
Mich. 

This  tree  is  more  interesting,  from  being  one  of  the  few  ever- 
green trees,  which  we  possess,  that  are  not  of  the  coniferous 
tribe.  Its  leaves  are  tough,  smooth,  and  shining,  furnished  at 
the  edge  with  short,  rigid,  acute  spines.  The  flowers  are  nu- 
merous, small,  of  a  greenish  white,  growing  in  bunches  around 
the  branches.  Berries  red,  falling  very  late. — Quincy,  Cohas- 
set.— June. 
Ilex  Canadensis.  Canadian  Holly. 

Leaves  deciduous,  oval,  entire  or  slightly  toothed 
at  the  tip  ;  peduncles  subsolitary,  one  flowered  ;  fruit 
slightly  four  cornered. 


CLASS  IV.    ORDER  I.       -  65 

A  slender  shrub  six  or  seven  feet  high.  Leaves  smooth,  oval, 
entire,  or  slightly  toothed,  often  mueronated.  Flowers  small, 
green,  on  long  slender  peduncles.  Corolla  of  four  spreading, 
acute  segments.  Stamens  four,  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Germ 
round,  pointed  in  the  barren  flowers ;  longer  and  bearing  a  four 
lobed  stigma  in  the  perfect  ones  ;  the  shrub  being  strictly  poly- 
gamous.    Berries  deep  red. — Swamps,  Cambridge.— May. 

73.     SAGINA. 
Sagina  procumbens.     L.  Pearl  wort. 

Perennial ;  stems  procumbent,  smooth  ;  petals  very 
short. 

A  small  spreading  plant,  the  stem  branched  and  throwing  out 
roots.  Leaves  opposite,  linear  subulate,  connate  at  base. 
Peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Petals  half 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  sometimes  wanting. — In  wet  places  mostly, 
^July. 

74.    POTAMOGETON. 

PoTAMOGETON  NATANs.     L.  Floating  Pond  weed. 

Upper  leaves  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  the  base, 
petioled,  floating.     Stu. 

A  very  common  species  of  pond  weed,  growing  near  the  mud- 
dy banks  of  deep  waters.  Leaves  oblong,  sometimes  a  little 
hearted  at  base,  two  inches  long,  floating  on  the  surface,  on  foot- 
stalks accommodated  to  the  depth  of  the  water.  In  June  the 
spikes  of  dull  flowers  emerge  on  solitary  round  footstalks,  sur- 
rounded at  base  by  lanceolate  bractes  or  stipulse, 

PoTAMOGETON  FUJiTANS.     L.         Long  Uaved  Pond  weed. 
Leaves  petioled,  lower  ones  linear,  very  long,  up- 
per ones  lanceolate,  nerved,  coriaceous. 

Leaves  narrower  than  the  preceding,  the  immersed  ones  very 
long  and  linear. — Ponds. — June. 

PoTAMOGETON  PERFOLTATUM.     L.     Perfoliate  Pond  loeed. 

Leaves    cordate-ovate,     clasping,    all    immersed ; 

spikes  terminal ;  flowers  alternate, 

6^ 


66  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

This  has  no  floating  leaves,  the  flowers  only  appearing  above 
water. — July. 

PoTAMOGETON  LucENS.     Mx.  Shining  Pond  weed. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  snbsessile  with  a  thick  midrib ; 
spikes  long,  cylindrical. 

A  very  long,  large  leaved  species.  Leaves  immersed. — 
Ditches,  &c. — July. 

PoTAMOGETON  sETACEUM.      WHld.     Sctaceous  Pond  weed. 

Upper  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  five  nerved,  on 

short  petioles ;  lower  ones  alternate,  fih form;  spikes 

dense,  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Very  different  in  size  from  any  of  the  preceding,  the  whole 
plant  being  small  and  slender. — July. 

PoTAMOGETON  PAuciFLORUM.         SlioH  headed  Pond  weed. 
Leaves  sessile,  linear,  flat ;  heads  about  four  flow- 
ered. 

This  species  is  not  spiked,  the  flowers  forming  a  little  termi- 
nal head  or  whorl,  a  few  together. — July. 

75.  ^  RUPPIA. 

RuppiA  MARiTiMA.     L.  Sea  Ruppia. 

An  immersed,  grass  like  plant,  of  salt  water  ditches  and  ponds. 
Leaves  linear,  all  under  the  surface.  Spike  or  head  above 
water,  about  four  flowered.  Seeds  four  or  five  on  pedicels. — 
South  Boston,  &c. — ^July. 


Class  V.  PENTANDRIA.  Five  starnens. 

Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style. 

A.     Flowers  monopetalous,  inferior,  with  four  naked  seeds. 

76.  EcHiuM.     Corolla  irregular,  bell  shaped,  with 
the  throat  naked  :  stigma  two  cleft. 

77.  LiTHosPERMUM.     Corolla  infundibuliform  with 
the  throat  naked ;  calyx  five  parted. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  67 


78.  Onosmodium.  Calyx  with  five  linear  segments ; 
corolla  subcampanulate,  border  ventricose,  half  five 
cleft,  segments  connivent,  acute,  throat  naked ;  style 
much  exserted. 

79.  Lycopsis.  Corolla  infundibuliform  with  a  curv- 
ed tube ;  its  throat  closed  with  convex  scales. 

80.  Cynoglossum.  Corolla  funnel  form,  the  throat 
closed  with  arched  valves;  seeds  depressed,  fixed 
laterally  to  the  style. 

81.  Myosotis.  Corolla  salver  shaped,  five  cleft, 
lobes  slightly  notched ;  throat  closed  with  concave 
valves. 

B.     Flowers  monopeialous,  inferior  ;  seeds  in  a  vessel. 

82.  Hydrophyllum.  Corolla  campanulate  with  five 
internal,  longitudinal,  nectariferous  stripes ;  capsule 
one  celled,  two  valved. 

83.  Anagallis.  Corolla  wheel  shaped ;  stamens 
hairy  ;  capsule  opening  transversely. 

84.  Lysimachia.  Corolla  wheel  shaped  ;  stigma  ob- 
tuse ;  capsule  one  celled,  mostly  ten  valved. 

85.  Sabbatia.  Tube  of  the  corolla  urceolate,  bor- 
der from  five  to  twelve  parted ;  stigma  two  parted, 
the  divisions  spiral ;  anthers  at  length  revohite. 

86.  HoTTONiA.  Corolla  hypocrateriform,  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube ;  stigma  globose ;  capsule  one 
celled. 

87.  Menyanthes.  Corolla  hairy  inside ;  stigma 
cloven,  capsule  one  celled,  two  valved. 

88.  ViLLARSiA.  Corolla  rotate,  the  segments  beard- 
ed at  base  and  inflexed  at  the  margin ;  five  glands 
alternate  with  the  stamens ;  capsule  one  celled  with- 
out valves. 

89.  Convolvulus.     Corolla  campanulate,  plaited; 


68  CLASS  V.     ORDER  I. 

Stigmas  two ;  capsule  two  or  three  celled ;  the  cells 
two  seeded. 

90.  Datura.  Corolla  funnel  form,  plaited ;  calyx 
tubular,  deciduous  ;  capsule  two  celled,  four  valved. 

91.  Hyoscyamus.  Corolla  funnel  form,  irregular ; 
stamens  inclined;  stigma  capitate;  capsule  two  cell- 
ed, covered  with  a  lid. 

92.  Verbascum.  Corolla  wheel  shaped ;  stamens 
declined,  bearded  ;  stigma  simple;  capsule  two  celled. 

93.  Azalea.  Corolla  bell,  or  funnel  form ;  stamens 
inserted  in  the  receptacle ;  stigma  obtuse ;  capsule 
five  celled. 

94.  DiAPENsiA.  Corolla  hypocrateriform  with  a 
short  tube;  calyx  five  parted,  bracted  at  base;  stigma 
three  lobed  ;  capsule  three  celled,  three  valved,  many 
seeded. 

95.  SoLANUM.  Corolla  wheel  shaped;  anthers 
slightly  cohering,  opening  by  two  pores  at  the  top; 
berry  two  celled. 

C.     Floivers  monopetalous,  superior. 

96.  Samolus.  Corolla  hypocrateriform ;  stigma 
capitate ;  capsule  one  celled,  five  valved  at  top. 

97.  Campanula.  Corolla  bell  shaped,  closed  at  the 
bottom  by  valves  bearing  the  stamens ;  stigma  three 
cleft ;  capsule  three  or  five  celled,  opening  by  lateral 
pores. 

98.  Lobelia.  Corolla  irregular,  cloven;  anthers 
united ;  stigma  capitate ;  capsule  two  or  three  celled. 

99.  LoNicERA.  Calyx  five  toothed;  corolla  long, 
tubular,  its  border  five  cleft;  berry  distinct,  three 
celled,  many  seeded. 

100.  Xylosteum.     Calyx  five  toothed;  corolla  fun- 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  69 

nel  shaped ;  berries  two,  connate  at  base,  two  celled, 
many  seeded. 

101.  DiERviLLA.  Calyx  oblong,  five  cleft;  corolla 
twice  as  long,  funnel  shaped,  five  cleft ;  capsule  ob- 
long, four  celled,  many  seeded. 

102.  Triosteum.  Corolla  monopetalous,  five  lobed, 
unequal;  calyx  as  long  as  the  corolla;  berry  three 
celled ;  cells  one  seeded. 

D.  Flowers  five  peialled,  superior, 

103.  RiBEs.  Calyx  bearing  the  corolla;  style  bifid; 
berry  many  seeded. 

E.  Floivers  five  petalled,  inferior. 

104.  Rhamnus.  Calyx  tubular ;  petals  five  con- 
vergent scales  opposite  the  stamens  ;  berry  superior. 

105.  Ceanothus.  Calyx  tubular;  petals  five,  vault- 
ed ;  berry  dry,  three  seeded. 

106.  Celastrus.  Calyx  flat;  corolla  five  petalled, 
spreading;  capsule  three  angled,  three  celled;  seeds 
covered  with  a  hood. 

107.  YiTis.  Petals  five,  shrivelled,  mostly  cohering 
at  top ;  style  none ;  berry  five  seeded. 

108.  Impatiens.  Calyx  two  leaved;  corolla  irregu- 
lar, with  a  hooded,  spurred  nectary  ;  anthers  united  ; 
capsule  superior,  five  valved,  elastic. 

109.  YioLA.  Calyx  five  leaved ;  corolla  irregular, 
spurred;  anthers  cohering;  capsule  one  celled,  three 
valved. 

110.  Claytonia.  Calyx  two  valved;  corolla  five 
petalled ;  stigma  three  cleft ;  capsule  three  valved, 
one  celled,  three  seeded. 

F.     Floivers  incomplete. 

111.  Glaux.     Calyx  inferior,  one  leaved,  five  lobed, 


70  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

colored :  capsule  one  celled,  five  valved,  five  seeded, 
surrounded  by  the  calyx. 

112.  Thesium.  Calyx  five  cleft,  bearing  the  sta- 
mens ;  corolla  none ;  seed  one,  covered. 

113.  QuERiA.  Calyx  inferior,  connivent,  five  part- 
ed ;  segments  oblong,  hollowed  at  tip  ;  corolla  none ; 
capsule  membranous,  not  opening. 

Order  II.     DIGYNIA.     Two  styles. 

A.     Corolla  monopetalous. 

114.  Apocynum.  Corolla  bell  shaped  ;  five  necta- 
reous  filaments  alternating  with  the  stamens  ;  follicles 
two. 

115.  AscLEPiAS.  Corolla  reflected;  nectaries  five, 
ovate,  concave,  with  a  little  horn  projecting  from 
each ;  follicles  two. 

116.  Gentiana.  Corolla  tubular  at  the  base,  with- 
out nectariferous  pores;  capsule  two  valved,  one 
celled,  many  seeded  ;  number  of  parts  variable. 

117.  CuscuTA.  Calyx  four  or  five  cleft;  corolla 
four  or  five  cleft;  capsule  two  celled,  opening  trans^ 
versely  at  the  base. 

B.     Flowers  five  petalled,  inferior. 

118.  Heuchera.  Petals  five,  inserted  on  the  calyx ; 
capsule  two  celled,  two  beaked. 

C,     Flowers  incomplete, 

119.  Salsola.  Calyx  five  parted;  corolla  none; 
capsule  one  seeded ;  seed  spiral. 

120.  Chenopodium.  Calyx  five  parted,  five  cor- 
nered ;  corolla  none ;  seed  one,  lenticular,  invested 
■with  the  calyx. 

121.  Ulmus.  Calyx  five  cleft ;  corolla  none  ;  seed 
one,  inclosed  in  a  flat  membranous  capsule. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  71 

D.     TJmhelliferous.     Floivcrs  five  petalled,  superior,  two  seeded. 

122.  Hydrocotyle.  Umbel  simple ;  involucre  four 
leaved  ;  petals  entire ;  fruit  orbicular,  compressed. 

123.  Sanicula.  Umbels  in  heads ;  flowers  of  the 
centre  abortive  ;  seeds  muricate. 

124.  Daucus.  Involucres  pinnatifid ;  outer  florets 
abortive  ;  fruit  hispid,  cohering. 

125.  Heracleum.  General  involucre  deciduous; 
flowers  radiant ;  petals  notched,  with  the  point  in- 
flected ;  fruit  elliptic,  notched,  compressed,  striate, 
with  a  dilated  margin. 

126.  CoNiuM.  Involucres  general  and  partial,  the 
partial  half  wanting ;  petals  heart  shaped,  equal; 
fruit  ovate,  gibbous,  five  ribbed  on  each  side. 

127.  Angelica.  Involucres  general  and  partial; 
petals  incurved ;  styles  reflected ;  fruit  roundish, 
solid,  with  three  wings  on  each  side. 

128.  LiGUsTRitJM.  Involucres  general  and  partial, 
fruit  oblong,  five  furrowed  on  each  side,  corollas 
equal,  petals  involute,  entire. 

129.  SiuM.  Involucres  general  and  partial,  many 
leaved  ;  petals  heart  shaped  ;  fruit  nearly  oval,  com- 
pressed, striate. 

130.  Uraspermum.  Involucres  few  leaved ;  central 
florets  barren ;  fruit  stipitate,  oblanceolate,  polished, 
partly  hispid. 

131.  Pastinaca.  Involucres  none ;  petals  involute, 
entire  ;  fruit  elhpital,  compressed,  flat. 

132.  Smyrnium.  Involucres  none ;  petals  acumi- 
nate, carinate ;  fruit  somewhat  compressed,  gibbous, 
striate. 

133.  ^THUSA.  General  involucre  hone;  partial 
involucre  but  half;  fruit  roundish  ovate,  striate. 


72  CLASS  V.     ORDER  I. 

134.  SisoN.  Involucres  about  four  leaved  ;  umbel 
of  few  rays  unequal ;  petals  inflected  ;  fruit  ovate  or 
oblong,  striate. 

135.  CicuTA.  Partial  involucres  without  the  gene- 
ral; petals  somewhat  flat;  fruit  subovate ;  grooved. 

Order  III.      TRIGYNIA.      Three  styles. 

136.  Viburnum.  Calyx  five  parted,  superior;  co- 
rolla five  cleft ;  berry  one  seeded. 

137.  Sambucus.  Calyx  five  parted,  superior ;  co- 
rolla five  cleft ;  berry  three  seeded. 

138.  Rhus.  Calyx  five  parted,  inferior;  corolla 
five  petalled  ;  berry  one  seeded. 

139.  Staphylea.  Calyx  inferior,  five  parted;  pe- 
tals five ;  capsules  inflated,  connate ;  nuts  two,  glo- 
bose. 

140.  Sarothra.  Calyx  five  parted ;  corolla  five 
petalled  ;  capsule  one  celled,  three  valved. 

Order  IV.      TE  TRA  G  YNIA.     Four  styles. 

141.  Parnassia.  Calyx  five  parted;  petals  five; 
nectaries  five,  cordate,  crowned  with  globular  headed 
filaments  ;  capsule  two  celled,  four  valved. 

Order  V.     PENTAGYNIA.     Five  styles. 

142.  Araria.  Flowers  umbelled,  with  involucres  ; 
calyx  five  toothed,  superior ;  corolla  five  petalled ; 
berry  five  seeded. 

143.  LiNUM.  Calyx  inferior,  five  leaved ;  petals 
five ;  filaments  coalescing  at  base ;  capsule  ten  celled, 
five  valved  ;  seeds  solitary. 

144.  Drosera.  Calyx  five  parted,  corolla  five 
petalled,  inferior;  capsule  one  celled,  three  or  five 
valved,  opening  at  top ;  seeds  many. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  73 

145.  Statice..     Calyx  one  leaved,   entire,  plaited  • 
petals  five  ;  seed  one,  invested  by  the  calyx. 


PENTANDKIA. 
3IONOGYNIA. 

76.    ECHIUM. 

ECHIUM    VULGARE.       L.  VipCTS  BugloSS. 

Stem  bristly  and  tiiberculated  ;  stem  leaves  lanceo- 
late and  rough  with  stiff  hairs  ;  flowers  in  lateral 
spikes.     Sm.. 

Stem  erect,  round,  covered  with  firm  bristles  standing  on  little 
protuberances.  Leaves  rough,  covered  with  the  same  kind  of 
bristles.  Spikes  of  flowers  axillary,  recurved,  gradually  straight- 
ening, bearing  a  row  of  crowded  purplish  flowers. — Road  side, 
Roxbury. — June. — July. — Biennial. 

77.     LITHOSPERMUM. 
LiTHOsPERMUM  OFFICINALE.     L.  Common  Gromwell. 

Seeds  smooth  ;  calyx  nearly  equal  to  the  corolla  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  veiny. 

A  rough  branching  plant  introduced  from  Europe.  Leaves 
entire,  rather  acute.  Flowers  small,  yellowish,  in  recurved 
leafy  spikes.     Seeds  white. — Dry  pastures. — June. — Perennial. 

LiTHOsPERMUM  ARVENSE.     L.  Com  Gromwell. 

Seeds  wrinkled;  calyx  nearly  equal  to  the  corolla; 
leaves  obtuse,  veinless. 

Leaves  rough,  oblong,  obtuse,  with  only  the  central  vein. 
Flowers  white. — Dry  hills,  introduced. — Annual. 

LiTHOsPERMUM  MARiTiMUM.  Sea  Gromwell. 

Smooth  ;  stems  procumbent,  branched ;  leaves 
fleshy,  oval-spatulate;  corolla  hardly  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx. 

7 


74  CLASS  V.     ORDER  I. 

A  very  smooth,  spreading  plant  of  the  salt  marshes.  Pedun- 
cles lateral.  Flowers  blue.  Corolla  subcampanulate. — Shores 
of  Plymouth. — July. — Mr.  Ptussell. 

It  is  considered  by  some  a  Cynoglossum. 

78.     ONOSMODIUM. 
Onosmodium  hispidum.     Mx.  Hairy  Onosmodium. 

Hispid  ;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  papillose ;  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  subulate. 

&yn.       LiTHOSPERMUM    V1E.GINIANUM.       L. 

The  whole  plant  is  hairy,  the  hairs  proceeding  from  minute, 
elevated  dots  or  prominences.  Leaves  two  or  three  inches  long. 
Racemes  leafy,  nodding  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit.  Corolla  yel- 
lowish-white ;  style  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Nantucket. — 
Hitchcock's  Catal. — August. — Perennial. 

79.     LYCOPSIS. 
Lycopsis  Virginica.     L.  Virginian  Lycopsis. 

Small,  hispid ;  lower  leaves  spatulate,  upper  ones 
linear-oblong,  entire  ;  racemes  solitary ;  flowers  pe- 
dunculated. 

A  small  hairy  plant,  found  with  Krigia  Virginica  in  dry  woods 
and  on  hills.  Root  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  those  of  the 
stem  oblong,  closely  sessile  or  half  clasping.  Stem  erect,  square, 
Ui  me  larger  ones  branched.  Flowers  in  a  leafy  raceme,  each 
one  pedunculated  and  given  off  from  the  side  of  a  leaf.  Calyx 
segments  acute,  slightly  unequal,  corolla  white  or  purplish,  the 
segments  rounded,  the  tube  contracted  at  top  and  bottom,  and 
swelling  in  the  middle.  Stamens  short,  concealed  in  the  tube. 
— May,  June. — Annual. 

Lycopsis  arvensis.     L.  Wild  Bus- Joss. 

Hispid  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  repand-toothed;  racemes 
double  ;  flowers  sessile. 

A  very  bristly  plant  with  small  blue  flowers,  probably  intro- 
duced from  Europe.— Dry  hills.— June,  July. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  75 

80.     CYNOGLOSSUM. 
Cynoglossum  officinale.     L.       Common  Hounds  tongue. 

Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  leaves  broad 
lanceolate,  downy,  sessile.     L. 

An  erect,  downy  plant,  exhaling  an  unpleasant  odor.  Stem 
about  two  feet  high,  round,  hairy.  Leaves  covered  on  both  sides 
with  a  grayish  down,  lanceolate,  entire,  somewhat  waved,  the 
lower  ones  petioled,  upper  ones  sessile,  clasping,  inclining  to  an 
oblong  heart  shape.  Flowers  in  several  racemes,  which  are  re- 
curved at  the  end.  Calyx  downy.  Corolla  dull  purple.  Seeds 
furnished  with  small  hooks  serving  for  their  dispersion. — Road 
side. — Charlestown. — June. — Biennial. 

Cynoglossum  amplexicaule.     Mx,         Clasping  Hounds 

tongue. 

Hairy;  leaves  oval-oblong,  the  upper  ones  clasp- 
ing ;  corymb  terminal,  leafless,  on  a  long  stalk. 

A  tall,  erect,  hairy  plant,  with  large  leaves  and  a  small  distant 
corymb  or  panicle  of  handsome  flowers.  Calyx  segments  acute, 
hairy.  Corolla  purple,  hypocrateriform,  with  oblong,  obtuse 
lobes,  the  throat  crowned. — Woods,  Vermont  and  New  Hamp- 
shire.— June. — Perennial. 

81.     MYOSOTIS. 
Myosotis  arvensis.     Sibth.  Field  Mouse  ear. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  hairy,  racemes  long;  pe- 
dicels short,  spreading  in  fruit ;  limb  of  the  corolla 
about  as  long  as  the  tube. 

An  annual  plant  covered  with  grey  pubescence,  half  a  foot  in 
height.  Leaves  oblong,  rather  acute.  Flowers  very  small, 
white,  on  short  pedicels;  calyx  acute;  seeds  smooth,  shining. — 
Pry  hills,  Chelmsford,  Plymouth. — Mr.  Russell. 

Myosotis  palustris.     Pursh.  Water  Mouse  ear. 

Perennial ;  seeds  smooth  ;  calyx  subovate,  glabrous, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  stem  slightly 
branched,  leaves  lanceolate. 


76  CLASS  V.     ORDER  I. 

Syn.     Myosotis  scorpioides.  1st  edit. 

This  plant  is  by  many  of  our  botanists  considered  a  variety  of 
M.  scorpioides.  It  is  found  about  the  edges  of  ditches  and 
streams.  Stem  rooting  at  base,  ascending,  mostly  smooth. 
Leaves  scattered,  broad  lanceolate,  sessile,  nearly  smooth. 
Racemes  terminal,  rolled  back  at  the  end.  Flowers  pointing 
one  way,  small,  rose  colored. — From  June  to  October. — Pe- 
rennial. 

^  Subgenus  Rochelia.     Seeds  echinate. 
Myosostis  Virginiana.     L.  Virginia  Blouse  ear. 

Hairy,  seeds  bristled  with  hooks,  lea-ves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  racemes  divaricate. 

Syn.     Rochelia  Virginiana.     R.  4"  S. 

Stem  erect,  farrowed,  hairy,  with  numerous  branches.  Leaves 
large,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  lanceolate,  entire,  roughish,  hairy. 
Flowers  small,  in  numerous  short  racemes.  Calyx  segments 
oblong,  subacute.  Corolla  white,  roundish,  entire,  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  crowned  at  the  mouth.  Seeds  covered  with  short  adher- 
ing hooks  or  bearded  points. 

A  weed  in  cultivated  ground  and  rubbish. — July. — Annual. 

82.     HYDROPHYLLUM. 
Hydrophyllum  Virginicum  L.    Virginian  Hydropliyllum. 
Smooth ;    leaves  pinnatifid  and  pinnate,   the  seg- 
ments oval-lanceolate,  cut-serrate;  fascicles  conglom- 
erate. 

Root  fleshy,  fibrous,  very  sweet  to  the  taste.  Leaves  pinnate; 
leafets  ovate,  cut  and  toothed  acuminate,  nearly  smooth,  the  up- 
per ones  running  together.  Petioles  clasping  the  stem.  Stem 
a  foot  high,  somewhat  semi-cylindrical.  Flowers  in  a  crowded 
tuft  at  the  top.  Segments  of  the  calyx  linear,  pectinate  with 
hairs.  Corolla  bluish  white,  bell  shaped,  divided  into  five  obtuse 
segments,  having  each  a  triangular  bivalved  nectariferous  cavity 
running  down  its  inside.  Stamens  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla. 
Germ  covered  with  close,  erect  hairs.  Style  as  long  as  the 
stamens,  bifid  at  top. — On  the  sides  of  the  Ascutney  mountain^ 
Windsor,  Vermont. — June. — Perennial. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  ^7 

Hydrophyllum  Canadense.  L.   Canadian  Hydrophyllum, 
Leaves  simple,  lobed,  angular,  flowers  in  crowded 
fascicles. 

Leaves  large  and  broad,  somewhat  palmate,  about  seven  lobed, 
cut  and  toothed.  Flowers  much  as  in  the  preceding. — Collected 
in  the  western  part  of  the  state. 

83.     ANAGALLIS. 

Anagallis  arvensis.     L.  Scarlet  Pimpernel. 

Leaves  ovate,  dotted  beneath ;   stem  procumbent. 

A  humble  but  very  delicate  flower.  Stem  square,  procum- 
bent. Leaves  ovate,  covered  on  the  under  side  with  purple  dots. 
Flowers  on  axillary  footstalks,  bright  scarlet.  Capsule  spherical, 
bursting  crosswise,  a  character  at  any  time  ascertained  by  press- 
ing it.  In  England  it  has  received  the  name  of  "Poor  man's 
weather  glass,"  from  the  circumstance  that  the  flowers  close  in 
bad  weather,  being  very  sensible  to  changes  of  the  air. — Com- 
mon at  South  Boston. — June  and  after. — Annual. 

84.     LYSIMACHIA. 

Lysimachia  thyrsiflora.     L.  Tufted  Loosestrife. 

Racemes  lateral,  pedunculated. 

Syn.     Lysimachia  capitata.     Piirsh. 

Stem  simple,  smooth.  Leaves  sessile,  opposite,  lanceolate, 
acute,  somewhat  revolute  at  the  edges,  paler  and  somew^hat 
downy  beneath.  Flowers  small  yellow  in  short  rounded  racemes 
or  heads  supported  by  axillary  peduncles.  The  American  plant 
does  not  appear  to  me  to  differ  from  the  European.  The  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  and  stamens  often  vary  to'six  and  seven,  as 
in  the  European. — Swamps. — June. — Perennial. 

^  Subgenus  Seleucia.  Capsule  Jive  valved,  intermediate  barren 
filaments  five. 

Lysimachia  ciliata.     L.  Heart  leaved  Loosestrife. 

Leaves  opposite,  heart-oval,  petioles  ciliated,  flow- 
ers chiefly  in  pairs,  drooping. 

7# 


78  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

This  Lysimachia  is  distinguishable  from  the  subsequent  spe- 
cies by  its  broader  leaves  obtuse  at  base,  and  its  larger  flowers. 
It  rises  fron:i  one  to  two  feet  in  height,  gives  off  opposite,  oblong, 
pointed  leaves  somewhat  heart  shaped  at  base.  The  upper  pairs, 
which  have  flowers  in  their  axils,  are  so  near  together,  as  to  ap- 
pear quarternate.  Petioles  fringed  with  hairs  extending  round 
the  stem.  Flowers  in  pairs,  crossing  so  near  as  to  appear 
whorled  in  fours,  yellow.  Calyx  acute  ;  segments  of  the  corolla 
ovate,  toothed  and  mucronated,  covered  with  minute  glands  at 
base.  Anthers  sagittate,  obtuse;  filaments  shorter  than  the 
anthers,  inserted  in  a  glandular  ring  at  the  base  of  the  corolla, 
with  five  intermediate,  subulate,  filamentous  bodies  covered  with 
glandular  pubescence.  Germ  globose,  style  straight,  stigma 
simple.  Capsule  five  valved.—  Grows  on  Chelsea  beach  island. 
— June,  July. — Perennial. 

Lysimachia  hybrida.     Mich.  Hybrid  Loosestrife. 

Leaves  opposite,  petioled.  lanceolate,  acute  at  base  ] 
flowers  drooping. 

A  more  common  species  than  the  last,  which  it  resembles. 
Stem  erect,  with  opposite  branches.  Leaves  of  the  stem  long, 
reflexed,  narrow,  tapering  at  both  ends.  Petioles  ciliate  as  in 
the  former  species,  the  row  of  hairs  extending  round  the  stem. 
The  flowers  in  every  respect  resemble  those  of  the  preceding 
species,  and  indeed  I  can  observe  no  permanent  difference  except 
in  the  form  of  the  leaves,  which  are  narrow  and  lanceolate. — 
Orows  among  the  grass  in  wet  meadows,  Roxbury,  flowering  in 
July. 

^^  Subgenus  Cassandra.  Capsule  five  valved,  verrucose  ;  sta- 
mens monadelphous,  two  long  and  three  sliort. 

Lysimachia  quadrifolia.     L.      Four  leaved  Loosestrife, 
Leaves  in  fours,  nearly  sessile,  peduncles  in  fours, 
one  flowered.     L. 

A  plant  of  singular  regularity,  having  its  long  simple  stem 
surrounded  by  whorls  of  four  oval-lanceolate  leaves,  with  the 
same  number  of  yellow  flowers  on  capillary  footstalks  in  their 
axils.     Calyx  segments  acute,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla.     Seg- 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  1.  79 

HQfints  of  the  eorolla  entire,  acute,  spotted  at  base.  Stamens  un- 
equal, two  long  and  three  short,  united  at  base,  and  covered  with 
glandular  hairs.  G-erm  globose,  dotted.  Style  straight.  Cap- 
sule spherical,  five  valved,  punctate  with  black  warts. — Some- 
times the  number  of  flowers  and  leaves  in  a  whorl  varies  to 
three  or  five. — Common  in  various  soils. — June. 

Lysimachia  stricta.     Ait.  Upright  Loosestrife. 

Racemes  terminal;  petals  lanceolate,  spreading; 
leaves  lanceolate,  sessile.     Ait. 

Syn,     Lysimachia  racemosa.     Lam.     Mich. 
Lysimachia  btjlbifera.     Curtis. 

A  very  elegant  species,  its  long,  upright  raceme  appearing 
like  a  hollow  cylinder  of  flowers.  Stem  erect,  smooth.  Leaves 
glabrous,  dotted  acute.  Raceme  often  half  a  foot  in  length. 
Tlowers  on  horizontal,  capillary  footstalks  an  inch  in  length. 
Calyx  acute.  Segments  of  the  corolla  lanceolate,  yellow,  black 
at  base.  Filaments  pubescent,  monadelphous,  three  short  and 
two  long;  anthers  sagittate.  Germ  globose,  style  ascending, 
longer  than  the  stamens  ;  capsule  five  valved.  This  species  pro- 
duces stem  bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. — Wet  grounds. — 
July. — Perennial. 

85.     SABBATIA. 

.Sabbatia  CHLrOROiDES.     PH.  Scihhatia. 

Slender,  leaves  lanceolate,  erect ;  branches  few, 
one  flowered ;  flowers  ten  or  twelve  parted,  calyx 
segments  linear,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

Syn.  -Chlora  dodecande.a.  L. 
Chironia  chloroides.  Mx. 
Stem  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  erect,  smooth,  four  angled,  with 
opposite  branches,  the  branches  often  higher  than  the  stem  and 
dichotomous.  Leaves  opposite,  short,  smooth,  clasping,  lanceo- 
late, entire,  erect.  Flowers  large,  solitary  on  long  peduncles. 
Calyx  divided  into  about  twelve  linear  segments.  Corolla  much 
larger  than  the  calyx,  divided  to  the  base  into  about  ten  seg- 
ments, which  are  oblong,  obtuse,  red,  with  a  large  yellow  spot 
at  base,  edged  with  brown.     Stamens  about  twelve,  anthers  yel- 


80  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

low,  oblong-linear,  rolled  up  at  the  tip  as  they  grow  old.  Germ 
oval,  style  declined,  stigmas  two,  linear,  as  long  as  the  style, 
slightly  twisted.  The  parts  of  the  flower  are  very  variable  in 
number. — Plymouth,  wet  ground. — June. — Biennial.? 

86.     HOTTONIA. 
HoTTONiA  iNFLATA.     Ell.  Inflated  Hottonia. 

Leaves  pinnatilidj  peduncles  inflated,  jointed,  many 
flowered. 

Stem  immersed,  round,  fragile,  sending  out  roots.  Leaves  in 
a  whorl  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  water,  pinnatifid  with  linear 
segments.  The  peduncles  which  constitute  the  most  conspicu- 
ous part  of  the  plant  grow  several  together  in  a  sort  of  umbel. 
They  are  from  half  a  foot  to  a  foot  long,  pubescent,  jointed,  and 
inflated  between  the  joints  to  nearly  the  size  of  the  little  finger. 
Within  they  are  smooth  and  empty.  Flowers  in  numerous 
whorls  with  short  stalks,  and  linear,  obtuse  bractes  exceeding 
them  in  length.  Calyx  segments  linear,  obtuse,  persistent.  Co- 
rolla white,  very  small,  hypocraterilbrm,  the  tube  a  little  swell- 
ing, the  segments  obtuse  or  slightly  emarginate.  Stamens  very 
short,  converging,  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  opposite 
the  segments.  Anthers  roundish,  two  lobed.  Germ  subglobu- 
lar  ;  style  short,  erect;  stigma  globose.  Capsule  one  celled,  five 
valved.  Receptacle  globular.  Seeds  minute  oval,  shining,  red, 
with  a  blackish  tip. — Grows  in  ditches  at  Milton  and  Dorches- 
ter.— June. — Perennial. 

87.    MENYANTHES. 
Menyanthes  TRiroLiATA.     L.  Buck  Bean. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PL  xlvi. 

Leaves  ternate.     L. 

The  root  of  this  plant  penetrates  horizontally  in  the  bog  earth 
to  a  great  distance.  It  is  regularly  intersected  with  joints  at  the 
distance  of  about  half  an  inch  from  each  other,  these  joints  being 
formed  by  the  breaking  off"  of  the  old  petioles  and  their  sheaths. 
The  leaves  proceed  from  the  end  of  the  root  on  long  stalks, 
furnished  with  broad  sheathing,  stipules  at  base.  They  are  tri- 
foliate,  nearly  oval,  glabrous,   somewhat  fleshy,  and   slightly 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  I.  gX 

repand,  or  furnished  with  minute  irregularities  at  the  edge,  which 
hardly  prevent  them  from  being  entire.  Scape  round,  ascend- 
ing, smooth,  bearing  a  conical  raceme  of  flowers.  Peduncles 
straight,  scattered,  supported  by  ovate,  concave  bractes.  Calyx 
erect,  subcampanulate,  five  parted,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel 
shaped,  tube  short,  border  five  cleft,  spreading  and  at  length 
revolute,  clothed  on  the  upper  part  with  a  coating  of  dense, 
fleshy,  obtuse  fibres.  The  color  in  the  American  variety  is  gen- 
erally white,  with  a  tinge  of  red,  particularly  on  the  outside. 
Stamens  five,  shorter  than  the  corollary,  and  alternate  with  its 
segments ;  anthers,  oblong  arrow-shaped.  Germ  ovate ;  style 
cylindrical,  persistent,  as  long  as  the  corolla;  stigma  bifid,  com- 
pressed. Capsule  ovate,  two  valved,  one  celled.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, minute,  attached  to  two  lateral  receptacles. — Margins 
of  ponds  and  brooks,  Cambridge. — May. — Perennial. 

88.     VILLARSIA. 

ViLLARSiA  LACUNOSA.      Vent.  Commofi  Villarsia. 

Leaves  heart  shaped,  angular  behind,  entire,  pitted 

beneath  ;  umbels  on  the  petioles  ;  corollas  glabrous. 

Syn.     Villarsia  aquatica.     Gmel, 

Menyanthes  trachysperma.     Mich. 

An  aquatic  with  small  floating  leaves.  The  petioles  are  very 
slender  and  flexible.  Leaves  one  or  two  inches  in  diameter, 
heart  shaped,  the  lobes  somewhat  angular,  like  those  of  Nym- 
phaea  odorata  ;  entire,  smooth,  dotted  underneath.  Flowers  small, 
white  in  umbels  growing  on  the  side  of  the  petiole,  about  half  an 
inch  below  the  leaf.  The  umbel  is  generally  immersed  in  the 
water,  but  one  or  more  flowers  rise  above  the  surface,  and 
expand  each  day.  Calyx  in  five  lanceolate  acute  segments. 
Corolla  five  parted,  emarginate  and  curled  upon  the  margin. 
Anthers  inserted  at  the  divisions  of  the  corolla,  separated  by 
small  glandular  bodies  upon  pedicels,  which  appear  like  stamens 
and  may  occasion  a  mistake  in  the  class.  Germ  oval.  Style 
short,  erect.  At  the  place  of  the  umbel  is  frequently  a  knot  of 
solid,  oblong,  acute  bodies,  resembling  stem  bulbs,  and  tending 
downward. — Fresh  pond. — July. 

This  species  appears  somewhat  different  from  V.  cordata  and 
V.  trachysperma  of  Elliott, 


82  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

89.     CONVOLVULUS. 
Convolvulus  sepium.     L.  Large  Bindweed, 

Leaves  arrow  shaped  with  the  posterior  lobes  trun- 
cated; peduncles  square,  one  flowered  ;  bractes  heart 
shaped,  close  to  the  flower.     Stu. 
Syn.     Caltstegia  sepium.     Pursh. 

The  American  variety  of  Convolvulus  sepium  is  one  of  the 
finest  of  the  genus.  It  climbs  about  fences  and  bushes  in  low 
ground,  its  large  red  and  white  blossoms  expanding  in  June  and 
July.  Stem  twining,  a  little  angular,  smooth.  Leaves  large, 
arrow  shaped,  the  hinder  lobes  cut  off,  particularly  in  the  upper 
leaves.  Flower  stalks  square,  axillary,  bearing  a  pair  of  heart 
shaped  bractes  so  close  to  the  flower  as  to  appear  like  its  calyx. — 
Perennial. 

Convolvulus  arvensis.     L.  Small  Bindweed. 

Leaves  arrow  shaped,  the  lobes  acute;  ilowers 
generally  solitary;  bractes  minute,  remote  from  the 
flower.     Sni. 

Not  more  than  half  the  size  of  the  last.  Stems  numerous, 
twining.  Leaves  arrow  or  halbert  shaped,  with  acute  lobes. 
Peduncles  angular,  with  a  pair  of  very  small  acute  bractes  aboiit 
their  middle.     Flowers  nearly  white. — Dorchester. — June. 

Convolvulus  stans.     Mx.  Doumy  Bindweed. 

Erect,  downy ;  leaves  oblong  lanceolate,  hearted, 
acuminate ;  peduncles  elongated,  one  flowered ;  brac- 
tes ovate,  acute;  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate; 
stem  flowering  below. 
Syn.     Caltstegia  tomentosa.     Pursh, 

About  half  a  foot  high  with  leafy  branches,  never  twining. 
From  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  proceeds  a  long  peduncle, 
(sometimes  two,)  bearing  a  large  white  flower. — In  dry  woods^ 
Fryebur^,  Maine. — July. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  §3 

90.     DATURA. 
Datura  stramonium.     L.  Thorn  Apple. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  i. 

Capsules  thorny,  erect,  ovate ;  leaves  ovate,  angu- 
lar, smooth. 

Stem  erect,  simple  at  bottom,  much  branched  at  top  by  re- 
peated forks,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  hollow  in  the  large 
plants,  often  solid  in  small  ones.  Leaves  given  off  from  the 
forks  of  the  stem,  five  or  six  inches  long,  acute,  irregularly 
sinuated  and  toothed,  with  large  acute  teeth  and  round  sinuses, 
the  sides  of  the  base  extending  unequally  down  the  petiole. 
Flowers  single,  axillary,  on  short  stalks,  erect  or  nodding. 
Calyx  composed  of  one  leaf,  tubular,  with  five  angles,  and  five 
teeth,  deciduous  by  breaking  off  from  its  base.  Corolla  funnel 
shaped  with  a  long  tube,  five  angled,  its  margin  waved  and 
folded,  and  terminating  in  five  acuminate  teeth.  Stamens  grow- 
ing to  the  tube  by  their  filaments,  with  oblong,  erect  anthers. 
Germ  superior,  hairy  with  the  rudiments  of  spines,  ovate  ;  style 
as  long  as  the  stamens;  stigma  obtuse,  parted  at  base.  Capsule 
as  large  as  a  small  hen's  egg,  ovate,  fleshy,  covered  with  thorns, 
four  valved,  four  celled,  opening  at  top.  Seeds  numerous,  reni- 
form,  black,  attached  to  a  longitudinal  receptacle,  which  occupies 
the  centre  of  each  cell. — Among  rubbish. — August,  September. — 
Annual. 

A  variety  much  more  common  than  the  last,  and  considerably 
larger  in  size,  has  a  uniformly  hollow  stem,  purple,  covered 
with  light  dots ;  the  flowers  light  purple  or  blue,  striped  on  the 
inside.  It  answers  in  every  respect  to  the  description  of  Datura 
tatuJa^  as  laid  down  in  botanical  books.  I  incline  to  think  the 
two  species  should  be  incorporated  into  one,  if  there  are  no  bet- 
ter discriminating  marks  than  those  usually  laid  down.  The 
dots  in  the  purple  cuticle  of  the  American  plant  do  not  appear 
to  result  from  warts,  or  any  inequalities  in  its  structure,  but 
simply  from  the  variation  of  color.  The  sensible  qualities  of  the 
two  varieties  are  the  same. 

The  poisonous  properties  of  this  plant,  as  well  as  its  applica- 
tion to  medicine,  are  well  known.  As  a  remedy  in  asthma  it 
has  acquired  great  reputation. 


84  CLASS  V.     ORDER  I. 

91.    HYOSCYAMUS. 

Hyoscyamus  NIGER.  Henbane. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xvii. 

Lower  leaves  sinuated  and  clasping;  flowers  ses- 
sile. 

Of  the  natural  order  of  hiridcB  like  the  last,  equally  poisonous, 
and  of  no  less  utility  in  medicine.  The  whole  herb  has  a  glau- 
cous or  sea-green  color,  is  hairy  and  viscid,  and  emits  a  rank, 
oflfensive  smell.  The  stalk  is  one  or  two  feet  high,  round  branch- 
ing and  rigid.  The  first  leaves  spread  upon  the  ground,  and  have 
some  resemblance  to  a  young  thistle.  They  are  large,  oblong, 
frequently  contorted,  clasping,  cut  into  acute  lobes,  and  pointed  ; 
the  upper  ones  generally  entire. 

The  flowers  form  a  revolute,  one  sided  spike  at  the  end  of  the 
stem  or  branch,  leaving,  as  they  fall  off,  a  straight  row  of  cap- 
sules. The  calyx  has  five  short  acute  segments.  The  corolla 
is  funnel  shaped,  irregular,  with  five  spreading,  obtuse  segments, 
of  a  pale  yellow  or  straw  color,  with  a  beautiful  net  work  of 
purple  veins.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  with 
large  oblong  anthers.  Style  slender,  longer  than  the  stamens, 
declined  with  an  obtuse  stigma.  Capsule  two  celled,  roundish, 
covered  with  a  lid,  and  invested  with  the  persistent  calyx,  the 
segments  of  which  extend  beyond  it,  and  become  rigid  and  prick- 
ly. The  seeds  are  numerous,  small,  unequal,  brownish,  and  are 
discharged  by  the  horizontal  separation  of  the  lid. — Road  sides, 
&c. — June  and  July. — Biennial. 

92.    VERBASCUM. 

Verbascum  Thapsus.  Common  3IuUei?i. 

Leaves   decurrent,    woolly  on   both    sides ;    stem 

simple.     L. 

Every  body  knows  this  tall,  woolly,  and  very  common  plant. 
Stem  erect,  straight,  woolly,  winged  by  the  decurrent  base  of  the 
leaves.  Leaves  exceedingly  woolly  on  both  sides,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, sessile,  slightly  serrate  or  waved  on  the  margin.  The  stem 
terminates  in  a  long,  thick,  cylindrical  spike,  with  handsome 
five  parted  yellow  flowers. — Dry  pastures. — July,  August. — 
Biennial. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  85 

Verbascum  blattaria.     L.  Moth  Mullein. 

Leaves  clasping,  oblong,  glabrous,  serrate;  pedun- 
cles one  flowered,  solitary. 

Two  or  three  feet  high.  Leaves  smooth,  oblong,  obovate, 
doubly  serrate,  the  radical  ones  somewhat  lyrate.  Flowers  in  a 
long,  terminal  raceme,  pedunculated,  yellow  or  white,  marked 
with  purple.  Stamens  covered  with  purple  hairs. — Road  sides, 
not  common. — Annual. 

93.    AZALEA. 
Azalea  nudiflora.     L.  Naked  Azalea. 

Flowers  naked :  leaves  lanceolate-oval,  pubescent, 
the  nerve  hairy ;  corolla  hairy  ;  stamens  much  longer 
than  the  tube. 
Syn.     RHODODENDROisr  nudiflorum.      Tor. 

An  exceedingly  beautiful  shrub  with  rose  colored  leaves.  I 
have  never  seen  it  wild  very  near  to  Boston,  but  have  observed 
it  in  woods  in  Worcester,  Princeton,  Douglas,  &c.  Several  va- 
rieties occur  in  the  length  and  color  of  the  flowers. — June. 

Azalea  viscosa.  L.  Wild  Honey sucMe,  Swamp  PinTc. 

Leaves  with  a  rough  margin ;  corollas  viscid,  hairy; 
stamens  but  little  longer  than  the  corolla.     L. 
Syn.     Rhododendron  viscosum.     Tor. 

A  fine  flowering  shrub,  very  common  among  the  brushwood 
in  low  land.  The  small  branches  and  peduncles  are  commonly 
more  or  less  bristly.  Leaves  crowded,  lance-obovate,  nearly  en- 
tire, ciliated,  hairy  on  the  midrib  and  margin.  Flowers  in  ter- 
minal, umbel-like  corymbs.  Corollas  funnel  shaped,  varying  in 
color,  but  commonly  white,  hairy  and  glutinous  on  the  outside. 
— June,  July. 

Several  varieties  occur  hi  the  color  of  the  leaves,  parts  of  the 
flower  and  small  branches.  The  leaves  are  sometimes  quite 
glaucous. 

Azalea  procumbens.     JL.  Procumbent  Azalea. 

Leafy  flovv^ered ;  stems  diffusely  procumbent ;  leaves 

8 


^5  CLASS  V.     ORDER  I. 

opposite,  elliptical,  glabrous,  revoliitc  at  the  margin; 
corollas  compaiiulatc,  glabrous;  filaments  equal  in- 
cluded. 

CEespilose.  Stems  procumbent,  spreading  in  tufts.  Leaves 
opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  strongly  revolute  at  the  edges,  upper 
side  glabrous,  green,  under  side  glaucous  and  nearly  concealed 
by  the  edges  and  midrib.  Flowers  axillary,  peduncles  red.  Ca- 
lyx leaves  ovate,  subacute.  Corolla  purple,  campanulate,  the 
segments  ovate,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point,  glabrous.  Stamens 
longer  than  the  tube,  filaments  white  with  roundish  black  an- 
thers. Style  erect,  longer  than  the  stamens;  stigma  two  parted. 
— On  the  alpine  summits  of  the  "White  mountains,  N.  H. — July. 

Azalea  Lapponica.     L.  Northern  Azalea. 

Leaves  oblong  oval,   pitted  ;  stamens  irregular  in 
"number. 

<Syn.     Rhododendron  Lapponicum.     Wahl. 

A  beautiful,  low,  alpine  shrub.  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen, 
scattered,  oblong-oval,  covered  above  with  fine  white  pits,  the 
under  surface  paler  and  dotted  with  black.  Flowers  subumbel- 
led.  Peduncles  and  calyx  red,  covered  with  light  green  glands. 
Segments  of  the  calyx  ovate,  ciliate.  Corolla  deep  purple,  cam- 
panulate with  oblong,  obtuse  segments.  Stamens  from  five  to 
ten  curved,  with  purple  filiments  and  oblong  green  anthers. 
Style  longer. — On  the  alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire. — July. 

Wahlenherg  refers  this  shrub  to  Rhododendron,  with  which  its 
habit  certainly  agrees.  The  variable  number  of  stamens  leaves 
it  doubtful  between  that  genus  and  Azalea. 

94.     DIAPENSIA. 

Diapensia  Lapponica.     Ij.  Northern  Diapcnsia. 

C"3espitose,  flowers  pedunculated. 

A  hardy  ca^spitose  plant,  found  only  in  northern  latitudes  or 
on  high  mountains,  forming  dense  solid  tufts  in  the  crevices  of 
the  rocks,  and  flowing  within  a  few  inches  of  the  snow  and  ice. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  87 

Stems  short,  diffuse,  concealed  in  the  leaves.  Leaves  crowded, 
linear  obtuse,  fleshy,  evergreen.  Calyx  leaves  five,  oblong,  ob- 
tuse. Corolla  hypocrateriform,  v^^hite,  the  border  in  five  flat 
segments.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  tube.  Style  exserted  ;  stig- 
ma obtuse. 

On  the  highest  summit  of  the  White  mountains,  where  it 
forms  moss-like  tufts  among  the  rocks,  beautifully  spangled  in 
July  with  showy  white  flowers. — Perennial. 

95.     SOLANUM. 
SoLANUM  DULCAMARA.  L.  Biftcrsweet,  Woody  Nightshade. 
Stem   shrubby,   fiexuoiis,  without   thorns;    upper 
leaves  hastate  ;  clusters  cymose.     Sm. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xviii. 

Stem  woody,  climbing  upon  fences  and  bushes.  Lower 
leaves  heart  shaped,  entire ;  upper  ones  ovate,  furnished  with 
two  ears  at  the  base,  giving  them  a  hastate  form.  Clusters  on 
the  sides  and  ends  of  the  stem,  on  branching  and  spreading  stalks, 
drooping.  Flowers  with  five  acute,  spreading  or  reflexed,  purple 
segments.  Anthers  forming  a  yellow  tube  projecting  from  the 
flower.  Berries  oval,  bright  red.  This  plant  is  common  in  low 
grounds,  by  the  side  of  brooks,  &c.  As  a  medicinal  article  it 
holds  a  place  in  most  dispensatories. — July. 

SoLANUM  NIGRUM.     L.  BlacTc  Nightshade 

Stem   herbaceous,    without  thorns ;  leaves   ovate, 

bluntly  toothed  and  waved.  Umbels  lateral,  droop- 
ing.    S'm. 

Much  more  ordinary  in  its  appearance  than  the  last.  Stem 
erect,  branching,  angular,  and  sometimes  winged.  Leaves  ovate 
alternate.  The  umbels  come  out  from  the  sides  of  the  stem,  re- 
mote from  the  leaves.  They  consist  of  drooping  white  flowers, 
with  yellow  anthers.  Berries  round,  black.  This  variety  was 
probably  imported  from  Europe.  It  grows  among  rubbish,  and 
has  the  aspect  and  reputation  of  a  poisonous  plant. 


88  CLASS  V.     ORDER  1. 

96.     SAMOLUS. 
Samolus  valerandi.     L.  Water  Pimpernel. 

Leaves  obtuse,  raceme  many  flowered,  pedicels 
bracteolate. 

A  smooth  plant  about  a  foot  high.  Stem  erect,  round.  Leaves 
alternate,  subsessile,  obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  those  of  the  root 
petioled.  Racemes  terminal,  many  flowered.  Pedicels  often 
two  together,  one  flowered,  geniculate,  with  a  small  lanceolate 
bracte  at  the  bend.  Flowers  small,  white. — Brook  sides. — July. 
— Perennial. 

97.     CAMPANULA. 
Campanula  rotundifolia.     L.  Harebell. 

Radical  leaves  roundish-heart  shaped,  leaves  of  the 
stem  linear. 

This  handsome  little  plant  is  apt  to  deceive  the  inexperienced 
botanist,  from  the  circumstance  that  the  root-leaves,  from  which 
the  plant  is  named,  wither  early,  and  are  therefore  often  want- 
ing. Stem  erect,  round,  smooth,  with  one  or  more  flowers. 
Root-leaves  few,  on  long  petioles,  reniform,  cordate  or  oblong, 
crenate ;  stem-leaves  linear,  alternate,  sessile.  Flowers  bluish 
purple,  drooping.  Corolla  with  broad,  acute  segments,  bell 
shaped.  Style  longer  than  the  stamens.  Damp  rocky  woods, 
rare.. — June,  July. — Perennial. — This  plant  is  common  to  both 
hemispheres  and  is  the  Harebell  of  the  poets. 

Campanula  perfoliata.     L.  Clasping  Bell  flow er. 

Stem  simple;  leaves  heart  shaped,  toothed,  clasp- 
ing ;  flowers  sessile,  aggregate.     L. 

Syn.     Campanula  amplexicaulis.     Mich. 
Specularia  perfoliata.     Hooker. 

Found  by  the  road  side  in  Medford  and  elsewhere.  Stem 
erect,  leafy,  angular,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  small,  alter- 
nate, reniform-heart  shaped,  tooth-crenate,  clasping  the  stem. 
Flowers  axillary,  sessile.  Segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate, 
very  acute,  with  a  distinct  middle  rib.  Corolla  bluish  or  purple,, 
spreading. — June. — Annual. 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  I.  gg 

Campanula  erinoides.     L.  Slender  Bell  jlower. 

Stem  triangular,  the  angles  rough  backward;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate ;  flowers  terminal. 
Syn.     Campanula  flexuosa.     Mich. 

Found  in  meadows  among  the  high  grass,  supporting  itself  like 
a  Galium  on  surrounding  plants.  Stem  from  eight  to  twenty  in- 
ches in  height,  very  slender  and  flexible,  uniformly  triangular, 
the  angles  rough  with  minute  reflexed  prickles.  Leaves  given 
off  successively  from  the  three  sides,  linear,  sessile,  nearly  en- 
tire, the  midrib  and  margin  rough  backward.  A  variety  occurs 
with  lanceolate  leaves  with  a  few  minute  teeth.  Branches  few, 
near  the  top,  axillary,  leafy,  one  or  two  flowered.  Flowers 
small,  terminal.  Corolla  very  small,  twice  or  thrice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  deeply  five  cleft,  white  with  pale  blue  veins.  Fila- 
ments valve  like,  hairy.  Stigma  trifid.  Capsule  globular,  three 
celled. — Found  at  Medford  and  Brighton.  Variety  2d  at  Sudbu- 
ry.— June,  July. 

98.    LOBELIA. 
Lobelia  Cardinalis.     L,  Cardinal  Jlower. 

Stem  erect;  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate;  spike 
terminal,  pointing  one  way.     L. 

This  superb  plant,  cultivated  and  much  prized  in  Europe,  is  a 
native  of  our  meadows  and  brooksides.  It  rises  to  the  height  of 
two  feet  and  upward,  with  a  simple,  erect,  leafy  stem.  Leaves 
alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  and  serrate.  Raceme 
terminating  the  stem,  consisting  of  large  flowers,  more  or  less 
inclining  to  one  side,  of  a  bright  scarlet  color.  Corolla  with  a 
long  tube  ending  in  five  spreading  segments,  the  three  lower 
ones  widest.  Tube  of  Stamens  curved  in  at  the  top. — June, 
July. — Perennial. 

Lobelia  pallida.     Mulil.  Pale  Lobelia, 

Somewhat  hairy ;    stem   erect,  simple ;  leaves  ob- 

long-spatulate,  dentate  ;  flowers  spiked. 

Syn.     Lobelia  spicata.     Lam. 
Stem  upright,  smooth,  or  a  little  hairy.    Leaves  spatulate,  ob- 
8^ 


00  CLASS  V.    ORDEIi  I. 

tuse  at  the  end,  tapering  at  base,  slightly  toothed  or  crenate, 
pubescent  at  the  edge  and  under  side,  sessile.  Flowers  in  a  long 
terminal  spike,  on  short  peduncles,  blue. — Moist  pastures  and. 
road  sides. — July. — Perennial. 

Lobelia  Kaoiii.     L.  Kalms  Lobelia. 

Slender  erect,  simple ;  radical  leaves  spatnlate ; 
stem  leaves  linear,  very  slightly  toothed ;  flowers 
alternate,  remote,  pedicelled. 

Found  in  the  western  parts  of  the  state.  More  slender  and 
delicate  than  any  of  the  others.    Flowers  blue. — July. 

Lobelia  inflata.     L.  Indian  Tobacco, 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI,  xix. 

Branching  and  hairy.  Leaves  serrate,  ovate;  cap- 
sules turgid. 

This  plant  varies  in  height  from  six  inches  to  two  or  three 
feet.  The  small  plants  are  nearly  simple,  the  large  ones  much 
branched.  Root  fibrous.  Stem  erect,  in  the  full  sized  plant 
much  branched,  angular,  very  hairy.  Leaves  scattered,  sessile, 
oval,  serrate,  veiny  and  hairy.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
pedunculated,  each  one  in  the  axil  of  a  small  leaf.  Segments  of 
the  calyx  linear,  acute,  standing  on  the  germ,  which  is  oval 
and  striated.  Corolla  bluish  purple,  the  tube  prismatic  and 
cleft  above,  the  segments  spreading,  acute,  the  two  upper  ones 
lanceolate,  the  three  lower  ones  oval.  Anthers  collected  into 
an  oblong,  curved  body,  purple ;  filaments  white.  Style  filiform  ; 
stigma  curved  and  inclosed  by  the  anthers.  Capsules  two  celled, 
turgid,  oval,  compressed,  ten  angled,  covered  with  the  calyx. 
Seeds  numerous,  small,  oblong,  brown. — Fields  and  road  sides. — 
Midsummer. — Annual. 

The  whole  plant  operates  as  a  violent  emetic. 

Lobelia  Dortmanna.  L.  Water  Lobelia. 

Leaves  linear,  two  celled,  entire ;  stem  nearly 
naked.     L. 

A  very  singular  aquatic  plant.  The  leaves  grow  in  a  single 
tuft  at  the  bottom  of  the  water.     They  are  from  one  to  three 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  I.  91 

inches  long,  recurved,  blunt,  and  of  a  fleshy  appearance.  On 
cutting  them  across,  they  are  found  to  consist  of  two  empty  par- 
allel tubes.  The  stem  rises  out  of  water,  bearing  a  few  remote 
pendulous  flowers  of  a  pale  blue  color.  Segments  of  the  calyx 
acute,  persistent.  Tube  of  the  corolla  prismatic,  its  segments 
lanceolate.  Capsule  partly  superior  and  inferior,  tipt  with  the 
style,  two  celled.  Seeds  numerous,  ovate,  compressed,  black. 
The  whole  plant  gives  out  a  milky  juice  on  being  broken. — 
Found  in  Fresh  Pond. — July. 

99.     LONICERA. 
LoNiCERA  PARViFLORA.  Small  yellow  Honeysuckle. 

Whorls  of  the  spike  snbsessile ;  corollas  short,  riii- 
gent,  gibbous  at  base ;  filaments  bearded ;  leaves  all 
connate,  glaucous  beneath,  deciduous,  the  upper  ones 
perfoliate,  and  much  exceeding  the  flowers. 

Syn.      LONICERA  DIOICA .      L. 

An  erect  shrub  with  pale,  rough  bark.  Leaves  oblong,  undu- 
late and  revolute  at  the  edge^  white-glaucous  underneath,  mostly 
sessile,  the  upper  ones  connate.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  head  or 
whorl,  Germs  aggregate,  ovate,  supporting  a  minute  calyx  of 
five  subacute  teeth.  Corolla  yellow,  the  tube  gibbous  at  base, 
the  border  irregular,  with  its  segments  commonly  curled  or  re- 
volute  at  the  edge.  Stamens  exserted,  as  long  as  the  segments 
of  the  corolla,  smooth  above,  growing  to  the  corolla,  and  slightly 
hairy  below.  Style  nearly  as  long  as  the  stamens,  curved  ;  stig- 
ma capitate. — Found  in  woods  in  the  western  parts  of  the  state. 
— June. 

LoNicERA  HiRsuTA.     EatOTi.  Hairy  Honeysuckle, 

Corollas  ringent,  hairy  ;   filaments  bearded  ;  leaves 
hairy,  the  lower  ones  obovate,  upper  ones  connate. 
8yn.     Caprifolium  pubescens.     Goldie,  Edin.  Journal. 

A  woody  vine  said  to  twine  upon  trees  to  the  height  of  twenty 
or  thirty  feet.  My  specimens,  given  me  by  Mr.  Eaton  half  a 
dozen  years  since,  and  published  in  his  Manual,  are  very  hairy, 
the  leaves  obovate,  finely  ciliate,  some  of  them  abruptly  acumi- 


92  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

nate,  the  upper  ones  roundish  and  connate.  Flowers  yellow^ 
larger  than  in  the  last  species. — Woods,  Williamstown.  Said  to 
grow  also  in  Worcester. — June. 

100.  XYLOSTEUM. 

Xylosteum  ciliatum.  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

Berries  distinct,  leaves  ovate,  subcordate,  slightly 
ciliate ;  corollas  slightly  spurred,  the  tube  ventricose, 
segments  short,  acute;  style  exserted. 
&yn.     Xylosteum  tartaricum.     Mr. 

LONICERA  CILIATA.      Muhl. 

A  shrub  with  opposite  leaves  and  yellow  funnel  shaped  flow- 
ers hardly  an  inch  long.  Leaves  thin,  ovate,  a  few  heart  shaped 
at  base,  slightly  ciliate,  somewhat  pubescent  when  young.  Flow- 
ers in  pairs  with  a  nectariferous  projection  on  one  side  of  the 
base.  Berries  in  pairs,  ovate. — Woods,  Vermont,  New  Hamp- 
shire.— May,  June. 

Xylosteum  villosum.  Hairy  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

Berries  connate,  young  branches  villous  ;  leaves  ob- 
long, obtuse,  hairy  on  both  sides  :  peduncles  short. 

A  much  smaller  shrub  than  the  preceding,  with  very  obtuse, 
oblong  or  obovate  leaves.  These,  when  young,  are  quite  hairy, 
but  grow  smoother  by  age.  Flowers  yellow,  about  half  as  long 
as  in  the  preceding,  germs  united,  styles  exserted.  Berries  in 
pairs,  united  at  base.  Sent  from  Williamstown  by  Professor 
Dewey. — Found  on  the  borders  of  alpine  ponds  on  the  White 
mountains  by  Mr.  Greene. — June,  July. 

101.  DIERVILLA. 

DiERViLLA  Canadensis.     Muhl.  Yellow  Diervilla. 

Racemes  terminal ;  leaves  serrate. 
Syn.     LoNicERA  Diervilla.     L. 

This  shrub  with  us  is  usually  of  small  size.  Leaves  opposite, 
on  short  petioles,  ovate,  smooth,  serrate,  acuminate.  Flowers  of 
a  pale  yellow ;  small,  funnel  shaped,  with  five  roundish,  unequal 
segments.  They  grow  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. — Woods, 
Cambridge,  Brookline. — June. 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  I.  93 

102.    TRIOSTEUM. 

Triosteum  perfoliatum.     L.  Fever  root. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  ix. 

Leaves  connate,  flowers  sessile,  whorled. 
Syn.     Triosteum  ma  jus.    Mx. 

The  root  of  this  plant  is  perennial  and  subdivided  into  nume- 
rous horizontal  branches.  The  stem  is  erect,  hairy,  fistulous, 
round,  from  one  to  four  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite,  the  pairs 
crossing  each  other,  connate,  ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  rather 
flat,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  sort  of  neck,  resembling 
a  winged  petiole,  of  variable  width.  In  general  this  is  narrow 
when  the  plant  is  in  flower,  and  wider  when  it  is  in  fruit.  The 
flowers  are  axillary,  sessile,  five  or  six  in  a  whorl,  the  upper 
ones  generally  in  a  single  pair.  Each  axil  is  furnished  with 
two  or  three  linear  bractes.  The  calyx  consists  of  five  segments 
which  are  spreading,  oblong-linear,  colored,  unequal,  persistent. 
Corolla  tubular,  curving,  of  a  dull  brownish  purple,  covered  with 
minute  hairs,  its  base  gibbous,  its  border  open  and  divided  into 
five  rounded,  unequal  lobes.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  tube  of 
the  corolla;  stigma  peltate.  The  fruit  is  an  oval  berry  of  a 
deep  orange  yellow,  hairy,  somewhat  three  sided,  crowned  with 
the  calyx,  containing  three  cells,  and  three  hard,  bon}'",  furrowed 
seeds,  from  which  the  name  of  the  genus  is  taken. — Woods, 
Mount  Auburn,  Cambridge. — June. — Perennial. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 

103.    RIBES. 
RiBEs  TRiFLORUM.      Willd.  Wild  Goosehevry. 

Thorn  subaxillary ;  leaves  smooth,  three  or  five 
lobed,  cut-toothed;  peduncles  about  three  flowered; 
pedicels  elongated  ;  petals  spatulate,  undulate,  style 
hairy,  semibifid,  exserted  ;  berries  smooth.      Willd. 

The  buds  of  this  species  produce  at  flowering  time  a  small 
tuft  of  leaves  with  two  or  three  bell  shaped  flowers.  Petioles 
ciliate.  Leaves  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath.  Calyx  green, 
its  segments  reflexed.     Petals  white,   erect,  nearly   truncated. 


94  CLASS  V.     ORDER  I. 

curled.     Style  hairy  below,  smooth  above.     Fruit  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  common  gooseberry. — Woods. — May. 

RiBES  RiGENS.     Mx.  Mountain  Currant. 

Unarmed,  leaves  lobed  and  toothed,  the  veins  pu- 
bescent beneath ;  racemes  erect,  lax,  berries  hispid. 

Stems  procumbent,  rooting.  Leaves  mostly  five  lobed,  tooth- 
ed, smooth  on  both  sides,  the  veins  of  the  younger  ones  pubes- 
cent beneath.  Racemes  erect,  the  peduncles  and  germ^  covered 
with  glandular  hairs.  Calyx  hemispherical,  the  segments  patu- 
lous, greenish,  with  purple  strise.  Petals  wedge  shaped,  shorter 
than  the  calyx.  Stamens  converging,  anthers  black.  Style  as 
long  as  the  stamens,  bifid.     Berries  hairy. 

The  berries,  when  bruised,  have  the  odor  of  Ictodes  foetidus. 

On  the  Wachusett,  Monadnock,  and  White  mountains. — June. 

RiBES  FLORiDUM.     V  Herit.  Large  jloivering  Currant. 

Unarmed ;  leaves  dotted  on  both  sides  ;  racemes 
pendulous ;  flowers  cylindrical ;  bractes  longer  than 
the  germ.      Willd. 

This  is  a  common,  wild  currant,  having  its  leaves  generally  in 
five  lobes,  toothed  at  the  edge,  and  covered  on  both  surfaces 
with  small,  whitish,  glandular  points,  just  visible  to  the  naked 
eye.  Petioles  fringed  with  compound  hairs.  Racemes  pendu- 
lous, downy,  many  fliowered.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  with 
recurved  segments.  Petals  greenish  white,  straight,  a  little  re- 
flexed  at  point.  Fruit  black,  watery  and  insipid. — Woods. — 
May.  * 

RiBES  Cynosbati.  ^  Prickly  Gooseberry. 

Subaxillary  thorns  about  two ;  leaves  lobed,  cut 
and  toothed,  downy;  racemes  nodding,  few  flowered; 
calyxes  erect,  campanulate ;  fruit  prickly. 

Subaxillary  spines  from  one  to  three.  Petioles  downy.  Leaves 
soft  and  downy  on  both  sides,  cleft  into  three  or  five  lobes,  which 
are  cut  and  toothed.  Racemes  few  flowered.  Calyx  whitish, 
bell  shaped,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  the  segments  reflexed. 
Petals  very  small,  obovate ;  germ  hispid.     Berry  covered  with 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  .    95 

long  prickles  so  as  to  resemble  a  burr. — Woods. — Walpole,  Han- 
over, N.  H. — June. 

RiBEs  LACUSTRE.     Pevs.  Swamp  Gooseberry. 

Subaxillary  thorns  few ;  stem  hispid-aculeate ; 
leaves  divided  into  lobes  beyond  the  middle ;  petioles 
villous  ;•  berries  racemose,  hispid. 

A  handsome  shrub  with  dissected  leaves.  The  older  branches 
are  smooth  with  one  or  more  deflexed  axillary  spires.  Young 
branches  hispid  with  small  reflexed  prickles.  Petioles  slender, 
villous,  with  fine  scattered  hairs.  Leaves  deeply  five  lobed,  the 
lobes  cut  and  toothed,  like  those  of  some  Geraniums.  Peduncles 
slender,  hispid.  Fruit  on  rather  long  pedicels,  hispid. — In  the 
Notch  of  the  White  mountains,  by  the  side  of  the  Saco  river. 

104.    RHAMNUS. 
Rhamnus  catharticus.  SucJctJiorn. 

Spines  terminal ;  flowers  four  cleft,  dioecious ;  leaves 
ovate;   berry  four  seeded. 

This  shrub,  which  probably  came  from  Europe,  is  now  natu- 
ralized about  woods  and  fences,  though  not  common.  It  is  a 
rigid  bushy  shrub,  with  its  branches  terminating  in  short,  strong 
thorns.  Leaves  smooth,  serrated,  with  several  lateral  ribs. 
Flowers  small  yellowish-green,  mostly  but  not  always  dioecious. 
Stigma  four  cleft.  Berries  round,  black,  medicinal.  The  Buck- 
thorn is  found  to  make  a  good  hedge,  being  less  liable  to  be  at- 
tacked with  worms,  than  the  other  thorns. — Brookline,  Wal- 
tham. — May. 

105.     CEANOTHUS. 
Ceanothus  Americana.     L.  Jersey  Tea. 

Leaves  heart-ovate,  acuminate,  triply  nerved ;  pan- 
icles axillary,  elongated.      Willd. 

A  small  wliite  flowering  shrub,  not  unfrequent  in  dry  or 
sandy  soils.  Leaves  two  or  three  inches  long,  and  one  broad, 
finely  serrate  and  tapering  into  a  long  point.  From  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves  come   out  leafless  branches  bearing  crowded 


96  CLASS  V.     ORDER  I. 

bunches  of  minute  white  flowers,  on  very  slender  white  pedicels. 
Calyx  segments  live,  inflexed  between  the  petals.  Petals  hooded 
at  the  end,  on  slender  claws  which  project,  together  with  the 
stamens,  between  the  segments  of  the  calyx.  Nectary  a  small 
dark  green  circle  around  the  germ.  Stamens  opposite  the  pe- 
tals, bent  inward  at  first,  finally  erect.  Germ  triangular,  style 
three  cleft.  Fruit  a  dry,  three  celled,  blackish,  somewhat  trian- 
gular berry,  growing  in  close  bunches. 

The  leaves  were  used,  among  other  substitutes,  for  tea,  during 
the  American  revolution. — Flowers  in  June. 

*Ceanothus  ovalis.  Oval  Ceanothus. 

C.  foliis  ovalibus,  glandidoso-serraiis,  triplinerviis^ 
nervis  piibescent'ibus ;  paniculis  corymbosis,  abbreviatis. 

Leaves  oval  with  glandular  serratnres,  three  nerved, 
the  veins  pubescent  underneath  ;  panicle  corymbose, 
abbreviated. 

Leaves  from  one  to  three  inches  long,  petioled,  elliptical,  some- 
times oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute,  crenately  serrate,  the  serratm^es 
tipped  with  small  black  glands  which  are  most  conspicuous  in 
the  young  leaves,  the  veins  slightly  pubescent  beneath,  and  some- 
times the  under  surface  covered  with  glands.  Peduncles  or  flow- 
ering branches  shorter  than  in  the  last  species  ;  often  very  short. 
Flowers  larger  than  in  the  last,  in  short  hemispherical  panicles 
resembling  corymbs,  white.  Fruit  blackish. — On  the  shores  of 
Lake  Champlain,  gathered  by  Dr.  Boott. 

It  appears  to  me  distinct  from  C.  intermedius  of  Elliott  and 
Pursh,  and  much  larger.     Dr.  Hooker  thinks  them  identical. 

106.     CELASTRUS. 
Celastrus  scandens.  L.   Climhing  Staff  tree.   Waxwork. 
Unarmed ;  leaves  oblong,   acuminate,  serrate ;  ra- 
cemes terminal ;  stem  twining.      Willd. 

A  strong  woody  vine,  twining  round  small  trees  and  climbing 
to  a  great  height.  Flowers  of  a  greenish  white,  in  small  racemes 
on  the  ends  of  the  young  shoots.  The  fruit  is  a  berried  capsule. 
When  ripe,  the  three  valves  turn  backward,  disclosing  a  bright 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  97 

scarlet  berry.  The  valves  are  of  a  light  red  color,  partitioned  in 
the  middle  and  finally  waved  on  the  edge.  About  fences  and 
thickets. — June. 

107.    VITIS. 
ViTis  Labrusca.  Common  icild  Grape  Vine. 

Leaves  heart  shaped,  somewhat  three  lobed,  den- 
tate, downy  underneath.      Willd. 

This  vine  is  dioecious,  a  fact  which  Michaux  affirms  of  all  the 
species  observed  by  him  in  America.*  The  leaves  are  very 
broad  and  white  underneath.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  pani- 
cles made  up  of  small  umbels  opposite  to  leaves,  as  are  also  the 
tendrils.  Fruit  large,  purple,  and  pleasantly  flavored.  Found 
in  woods  and  in  low  ground.  Often  climbing  to  the  tops  of  high 
trees. — June. 

ViTis  vuLPiNA.     L.  Fox  Grape. 

Leaves  heart  shaped,  acuminate,  cut-toothed, 
smooth  on  both  sides  ;  racemes  loose,  many  flowered. 

Syn.      VlTIS   CORDIFOLIA.      Mx. 

The  leaves  of  this  species  are  variously  cut  and  toothed,  and 
abruptly  acuminate,  the  veins  sometimes  a  little  pubescent. 
Panicles  opposite  to  leaves,  sweet  scented.  Fruit  small,  rather 
sour,  ripening  ]ate.     Found  in  various  parts  of  the  state. — June. 

ViTis  ^STiVALis.     Mx.  Summer  Grape. 

Leaves  broad  heart  shaped,  lobed,  Avith  a  rusty 
down  underneath,  sinuses  rounded;  racemes  oblong. 

Less  common  than  the  preceding.  The  sinuses  of  the  leaves 
are  obtuse,  the  veins  and  under  surface  covered  while  young 
with  a  ferruginous  down.  Fruit  small,  and  agreeable  to  the 
taste. — Northampton. — June. 

ViTis  HEDERACEA,      WUM.  Common  Creeeper. 

Leaves  quinate,  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate.     Willd. 

*  Excepting  those  placed  in  his  genus  Ampclopsis. 

9 


98  CLASS  V.     ORDER  I- 

Syn.     Hedera  quinque folia.     L. 

VlTIS    QUINQUEFOLIA.      Lam.  (Sf   Sm. 
AmPELOPSIS    QUINQUEFOLIA.       Mich. 

The  common  creeper  is  much  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of 
walls.  The  stems  climb  to  a  great  height,  supported  by  radi- 
cating tendrils.  Leaves  in  fives,  petioled,  smooth.  Flowers  in 
branched  clusters  ;  petals  green,  not  united  at  their  summit. 
Berries  of  the  size  of  peas. — Found  growing  wild  in  woods  and 
about  fences. — June. 

108.     IMPATIENS. 
Impatiens  noli  tangere.     Mich.  §.  Touch  me  not. 

Flower  stalks  solitary,  many  flowered ;  leaves 
ovate  ;  joints  of  the  stem  swelling.     L. 

Syn.     Impatiens  maculata.     Mvhl. 
Impatiens  fulva_.     Nutlall.  ? 

Found  about  brooks  and  in  moist  shades,  flowering  from  June 
to  September.  The  flowers  are  of  a  tawny  yellow,  spotted  on 
the  inside,  and  resembling  small  cups  or  pitchers,  hanging  on 
slender  footstalks.  Nectary  horn  shaped  ;  petals  spreading,  the 
two  lower  ones  large.  The  capsule,  when  ripe,  bursts  and  scat- 
ters its  seeds  by  an  elastic  power  like  the  common  balsamine 
of  the  gardens,  another  of  the  genus.  Height  of  the  plant  about 
two  feet;  stems  succulent,  smooth;  leaves  ovate,  toothed. — 
AnnuaL 

109.     VIOLA.* 
Viola  lanceolata.     L.  Spear  leaved  Violet. 

Stemless;  root  creeping;  leaves  lanceolate,  flowers 
white. 

*  The  great  attention  which  this  genus  has  received  from  botanists, 
especially  in  this  country,  may  be  attributed  to  the  early  and  almost 
simultaneous  period  when  most  of  its  species  are  in  flower,  and  when 
there  is  less  to  attract  botanical  notice  than  at  other  seasons.  Most 
of  the  species  are  cliangeable  and  polymorphous,  and  the  attention 
which  has  been  paid  them  has  resulted  in  a  multiplication  of  names, 
considerably  exceeding  the  real  species.     Unfortunately  the  charac- 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  99 

Hoot  creeping  and  fibrous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  varying  in 
width,  smooth,  crenate,  somewhat  obtuse.  Petioles  semicylin- 
dric,  variable  in  length.  Scape  tetragonous  with  two  acute 
bractes  near  the  middle.  Ctilyx  mostly  acute.  Petals  white, 
greenish  at  base,  the  lower  and  sometimes  the  two  lateral  ones 
striate  with  purple,  the  two  lateral  ones  bearded  or  smooth. — 
Common  in  wet  meadows. — May. — Perennial. 

Viola  blanda,     JVilld.  Sweet  scented  white  Violet. 

Stemless ;  root  creeping ;  leaves  heart  shaped  and 

ovate,  smooth  ;  flowers  white. 

Root  fibrous  and  in  the  older  plants  creeping ;  leaves  smooth 
and  crenate,  sometimes  broad  heart  shaped  with  a  deep  sinus,  at 
others  ovate  with  the  base  truncate  or  acute.  Petioles  semicy- 
lindrical.  Scape  and  bractes  as  in  the  preceding  species.  The 
flowers  exactly  resemble  those  of  the  former  species,  both  be- 
ing found  smooth  and  bearded.  Both  are  somewhat  fragrant, 
the  hlanda  most  distinctly  so. — Meadows. — May. — Perennial. 

These  two  violets,  with  almost  every  intermediate  form  of 
the  leaf,  grow  together  abundantly  in  wet,  open  situations  about 
this  city.  I  am  not  without  suspicion,  that  they  are  all  descend- 
ants of  one  species  ► 

ters  used  by  botanists  to  distinguish  the  species,  are  most  of  them? 
more  liable  to  variation,  than  in  other  plants.  For  example,  the 
width  of  the  leaves  and  the  form  of  their  base  are  often  liable  to 
vary  ;  the  cucullation,  or  rolling  in,  is  a  character  common  to  most 
of  the  genus;  the  pubescence  depends  greatly  upon  soil  ;  the  beard- 
ing of  the  petals  is  uncertain;  the  comparative  length  of  the  stalks  is 
fallacious,  being  influenced  by  situation  and  earliness  of  flowering,  so 
that  the  same  violet  growing  in  the  water  shall  have  a  petiole  twice 
as  long  as  the  leaf,  while  in  drier  ground  it  shall  be  shorter  than  the 
leaf;  the  scapes  also  being  longer  or  shorter  than  the  leaves,  as  they 
appear  early  or  late.  On  these  accounts  much  care  is  requisite  in 
admitting,  as  distinct  species,  those  which  are  not  sufiiciently  con^ 
slant,  independently  of  accidental  influences,  to  be  entitled  to  ai 
distinctive  character. 


100  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

*VioLA  ACUTA.  Acute  Violet. 

Acaidis  ;  foliis  ovatis,  glabris,  pe/alis  acutis,  albis  ; 
hracteis  'petala  long'itudine  subcequantlbiis. 

Stemless ;    leaves    ovate,    glabrous;    petals    acute, 
white;  bractes  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals. 

This  is  our  smallest  native  violet,  and  after  observing  it  for 
several  years  I  ana  satisfied  that  its  characters  are  sufficiently 
permanent  to  render  it  a  distinct  species.  Among  the  other 
white  violets  it  is  noticeable  by  its  even  and  always  acute  petals, 
and  likewise  well  distinguished  by  its  long  linear  bractes  which 
greatly  exceed  those  of  any  similar  violet.  Root  creeping.  Sti- 
pules linear  subulate,  sometimes  a  little  ciliate-toothed.  Leaves 
ovate,  smooth,  crenate,  rather  obtuse.  Petioles  mostly  smooth^ 
and  shorter  than  the  leaves,  hardly  winged,  but  in  dry  soils  cili- 
ate  with  reflexed  hairs.  Scapes  four  sided,  supporting  a  pair  of 
linear-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  incurved  bractes,  which  are  nearly 
as  long  as  the  petals.  Calyx  smooth,  acute.  Petals  oval,  re- 
markably even  or  flat,  and  acute,  the  odd  one  obovate,  striate 
with  purple  at  base,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  striate,  and  rarely 
bearded.  Stigma  capitate,  rostrate. — Grows  in  Cambridge,  par- 
ticularly about  the  pine  trees  on  Cragie's  road,  in  moderately 
damp  soil. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

Viola  palmata?      Willd.  Fdlmated  Violets 

//  Stemless ;  pubescent,  leaves  cordate,  hastate-lobate 
or  palmate,  the  divisions  toothed ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  smooth. 

Root  denticulate.  Petioles  hairy.  Leaves  pubescent,  veiny^ 
with  a  long  crenate,  subacute  middle  lobe,  and  one  or  two  lateral 
lobes,  the  base  cordate.  The  first  leaves  are  simply  cordate. 
Stipules  lanceolate,  ciliate-serrate.  Bractes  linear,  about  as  long 
as  the  calyx.  Flowers  of  a  fine  purple,  the  two  lateral  petals 
furnished  with  a  glandular  beard,  and  nearly  resembling  those  of 
V.  cucullata,  from  which  this  plant  is  possibly  derived. — Up- 
lands.— May,  June. — Perennial. 

Viola  pedata.     JL.  Pedate  Violet, 

Stemless  ;  leaves  pedate,  seven  parted.     L. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  I.  XQl 

A  large  flowering  species,  very  distinct  from  the  other  Ameri- 
can violets.  Root  fleshy,  furnishing  the  best  example  we  pos- 
sess of  the  premorse  or  abrupt  form.  Petioles  furnished  at  the 
base  with  long,  ciliate  stipules.  Leaves  perfectly  pedate,  con- 
sisting of  from  five  to  nine  segments-,  which  are  wedge-formed 
and  lanceolate,  and  mostly  toothed  at  the  end,  the  middle  one 
distinct,  the  lateral  ones  connected.  Segments  of  the  calyx  very 
long  and  linear.  Petals  pale  bluish  purple,  white  or  yellowish 
at  base,  all  of  them  beardless  and  without  striae.  Stigma  com- 
pressed, its  apex  obliquely  truncate,  perforated. — Woods  and  dry 
soils. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

Viola  sagittata.     Aif.  Arrow  leaved  Violet 

Stemless ;  leaves  mostly  smooth,  oblong,  heart- 
arrow  shaped,  cut  at  the  base,  serrate,  petals  bearded. 

Leaves  in.  most  plants  smooth,  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse  or 
acute,  bluntly  serrate,  the  lower  serratures  large  and  divergent, 
giving  the  leaf  a  hastate  appearance.  Petals  dark  purple,  white 
at  base,  strongly  bearded.  Flowers  rather  erect. — In  low  grounds 
near  the  colleges,  Cambridge. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

YioLA  ovATA.     Nutt.  Spade  leaved  Violet 

Stemless ;    leaves   ovate,    crenate.    hairy ;    petiole 

margined. 

Syn.     Viola  primulifolia.  ?     Pursh.- 

This  violet  grows  on  dry  hills  and  pastures,  and  is  nearly  re- 
lated to  the  foregoing,  from  which  it  has  probably  descended  un- 
der the  influence  of  a  dry  soil.  The  leaves  are  hairy  on  both 
sides,  ovate,  sometimes  cut  at  the  base  like  V.  sagittata.  Flow- 
ers paler  purple,  and  very  numerous.  The  whole  plant  is  highly 
mucilaginous. — Common  in  barren  soils. — May.— Perennial. 

Viola  cucullata.     Ait.  Hood  leaved  Violet. 

Stemless;  leaves  heart  shaped,  rolled,  in  cU  basej, 

petioles  not  margined. 

^yn.     Viola  striata.  ?     Schweinitz. 
The  most  common  blue  violet  of  our  wet  meadows  and  low 

grounds.     The  leavesJ  are  strongly  heart  shaped  and  cr^nate ;. 
9# 


102  CLASS  V.     ORDER  L 

the  petioles  commonly  much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Both  are- 
sometimes  hairy,  and  sometimes  smooth.  Scapes  four  angled. 
Flowers  large,  purple,  the  lateral  petals  bearded,  the  beard  glan- 
dular or  not  so.  I  have  not  been  able  to  satisfy  myself  of  a  per- 
manent difference  between  this  plant  and  V.  striata. — May. — 
Perennial. 

Viola  palustris.     L,  Marsh  Violet. 

Stemless ;  leaves  reniform-cordate,  stipules  broad- 
ovate,  acuminate ;  stigma  margined;  calyx  ovate, 
obtQse;  capsule  oblong,  triangular. 

Common  to  this  country  and  Europe.  Leaves  smooth,  cre- 
nate.  Flowers  pale  blue  or  purple,  smaller  than  those  of  V. 
cucuUata. — On  the  White  mountains. — Dr.  Boott. — Mr.  Oakes. — 
June. 

Viola  rotundifolia.     Mx.      Round  leaved  yellow  Violet. 

Stemless;  leaves  orbicular-cordate  with  the  sinus 
closed,  slightly  toothed,  smoothish  ;  petiole  pubescent; 
calyx  obtuse. 

A  yellow  violet  of  small  size  when  in  perfect  flower  in  May, 
but  becoming  larger  with  coriaceous  leaves  and  apetalous  flow- 
ers in  summer. — In  old  woods  in  the  western  parts  of  the  state. 
— Perennial. 

A  cospecies  or  variety  is  found  with  somewhat  longer  leaves, 
which  is  perhaps  the  »S.  dandestina  of  Pursh  about  which  there 
seems  to  be  much  confusion  among  botanists.  The  same  plant 
bears  sometimes  reniform,  cordate  and  oblong  leaves. 

Viola  debilis.     Mx,  Spreading  Violet. 

Caulescent ;  smooth,  leaves  reniform-cordate,  some- 
what acuminate,  crenate  ;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as 
the  leaves;  stipules  ciliate-serrate. 
Syn. .  Viola  Muhlenbergiana.     /9.  Hooker. 

Stems  angular.  Leaves  heart  shaped,  crenate,  nearly  smooth. 
Stipules  linear-lanceolate,  with  loose  spreading  teeth.  Peduncles 
longer  than  the  petioles  with  two  linear  bractes.     Calyx  leaves 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  I.  103 

smooth,  lanceolate,  acute.  Petals  pale  purple,  the  two  lateral 
ones  bearded  inside.  Stigma  rostrate. — On  the  Concord  turn- 
pike in  Cambridge. — June. 

Viola  Canadensis,     i.  Canada  Violet. 

Caulescent ;  smooth ;  leaves  cordate,  acuminate, 
serrate ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  stipules 
short,  entire. 

A  large  species  often  more  than  a  foot  in  height.  Leaves 
heart  shaped,  the  largest  ones  strongly  acuminate,  the  lower  ones 
acute  or  obtuse,  in  some  plants  all  obtuse.  Flowers  parti-co- 
lored, the  two  upper  petals  purple  without,  the  lower  petals  pale 
— In  woods,  Windsor  and  Woodstock,  Vermont. — June. 

Viola  rostrata.     Ph.  BeaJced  Violet, 

Glabrous ;  stems  numerous ;  leaves  cordate,  the 
upper  ones  acute,  serrate;  stipules  serrale-ciliate f 
petals  beardless,  spur  longer  than  the  corolla. 

More  easily  distinguished  than  the  others,  by  the  very  long 
spur  of  the  flowers.  Stems  ascending,  round  from  four  to  six 
inches  high.  Flowers  large,  pale  bluish  purple  with  deeper  veins.- 
— In  Burlington,  Vermont,  Mr.  Tuckerman. — Massachusetts,. 
Prof.  Hitchcock » 

Viola  pubescens.     Ait.  Yellow  Violet.. 

Stem  erect,  villous  ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  pubescent; 
stipules  oblong,  serrulate  at  tip.     Ail.  abr. 
Syn.     Viola  Pei^nsylvanica.     Mich. 

Stem  simple,  pubescent,  somewhat  triangular.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, broad  heart  shaped  or  deltoid,  with  a  tapering  base,  point- 
ed, crenate,  hairy,  longer  than  their  petioles.  Stipules  large, 
unequally  ovate,  serrate.  Peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  hairy, 
furnished  with  two  subulate  bractes.  Calyx  smoothish.  Petals 
yellow,  streaked  with  dark  purple,  and  slightly  bearded  inside. 
On  the  Concord  turnpike,  Cambridge. — June. 


104  CLASS  V.    ORDER  I. 

110.     CLAYTONIA. 
Claytonia  Virginica.     L.  Linear  Claytonia. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  racemes  solitary ;  calyx 
acute ;  petals  obovate,  retuse ;  root  tuberous. 

A  delicate  spring  flower  chiefly  found  in  old  moist  woods. 
Stem  about  six  inches  high  with  a  pair  of  opposite  linear  leaves 
about  half  way  up.  Racemes  bearing  about  a  dozen  flowers  on 
slender  pedicels  an  inch  long.  Calyx  subacute.  Corolla  white 
veined  with  purple. — In  Connecticut. — Miay. — Perennial. 

Claytonia  spathulata.  ?  PwrsA.  JBroad  leaved  Claytonia, 
Leaves  spatulate ;  raceme  solitary ;  calyx  obtuse ; 
petals  roundish,  retuse  ;  root  tuberous. 

Specimens  gathered  by  Dr.  Boott  on  the  Camel's  Rump  moun- 
tain in  Vermont,  agree  tolerably  well  with  the  foregoing  char- 
acter. The  root  leaves  are  spatulate  and  obtuse ;  those  of  the* 
stem  opposite,  lance-oval,  and  subacute. 

111.     GLAUX. 
Glaux  maritima.     L.  Sea  BBlkwort,  Saltwort.. 

A  low  branching,  maritime  plant  with  small  leaves.  Root 
fibrous,  fleshy.  Stems  erect,  half  a  foot  high,  round,  thickly 
furnished  with  opposite,  oval,  entire,,  smooth  leaves.  Flowers 
axillary,  solitary,  subsessile,  reddish.  Gathered  at  Plymouth  by 
Mr.  Tuckerman. — June,  July. 

112.     THESIUM. 
Thesium  umbellatum.     L.  Umhelled  Thesium.- 

Flowers  umbelled;  leaves  oblong.     L. 

Syn.     Thesium  corymbulosum.     Mich\ 

COMANDRA    UMBELLATA.       NuttttlL 

Stem  round,  slender,  seldom  exceeding  a  foot  in  height.  Leaves 
oval-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  akern ate,  smooth.  Branches  near 
the  top,  few,  alternate.  Umbels  of  few  flowers,  terminal,  with 
an  involucre  of  about  four  leafets.  Flowers  on  short  peduncles. 
Calyx  five  cleft,  the  tube  green,  segments  white.  Stamens  inr- 
serted  on  the  calyx.     Seed  one.- — Dry  woods .^— June- 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  II.  105 

A  tuft  of  pubescence  connects  the  anthers  with  the  segments 
of  the  calyx.  According  to  Mr.  Nuttall,  the  germ  is  three  seed- 
ed and  becomes  afterwards  one  seeded  by  abortion.  He  consid- 
ers the  calyx  as  terminating  in  a  glandular  ring,  the  segments 
above  being  petals.    These  characters  form  his  genus  Comandra. 

113.     QUERIA. 
duERiA  Canadensis.     L.  Queria, 

Stem    erect,    dichotomoiis ;    leaves    oval;    stipules 
scariose. 
Syn.     Anychia  dichotoma.     Mx. 

A  very  slender  branching  plant.  Stem  dividing  by  forks  into 
numerous,  filiform  branches,  the  joints  furnished  with  a  pair  of 
very  small  oval,  subsessile  leaves,  and  several  minute  membra- 
nous stipules.  Flowers  minute.  Stamens  variable  from  three 
to  five. — Dry  woods. — July,  August. 

DIGYNIA. 

114.    APOCYNUM. 
Apocynum  androstEmifolium.  Dog's  Bane. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PL  36. 

Glabrous;  stem  erect  and  branching;  cymes  late- 
ral and  terminal ;  corolla  spreading. 

This  grows  often  to  the  height  of  five  or  six  feet,  though  its 
common  elevation  is  three  or  four.  Its  stalk  is  smooth,  simple 
below,  branching  repeatedly  at  top,  red  on  the  side  exposed  to 
the  sun.  Leaves  opposite,  smooth  on  both  sides,  paler  beneath, 
ovate,  acute,  on  short  petioles.  The  flowers  grow  in  nodding 
cymes  from  the  ends  of  the  branches  and  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves,  furnished  with  minute  acute  bractes.  Calyx  five  cleft^ 
acute,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Corolla  white  tinged  with 
red,  monopetalous,  campanulate,  with  five  acute  spreading  seg- 
ments. Stamens  five,  with  very  short  filaments,  and  connivent, 
oblong,  arrow-shaped  anthers,  cohering  with  the  stigma  about 
their  middle.  The  nectary  consists  of  five  oblong,  glandular 
bodies  alternating  with  the  stamens.    Germs  two,^  ovate,  conceal- 


106  CLASS  V.    ORDER  11. 

ed  by  the  anthers.  Stigma  thick,  roundish,  agglutinated  to  the 
anthers.  The  fruit  is  a  pair  of  slender  linear-lanceolate  follicles, 
containing  numerous  imbricated  seeds  each  crowned  with  a  long 
pappus,  and  attached  to  a  slender  central  receptacle.  These  are 
often  found  with  their  beaks  caught  in  the  arrow  shaped  anthers 
of  the  flowers.  The  root  is  very  bitter  and  has  emetic  proper- 
ties.—Road  sides  and  borders  of  woods.— June,  July.— Perennial. 
Apocynum  cannabinum.     L.  Indian  Hemp. 

Stem  erect;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  pale  and  downy 
beneath ;  segments  of  the  corolla  erect. 

Different  from  the  preceding  in  its  narrower  leaves,  and  small- 
er, straighter  flowers.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  branching.  Leaves 
opposite,  on  short  petioles,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  glabrous  above, 
paler  and  downy  underneath.  Cymes  terminal,  the  peduncles 
smooth  or  downy,  and  furnished  with  linear  bractes.  Calyx  seg- 
ments acute.  Corolla  small,  greenish,  its  segments  obtuse  and 
erect.  The  fibres  of  the  bark  are  strong,  like  hemp. — Woods 
and  meadows. — July. — Perennial. 

115.     ASCLEPIAS. 
AscLEPiAS  TuBEROSA.  Butterjly  weed. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  26. 

Hairy;  leaves  alternate,  oblong, lanceolate;  branches 
cymose. 

The  root  of  this  plant  is  large,  fleshy,  branching,  and  often 
somewhat  fusiform.  It  is  only  by  comparison  with  the  other  spe- 
cies that  it  can  be  called  tuberous.  The  stems  are  numerous, 
growing  in  bunches  from  the  root.  They  are  erect,  ascending, 
or  procumbent,  round,  hairy,  green  or  red.  Leaves  scattered, 
the  lower  ones  pedunculated,  the  upper  ones  sessile.  They  are 
narrow,  oblong,  hairy,  obtuse  at  base,  waved  on  the  edge,  and  in 
the  old  plants  sometimes  revolute.  The  stem  usually  divides  at 
top  into  from  two  to  four  branches,  which  give  off  crowded  um- 
bels from  their  upper  side.  The  involucrum  consists  of  nume- 
rous short  subulate  leaflets.  Flowers  numerous,  erect,  of  a 
beautifully  bright  orange  color.  Calex  much  smaller  than  the 
corolla,  five  parted,  the  segments  subulate,  reflexed,  and  conceal* 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  II.  107 

-ed  by  the  corolla.     Carolla  five  parted,  reflexed,  the  segments 
oblong.     The  nectary  or  stameneal  crown  is  formed  of  five  erect 
cucullate  leaves  or  cups,  with  an  oblique  mouth,  having  a  small 
incurved  acute  horn  proceeding  from  the  base  of  the  cavity  of 
each,  and   meeting   at  the  centre  of  the  flower.     The  mass  of 
stamens  is  a  tough,  horny,  somewhat  pyramidal  substance,  sep- 
arable into  five  anthers.     Each  of  these  is  bordered  by  membra- 
nous, reflected  edges,  contiguous  to  those  of  the  next,  and  termi- 
nated by  a  membranous,  reflected  summit.     Internally  they  have 
two  cells.     The  pollen  forms  ten  distinct,  yellowish,  transparent 
todies,  of  a  flat  and  spatulate  form,  ending  in  curved  filaments, 
which  unite  them  by  pairs  to  a  minute,   dark  tubercle  at  top. 
Each  pair  is  suspended  in  the  cells  of  two  adjoining  anthers,  so 
that  if  a  needle  be  inserted  between  the  membranous  edges  of 
two  anthers  and  forced  out  at  top,  it  carries  with  it  a  pair  of  the 
pollen  masses.    Pistils  two,  completely  concealed  within   the 
mass  of  anthers.     Germs  ovate,  with  erect  styles.     The  fruit,  as 
in  other  species,  is  an  erect  lanceolate  follicle  on  a  sigmoid  pe- 
duncle.    In  this  it  is  green  with   a  reddish  tinge  and  downy. 
Seeds  ovate,  flat,  margined,  connected  to  the  receptacle  by  long 
silken  hairs.     Receptacle  longitudinal,  loose,  chaffy. — Dry  soil. — 
Woburn,  Newton. — August. — Perennial. 

AscLEPiAs  Syriaca.     L.      Common  Silkioeed  or  3Iincw€ed, 
Stem  simple  ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  gradually  acute, 
downy  underneath  ;  umbel  somewhat  nodding ;  fol- 
licles muricate. 

Very  common  byroad  sides  and  borders  of  fields.  Stem  three 
or  four  feet  high,  undivided.  Leaves  opposite,  large,  oblong. 
Umbels  of  flowers  lateral  and  terminal,  nodding.  Calyx  seg- 
ments lanceolate.  Corolla  green  and  red,  reflexed  quite  back. 
Nectaries  red,  truncated  obliquely  inward,  and  cleft  with  an 
oblique  ridge  on  each  side  the  fissure,  the  horns  moderately  in- 
curved. Mass  of  anthers  cylindrical  with  black  corpuscles  at  the 
top  of  the  wings,  each  of  Avhich  draws  out  a  pair  of  yellow  obo- 
vate  pollen  masses.  Pods  or  follicles  oblong,  acute,  covered  with 
soft  spinous  projections.     They  contain  large  quantities  of  a  fine 


108  CLASS  V.    ORDER  II. 

silken  down  attached  to  the  seeds,  for  which  the  plant  has  been 
cultivated  in  Europe  and  America.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for 
feathers,  fur,  cotton,  &;c. — July. — Perennial. 

AscLEPiAs  OBTUsiFOLiA.     Mich.      Bluut  lettvcd  Silk  weed. 
Leaves  closely  sessile,  oblong,  obtuse,  waved  ;  um- 
bel terminal,   on   a  long  peduncle ;  corollas  smooth. 
Mich.  abr. 

Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  heart  shaped  at  base,  sessile,  apparent- 
ly clasping,  very  much  waved  on  the  margin,  obtuse  at  the  end, 
mucronated.  Stem  erect,  supporting  a  terminal  umbel  at  a  dis-« 
tance  from  the  leaves.  The  flowers  are  larger  than  in  any  spe- 
cies here  described.  Calyx  leaves  ovate,  acute,  a  quarter  as 
long  as  the  petals.  Corolla  spreading,  afterwards  reflexed, 
greenish  white  tinged  with  red.  Nectaries  paler,  large,  cylin- 
drical, obliquely  truncated  inward,  cleft  inside,  with  acute  in- 
curved horns  rising  from  their  centres.  Mass  of  anthers  more 
cylindrical  than  in  some  other  species,  its  summit  discoid,  umbi- 
licate,  with  five  rounded  teeth.  Pollen  masses  resembling  those 
in  A.  phytolaccoides. — Cambridge,  Mount  Auburn. — July. — Pe- 
rennial. 
AscLEPiAs  PHYTOLACCOIDES.  PursJi.  PoTce  Uaved  Silk  weed. 

Stem  erect,    simple ;  leaves  ovate,  acute  ;    umbels 
lateral,  on   long  stalks,   nodding;  nectaries  truncated 
obliquely  outward. 
Syn.     AscLEPiAS  exaltata.     Muhl. 

A  tall,  large  flowering  species,  more  delicate  in  its  appearance 
than  A.  Syriaca.  Stem  erect,  slender,  smooth,  four  or  five  feet 
high.  Leaves  large,  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute,  smooth  above,  pale  and  slightly  pubescent  under- 
neath. Umbels  somewhat  nodding  on  rather  long  peduncles, 
given  off"  at  the  upper  pairs  of  leaves.  Involucre  irregular,  of 
short  linear  leafets.  Flowers  large.  Petals  green.  Nectaries 
white  or  flesh  colored,  truncated  obliquely  outward,  and  toothed 
at  the  top  inside,  with  long  horns  curving  inward.  Mass  of  an- 
thers cylindrical,  green  with  black  dots,  white  on  the  summit. 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  II.  jQg 

At  the  top  of  the  wings  of  the  anthers  are  five  minute  black  cor- 
puscles, which,  being  drawn  out  with  a  pin,  bring  with  them 
pairs  of  yellow,  narrow  obovate  pollen  masses. — Low  grounds. — 
June. — Perennial. 

AscLEPiAs  PURPURASCENS.     L.     DavTc  Jlowered  Silk  weed. 
Stem  nearly  simple ;  leaves  ovate,  hairy  beneath  ; 
corymbs  erect;  horns  of  the  nectary  resupinate. 

This  species  is  well  defined  by  the  peculiar  curvature  of  the 
horn.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  with  a  barely  perceptible  down, 
slightly  branched  at  top,  three  or  four  feet  high.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, glabrous  above,  paler  and  downy  beneath,  the  midrib  purple 
above.  Umbels  terminal,  on  stout  footstalks  with  flowers  about 
the  size  of  A.  Syriaca.  Calyx  small,  very  acute.  Corolla  re- 
flexed,  acute,  of  a  dark  crimson  purple,  sometimes  lighter  if  the 
plant  grows  in  the  sun.  Nectaries  of  the  same  color,  truncated 
very  obliquely  inward,  the  horns  bent  inward  at  a  right  angle  so 
close  to  the  stigma  that  they  appear  at  first  view  to  be  wanting. 
Mass  of  anthers  greenish,  variegated  with  brown,  and  about  half 
as  long  as  the  nectaries. — In  different  soils,  Cambridge,  Newton, 
rare. — July. — Perennial. 

AscLEPiAs  PULCHRA.  JViIM,                 Water  Silk  weed. 

Leaves   lanceolate,  pubescent   underneath  ;    stem 

divided    toward   the  top;    umbels   erect,    in   pairs. 
WUld. 

Common  in  wet  ground,  by  the  sides  of  ponds,  &c.  Stems 
commonly  in  bunches,  erect,  downy,  subdivided  near  the  top. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  very  acute  point,  sometimes 
hairy  on  both  sides,  as  is  also  the  stem.  Umbels  many,  small, 
on  downy  peduncles.  Involucre  many  leaved,  deciduous. — 
Flowers  small,  half  the  size  of  A.  Syriaca.  Corolla  crimson- 
purple,  acute  Nectaries  paler,  truncated  obliquely  inwards, 
almost  to  their  base ;  horns  erect  incurved.  Mass  of  anthers 
greenish,  as  long  as  the  nectaries ;  stigma  whitish.  Flowers 
purple. — July. — Perennial. 

The  bark  is  very  strong  and  fibrous. 
10 


1X0  CLASS  V.     ORDER  II. 

AscLEPiAS  QUADRiFOLiA.  Fouv  Icaved  Asclepias. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  smooth ;  leaves  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, petioled,  the  middle  ones  in  fours  :  umbels  few, 
lax,  filiform. 

A  delicate  species  growing  in  dry  woods.  Stem  about  a  foot 
high,  smooth,  or  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  in  fours,  slightly 
petioled,  ovate,  acute,  paler  underneath.  The  upper  and  lower 
ones  are  most  frequently  opposite.  Umbels  few,  axillary  and 
terminal.  Petals  flesh  colored.  Nectaries  nearly  white  with 
the  horns  curved  inward. — Roxbury,  Brookline. — June. — Pe- 
rennial. 
Asclepias  verticillata.     L.  IVJwrled  Asclepias. 

Leaves  revolute,  linear,  whorled ;  stem  erect.     L. 

This  very  neat  species  is  altogether  different  in  its  habit  from 
those  already  described.  Stem  slender,  marked  with  downy 
stripes.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  five  or  six,  linear,  revolute  at  the 
margin,  paler  beneath.  Umbels  several,  small,  coming  out  from 
among  the  upper  whorls.  Corolla  greenish  with  a  central  trans- 
parent line.  Nectaries  white,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  their 
horns,  auriculated  at  base  inside,  concavely  truncate,  with  an 
acuminate  tooth  each  side  the  fissure  within.  Horns  arching 
and  meeting  at  a  distance  from  the  stigma. — On  a  hill  near  the 
Dedham  turnpike,  Roxbury.— July.— Perennial. 

^  Subgenus  Acerates.     Horn  of  the  7iectary  wanting. 
Asclepias  viridiflora.  Pursh.     Green Jloioered  Asclepias. 

Stem  simple,  erect,  hairy ;  leaves  oblong,  snbses- 
sile,  downy  on  both  sides ;  umbels  lateral,  solitary, 
subsessile,  nodding,  dense  and  globose ;  horn  wanting. 

An  inelegant  species  with  small  greenish  umbels. — In  Leices- 
ter, Massachusetts.— In  New  Haven,  Dr.  Ives.— July. 

116.     GENTIANA. 

Gentiana  saponaria.     L.  Soapwort  Gentian. 

Stem  round  ;  leaves  lanceolate-oval,  three  nerved ; 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  II.  HI 

flowers  sessile,  fascicled,  axillary  and  terminal ;  co- 
rollas ventricos6,  segments  obtuse,  inner  folds  toothed. 
A  very  fine  plant,  distinguished  by  its  large  purple  flowers, 
which  are  so  nearly  closed  at  the  top  as  to  resemble  buds. 
Stem  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  oval-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  smooth,  three  and  sometimes  five  nerved.  Flowers 
sessile  in  bunches  at  the  top,  and  frequently  on  the  sides  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Corolla  bell  shaped,  purple  and  white, 
slightly  five  cleft,  its  segments  subdivided  and  folded  together 
so  as  to  close  the  mouth. — Found  in  moist  woods,  Cambridge. — 
September,  October. — Flowers  sometimes  white  or  variegated. 

Gentiana  pneumonanthe.     L.  Marsh  Gentian. 

Stem  round ;  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  rather  ob- 
tuse ;  terminal  flov/ers  fascicled,  lateral  ones  solitary ; 
corollas  five  cleft,  campanulate;  segments  rounded; 
inner  folds  one  toothed. 

Allied  to  the  foregoing,  but  much  more  slender  in  all  its  parts, 
besides  the  difierences  of  character. — Swamps  near  Portland. — 
August. 

Gentiana  quinqueflora.  FroeJ.  Five  flowered  Gentian. 
Stem  square,  branching;  leaves  lance-ovate,  three 
nerved  acute.  Flowers  somewhat  in  fives,  terminal 
and  axillary,  corolla  tubular  campanulate,  with  five 
segments  setaceously  acuminate. 

About  a  foot  high,  branching  from  the  base.  Leaves  of  the 
stem  somewhat  clasping,  very  acute;  calyx  very  short ;  corolla 
pale  blue,  slightly  inflated,  the  segments  terminating  in  a  bris- 
tle.— In  Sheffield,  Mass. — Mr.  Russell. — September. 

^  Subgenus  Crossopetala.  Corolla  four  deft,  hypocrateri- 
form,  throat  naked. 

Gentiana  crinita.     Froel.  Fringed  Gentian. 

Corollas  four  cleft,  the  segments  cut-ciliate ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute;  stem  erect,  round.     Froel. 

This  gentian  is  exceeded  by  few  native  plants  in  the  delicacy 


112  CLASS  V.     ORDER  II. 

and  beauty  of  its  flowers.  The  stems  are  divided  towards  the  top 
into  several  erect  branches.  The  leaves  are  opposite,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  smaller  than  in  the  first  species.  Flowers  erect,  on 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  remote  from  the  leaves.  The  stamens 
are  four  in  number,  as  are  the  segments  of  the  calyx  and  corolla. 
Calyx  square  with  acute  angles  and  segments.  Segments  of  the 
corolla  of  a  deep  fine  purple,  fringed  at  the  end,  expanded  in 
the  sun,  erect  and  twisted  at  other  times,  contracted  below,  with 
four  large  internal  glands  at  base.  Germ  lanceolate,  stigmas 
two,  thin,  roundish,  ovate. — On  the  Concord  turnpike. — Septem- 
ber, October. 

117.     CUSCUTA. 

CuscuTA  Americana.     L.  Dodder. 

Flowers  peduncled,  umbellate,  five  cleft.        Willd. 

A  small,  yellowish,  leafless  vine,  twining  round  other  plants, 
which  it  penetrates  with  lateral  roots  so  as  to  derive  nourish- 
ment from  their  juices.  Its  small  umbels  of  flowers  appear  in 
June  and  July,  and  are  followed  by  crowded,  roundish  depress- 
ed, mostly  four  seeded  capsules,  tuberculated  under  a  magnifier, 
and  having  a  terminal  cavity. 

118.    HEUCHERA. 
Heuchera  Americana.     L.  Alum  Root, 

Viscid-pubescent ;   leaves  rough,  round-lobed   and 
toothed  ;  stalks  of  the  panicle  divaricate ;  calyx  ob- 
tuse; petals   as  long  as  the  calyx,  lanceolate;  sta- 
mens much  exserted. 
Syn.     Heucheea  cortusa.     Mx. 

Found  in  Connecticut,  but  not  within  my  knowledge  in  Mas- 
sachusetts.— June. 

119.     SALSOLA. 
Salsola  Caroliniana.     Mich.  American  Saltitwrt. 

Herbaceous,  decumbent;  leaves  subulate,  spinous, 
smooth,  dilated  and  entire  at  base ;  calyx  axillary, 
margined. 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  II.  H3 

A  stiff,  prickly  plant  of  the  sea  shore.  Stems  much  branched, 
angular,  smooth.  Leaves  cylindrical  while  young,  tipt  with  a 
spine,  sessile.  The  lower  leaves  are  deciduous,  so  that  when 
the  fruit  is  ripe,  only  the  floral  leaves  remain.  These  are  three 
in  number  to  each  flower,  resembling  the  other  leaves,  but  short- 
er, their  base  dilated  and  perfectly  entire,  not  repand  as  in  Sal- 
sola  Kali.  The  calyx  is  externally  compressed  into  a  broad, 
membranous  margin,  flattish,  but  rising  in  the  centre.  Seed  en- 
closed in  the  calyx,  cockle-shaped  from  its  spiral  cotyledons. — • 
Salt  marshes. — July,  August. 

Plants  of  this  genus  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  Soda. 

Salsola  salsa.     Mich.  Smooth  Salt  Wort. 

Herbaceous,  decumbent,  smooth;  leaves  linear, 
unarmed,  fleshy;  fructification  crowded,  somewhat 
spiked. 

Stem  somewhat  erect  with  numerous  spreadingbranches  nearly 
smooth,  furrowed.  Leaves  linear,  fleshy,  semicylindric,  some- 
what of  a  glaucous  hue,  not  prickly.  Flowers  obscure,  sessile, 
two  or  three  together  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf.  Calyx  leaves  ob- 
tuse, connivent.  Stamens  slightly  projecting.  Seed  small,  spi- 
ral.— Salt  marshes. — August. — Annual. 

120.     CHENOPODIUM.  - 
Chenopodium  album.  L.       TVJiite  Goosefoot.    Hog-weed. 
Leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  eroded,  entire  behind,  the 
upper  ones  oblong,  entire ;  seeds  smooth.     S^n. 

A  common  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  ground.  Stem  chan- 
nelled, branched ;  leaves  mealy,  the  lower  ones  unequally  tooth- 
ed above,  the  upper  ones  smaller,  entire.  Bunches  of  flowers 
erect,  green  or  mealy. — July. — Annual. 

Chenopodium  rubrum.     L.  Red  Goosefoot. 

Leaves  triangular,  approaching  to  rhomboid;  deep- 
ly toothed,  and  somewhat  sinuated;  clusters  upright, 
compound,  leafy.     Sm. 

More  green,  fleshy,  and  compact  than  the  last.  Leaves  sinu- 
10=^ 


114  CLASS  V.    ORDER  II. 

ated  tapering  at  base.  Clusters  of  flowers,  close,  interspersed 
with  small  leaves. — Among  rubbish,  especially  in  low  ground. — 
Annual. 

Chenopodium  hybridum.     L.  Tall  Goosefoot. 

Leaves  cordate,  angular-toothed,  acuminate ;  ra- 
cemes branched,  somewhat  cymose,  divaricate,  leaf- 
less. 

A  tall  species  with  large  leaves.  Stem  slender,  upright. 
Leaves  spreading,  bright  green,  with  a  few  large  teeth  on  each 
side,  heart  shaped  at  base,  tapering  into  a  long  point.  Clusters 
compound,  branching,  open,  remote  from  leaves. — Wastes  and 
rubbish. — July. — Annual. 

Chenopodium  botrys.     L.  Cut  leaved  Goosefoot. 

Leaves  oblong,  sinuated ;  racemes  naked,  many 
cleft.     L. 

Stem  short,  branching,  somewhat  rigid,  leafy.  Leaves  peti- 
oled,  oblong,  deeply  sinuated,  slightly  pubescent.  Flowers  in 
numerous  short  axillary  racemes,  covering  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  and  giving  ihem  the  appearance  of  long  leafy  spikes. 
The  whole  plant  has  a  strong,  peculiar  smell  when  bruised. — 
Woods,  Brighton. — Annual. 

121.     ULMUS. 

Ulmus  Americana.     L.  Common  Elm. 

Leaves  equally  serrate,  unequal  at  the  base.     L. 

This  stately  tree  is  distinguished  at  sight  from  the  cultivated 
English  elms  by  its  long  pendulous  branches.  It  also  loses  its 
leaves  in  autumn  several  weeks  sooner.  The  flowers  which 
appear  in  April,  have  commonly  from  six  to  eight  stamens. 
They  are  small,  of  a  dull  purple  color,  and  grow  in  bunches  on 
slender  footstalks.  Germs  orbicular,  compressed.  Styles  two, 
recurved,  hairy  on  both  sides.  The  seeds  are  contained  in  a  flat, 
oval,  winged  capsule  or  samara,  which  is  ciliated  at  the  edge. 
The  leaves  grow  alternately  on  opposite  sides  of  the  branches ; 
they  are  more  smooth,  and  more  uniformly  serrated  than  those 
of  the  English  elm.  The  wood  of  the  elm  is  tough,  and  princi- 
pally used  to  form  the  naves  or  hubbs  of  wheels. 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  II.  X15 

Ulmus  fulva.     3Ix.  Slippery  Elm. 

Branches  rough ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate, 
nearly  equal  at  base,  unequally  serrate,  pubescent 
both  sides,  very  rough  ;  buds  covered  with  fulvous 
down ;  flowers  sessile. 

The  slippery  elm  is  well  known  for  the  mucilaginous  qualities 
of  its  inner  bark.  Leaves  rough  on  the  upper  side.  Calyx  and 
anthers  purplish.  Stamens  from  five  to  eight.  Samara  reticu- 
late and  ciliated.  It  is  found  in  different  parts  of  Worcester 
county,  but  I  have  not  met  with  it  nearer  Boston. — April. 

122.     HYDROCOTYLE. 

Hydrocotyle  Americana.     L.  Pennywort. 

Leaves  reniform,  somewhat  lobed,  crenate.     L. 

A  small  plant  found  in  moist  ground  under  the  shade  of  bushes, 
&c.  Stem  creeping.  Leaves  kidney  shaped,  double  crenate, 
light  green,  very  smooth  and  thin.  Flowers  minute,  in  very 
small  umbels  or  bunches,  sessile. — July. — Perennial. 

Hydrocotyle  umbellata.     L.         Umbelled  Hydrocotyle. 
Leaves  peltate,  crenate,  emarginateatbase  ;  umbels 
pedunculated,  maffy  flowered,  flowers  pedicelled. 

An  aquatic,  larger  and  firmer  than  the  preceding  species. 
Leaves  reniform  and  peltate,  floating  in  deep  water,  or  erect  in 
shallow.  Umbels  found  only  in  shallow  water,  or  wet  ground. — 
Fresh  pond. — July. 

Hydrocotyle  lineata.     3Ix.  Linear  Hydrocotyle. 

Leaves  sessile,  linear-cuneate ;  umbels  pedunculate. 
Syn.     Crantzia  lineata.     Nutt. 

Found  creeping  on  the  muddy  banks  of  ponds.  Whole  plant 
very  smooth.  Leaves  about  two  at  each  joint,  an  inch  or  more 
in  length,  obtuse,  succulent;  marked  with  about  five  transverse 
nerves.  Umbels  eight  or  ten  flowered.  Fruit  roundish.  Com- 
missure excavated,  seeds  unequal. — July. — Perennial. 


116  CLASS  V.  ORDER  II. 

123.  SANICULA. 

Sanicula  Marilandica.     L.  Sanicle. 

Barren  flowers  on  peduncles,  perfect  ones  sessile. 

Gr. 

Stem  upright,  smooth,  furrowed,  divided  into  a  few  erect 
branches.  Leaves  divided  somewhat  in  a  pedate  manner,  acutely 
serrate,  the  upper  ones  generally  ovate-lanceolate  resembling 
heads,  with  an  involucre  of  short  ovate  leaves.  Umbels  simple, 
few  flowered,  the  barren  flowers  on  short  peduncles,  the  perfect 
or  fruitful  ones  sessile.  Seeds  furnished  with  hooked  bristles. — 
About  thickets  in  low  ground. — June. 

124.    DAUCUS. 

Daucus  carota.     L.  Carrot. 

Fruit  hispid,  petioles  nerved  underneath. 

The  common  carrot,  in  its  wnld  state,  grows  at  Chelsea  and 
elsewhere,  and  is  known  at  sight  when  in  fruit  by  the  cohesion 
of  the  whole  umbel,  forming  a  concave  surface.  Involucre  pin- 
natifid. — June,  July. — Biennial. 

125.    HERACLEUM. 
Heracleum  latanum.     Mich.  Cow  Parsnep. 

Leaves  ternate,  woolly  underneath,  leafets  petioled 
roundish-heart  shaped,  lobed  ;  fruit  orbicular.  Mich, 
abr. 

One  of  the  largest  of  our  umbelliferous  plants.  Petioles  and 
nerves  of  the  leaves  channelled,  bristly.  Leafets  large,  woolly 
on  the  under  side,  deeply  cut  into  lobes,  which  are  again  cut, 
and  unequally  serrate.  Umbels  radiate,  often  a  foot  wide.  Pe- 
duncles furrowed.  Leafets  of  the  involucres  lanceolate,  tapering 
to  a  very  long  point,  deciduous.  Flowers  white.  Petals  heart 
shaped  with  a  very  deep  inflected  sinus.  Seeds  thin,  round-oval, 
emarginate,  marked  with  three  short  lines. — South  Boston,  Dor- 
chester.— June. — Perennial. 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  II.  117 

126.     CONIUM. 
CoNiuM  MAcuLATUM.     L.  HemlocTc. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xi. 

Fruit  unarmed,  with  the  ridges  undulated. 

A  well  known  poisonous  plant  used  as  a  narcotic  in  medi- 
cal practice.  Root  biennial,  somewhat  fusiform  and  generally 
branched.  Stalk  round,  very  smooth,  striated,  hollow,  jointed, 
and  more  or  less  marked  with  purplish  spots.  Leaves  two  or 
three  times  pinnate,  of  a  very  bright  green,  with  long  sheathing 
petioles  inserted  on  the  joints  of  the  stem ;  the  leafets  pinnatifid 
and  toothed.  Flowers  in  terminal  umbels,  the  general  involucre 
with  half  a  dozen  lanceolate,  reflected  leafets,  the  partial  invo- 
lucre with  three  or  four  situated  on  the  outside.  Flowers  very 
small,  white.  Petals  five,  oval  with  their  points  inflexed.  Sta- 
mens five,  spreading,  about  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Germ  in- 
ferior. Styles  two,  reflexed  outwardly.  Fruit  roundish-oval, 
compressed,  ribbed,  the  ribs  being  transversely  wrinkled  or  cre- 
nate,  separating  into  two  oblong  hemispherical  seeds. — In  waste 
ground  and  road  sides. — June. — Biennial. 

127.    ANGELICA. 
Angelica  triquinata.     Mich.  Common  Angelica. 

Petiole  three  parted,  its  divisions  pinnate-five  leav- 
ed; leafets  cut-toothed,  of  the  terminal  leafets  the  odd 
one  rhomboid,  sessile,  the  lateral  ones  decursive.  Mich. 

Syn,     Angelica  ATROPtrRPUREA.  ?     N.  Y.  Cat. 

A  very  large  umbellate  plant,  well  known  for  its  fine  aromatic 
flavor.  Stem  five  or  six  feet  high  and  an  inch  or  more  in  thick- 
ness, hollow,  purplish,  smooth  throughout.  Stipules  large  and 
swelling.  Petioles  roundish,  slightly  furrowed  on  the  upper  side. 
Leaves  mostly  twice  ternate,  smooth,  pale  and  veiny  beneath, 
the  terminal  leafet  sessile  and  sometimes  three  lobed,  the  highest 
lateral  ones  decurrent ;  all  of  them  sharply  and  irregularly  ser- 
rate. Umbels  three,  terminal,  spherical,  without  general  invo- 
lucre. Partial  stalks  angular,  with  subulate  involucres,  shorter 
than  the  pedicels.    Petals  greeu  with  a  tinge  of  red  on  the  out- 


IXS  CLASS  V.    ORDER  II. 

side.     Seeds  oblong-hemispherical,  three  winged  on  the  back. — 
Cambridge,  meadows. — June. 

The  circumstance  that  the  terminal  leafet  is  sessile,  never  pe- 
tioled,  is  evidence  that  this  plant  is  not  A.  atropurpurea  of 
Linnaeus,  as  many  of  our  botanists  suppose. 

12S.     LIGUSTICUM. 

LiGusTicuM  scoTicuM.     L.  Sett  Lavage. 

Stem  leaves  twice  ternate,  the  upper  ones  trifoliate; 
umbels  straight ;  involucre  and  involncels  linear, 
many  leaved. 

Stem  purple  or  green,  flexuous,  striated,  a  foot  or  two  high  and 
larger  than  a  goose  quill.  Petioles  with  large  sheaths.  Leaves 
twice  ternate ;  the  leafets  sessile,  and  sometimes  connected  at 
base,  oval  or  rhomboidal,  smooth,  shining,  veiny,  and  somewhat 
fleshy.  Umbels  with  general  and  partial  involucres.  Flowers 
white.  Fruit  oblong-oval,  separating  into  seeds  which  have 
three  strong  ridges  on  the  back. — On  the  borders  of  Charles 
river,  Cambridge,  and  other  parts  of  the  edge  of  salt  marshes. — 
August,  September. — Perennial. 

LiGusTicuM  ACTiEiFOLTUM.     Mx.       ActcBa  lettvecl  Lavage. 
Leaves  twice  ternately  cut,  segments  oval,  equally 
toothed ;  umbels  somewhat  whorled,  the  lateral  ones 
barren. 

Syn.     Thapsium  ACTiEiFOLiuM.     De  Cand. 

More  than  three  feet  high.  Side  leaves  tripeziform,  end  leaves 
rhomboidal.  General  and  partial  involucre  linear,  many  leaved. 
Umbels  numerous.  Fruit  with  ribs  which  are  slightly  winged. 
— Topsfield  and  Scituate.~Mr.  Oakes.  Mr.  Russell— Perennial. 

129.     SlUM. 
SiuM  LATiFOLiuM.     L.  Water  Parsnep. 

Leaves  pinnate;  leafets  oblong-lanceolate,  equally 
serrate.     Sni. 

A  tall  aquatic  plant  common  in  ditches  and  muddy  brooks. 
Stem  erect,  hollow,  smooth,  with  deep  furrows,  and  sharp,  prora- 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  II.  1X9 

inent  angles.  Leaves  pinnate;  leafets  in  half  a  dozen  pairs, 
with  an  odd  one,  ovate-lanceolate,  equally  serrate,  or  laciniated 
if  under  water.  Umbels  solitary,  mostly  terminal.  General  in- 
volucre of  many  Reaves  lanceolate,  and  occasionally  serrate. 
Partial  involucres  small.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  ovate,  striated. 
— From  July  to  September. — Perennial. 

SiuM  LiNEARE.     Mx.  Navvow  Uaved  Slum. 

Leaves  pinnate;  leafets  linear-lanceolate,  finely 
serrate. 

Stem  angular  and  grooved ;  leaves  simply  pinnate,  much  nar- 
rower than  the  foregoing  species  which  it  resembles.  Umbels 
terminal;  involucre  eight  or  ten  leaved.  Flowers  white ;  fruit 
ovate,  ribbed. — Wet  places. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

130.     URASPERMUM. 
Uraspermum  Claytoni.     Nutt.  Siveet  Uraspermum. 

Stem  smooth ;  leaves  decompound,  leafets  cut- 
toothed ;  styles  of  the  fruit  filiform,  divergent. 

Syn.     ScANDix  dulcis.     Muhl. 

Myrrhis  Claytoni.     Mx.  ? 

OSMORHIZA    LONGISTYLIS.       Dc  Cuild. 

Root  fleshy,  fusiform  or  branching,  with  an  agreeable  sweet, 
spicy  flavor,  like  that  of  Anise.  Stem  about  two  feet  high, 
smooth  when  full  grown,  striated.  Leaves  ternate,  the  divisions 
pinnate  or  ternate,  the  lower  ones  on  long,  smooth  petioles,  the 
upper  ones  sessile.  Stipules  hairy  at  the  edge.  Leafets  ovate, 
toothed  and  cut,  slightly  pubescent,  shining  underneath.  Um- 
bels of  a  few  long  rays.  General  involucre  of  from  two  to  four 
deciduous  lanceolate  leaves.  Partial  ones  five  leaved,  shorter. 
Partial  umbels  few  flowered,  the  central  flowers  abortive.  Fruit 
stipitate,  clavate,  oblanceolate,  blackish  and  tasteless,  covered, 
especially  on  its  lower  part  and  stipe,  with  appressed,  aculeate 
bristles.  The  styles  which  crown  the  fruit  are  filiform  and  de- 
flected, not  parallel  as  in  the  following  species.  The  dry  seeds 
are  tasteless,  and  have  a  caudate  appendage  at  base. — In  rich 
woods,  Oak  island,  Watertown. — June. — Perennial. 


120  CLASS  V.    ORDER  11. 

*Uraspermum  iiirsutum.  Hairy  Uraspermum. 

U.  hirsntum  ;  foUis  decompositls^  folioUs  innnatifl- 
lo-incisis  ;  stylis  f nidus  pyramidatis^  approximatis. 

Hairy;  leaves  decompound,  leafets  ciit-pinnatifid ; 
styles  of  the  fruit  pyramidal,  approximate. 

Syn.     OsMORHizA  brevistylis.     De  Cand, 

This  plant  differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  taste  of  its  root, 
which  is  not  sweet  and  anisate,  but  rank  and  unpleasant,  some- 
what like  that  of  Aralia  nudicaulis.  Its  more  hairy  aspect  when 
adult,  and  its  more  pinnatifid  leaves,  make  it  distinguishable  at 
sight.  Stem,  stalks  and  veins,  clothed  with  divergent  hairs  at 
all  periods.  Leaves  resembling  those  of  the  foregoing  species, 
but  always  more  deeply  cut,  and  covered  with  scattered  hairs. 
General  involucre  of  two  or  three  leafets,  deciduous.  Partial 
involucre  of  five  oval  acuminate  leafets.  Barren  flowers  central ; 
fertile  ones  four  or  five  external.  Fruit  stipitate  and  bristly  as  in 
vhe  last,  but  differing  in  the  styles  which  are  pyramidal  or  ovate, 
only  half  as  long  as  in  the  last,  and  appressed  so  as  to  form  one 
point,  instead  of  diverging. — Woods  on  the  Concord  turnpike. — 
June. — Perennial. 

The  difference  of  this  species  was  first  pointed  out  to  me  by 
Dr.  Martyn  Paine,  in  specimens  sent  from  Montreal. 

13L     PASTINACA. 

Pastinaca  sativa.  Parsnep. 

Leaves  simply  pinnate,  pubescent  underneath. 

The  parsnep  in  its  wild  state  is  abundantly  naturalized  in 
waste  grounds.  The  root  is  materilly  changed  by  difference  of 
soil.  It  becomes  strong,  acrid  and  virose.  Stem  three  or  four 
ibet  high,  smooth,  angular.  Umbels  with  yellow  flowers  and 
large  flat  fruit. — July. — Biennial. 

132.     SMYRNIUM. 
Smyrnium  aureum.  Golden  Alexanders. 

Leaves  twice  ternate,  leafets  ovate-lanceolate,  ser- 
rate ;  rays  of  the  umbel  short. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  II.  222 

Syn.     Thapsium  aueeum.     Nutt. 
ZiziA  AUNEA.     De  Cand. 

About  two  feet  high.  General  involucre  none,  partial  involu- 
cre of  about  three  short  lanceolate  leafets  on  one  side.  Flowers 
orange  yellow,  in  umbels  of  moderate  size.  Fruit  oval  with 
membranous  ridges. — At  Walpole,  New  Hampshire. — June. 

133.     ^THUSA. 
^Ethusa  cynapium.     L.  Fools  Parsley. 

Leaves  similarj  bipinnate,  leafets  pinnatifid. 

This  plant  has  at  first  sight  considerable  resemblance  to  Co- 
nium  maculatum,  although  smaller,  and  has  been  often  gathered 
by  mistake  for  that  plant  by  druggists.  Stem  about  two  feet 
high,  striated,  not  spotted.  Leaves  bipinnate  and  at  length  pin- 
natifid. The  distinguishing  mark  of  this  plant  is  in  the  partial 
involucres  which  consist  of  only  three  leafets  which  are  exter- 
nal, linear,  long  and  pendulous. — Common  about  the  streets  of 
this  city,  probably  introduced  from  Europe. — July,  August. — 
Annual. 

134.     SISON. 

SisoN  Canadense.     L.  Honeioort. 

Leaves  ternate ;  umbels  irregular. 

Syn.     CHiEEOPHTLLUM  Canadense.     Pursh. 
Mtrrhis  Canadensis.     Nutt. 
Crtptot^nia  Canadensis.     De  Cand. 

Stem  smooth.  Leaves  in  threes,  the  radical  ones  cleft,  those 
of  the  stem  doubly  toothed,  rhomboidal,  smooth  or  shining.  Um- 
bel branched,  unequal,  of  few  rays,  with  no  general  involucre. 
Partial  umbels  unequal,  close,  few  flowered,  with  a  minute  in- 
volucre. Flowers  small,  white.  Seeds  smooth,  oblong. — Chel- 
sea beach  island. — July. 

135.     CICUTA. 
CicuTA  Maculata.     L.  American  Hemlock. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xii. 

Root  fascicled,  leaves  oblong,  with  mucronate  ser- 
ratures. 

11 


122  CLASS  V.    ORDER  II. 

The  root  is  composed  of  a  number  of  large,  oblong,  fleshy 
tubers,  diverging  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  and  frequently  being 
found  of  the  size  and  length  of  the  finger.  The  root  is  peren- 
nial, and  has  a  strong,  penetrating  smell  and  taste.  In  various 
parts  of  the  bark  it  contains  distinct  cells  or  cavities,  which 
are  filled  with  a  yellowish  resinous  juice.  The  plant  is  from 
three  to  six  feet  high.  Its  stem  is  smooth,  branched  at  top,  hol- 
low, jointed,  striated,  and  commonly  of  a  purple  color,  except 
when  the  plant  grows  in  the  shade,  in  which  case  it  is  green. 
The  leaves  are  compound,  the  largest  being  about  three  times 
pinnate,  the  uppermost  only  ternate.  Most  of  the  petioles  are 
furnished  with  long  obtuse  stipules,  which  clasp  the  stem  with 
their  base.  Leafets  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate,  the  serratures 
very  acute  or  mucronated.  The  veins  end  in  the  notches,  and 
not  at  the  points  of  the  serratures.  The  flowers  grow  in  um- 
bels of  a  middling  size,  without  a  general  involucre.  The  par- 
tial umbels  are  furnished  with  involucres  of  very  short,  narrow, 
acute  leafets.  The  distinctness  or  separation  of  these  umbels 
characterizes  this  plant  at  a  distance  among  other  plants  of  its 
kind,  whose  umbels  are  more  crowded.  Calyx  of  five  very 
minute  segments.  Petals  five,  white,  obovate,  with  inflected 
points.  Fruit  nearly  orbicular,  compressed,  ten  furrowed, 
crowned  at  top,  and  separating  into  two  semicircular  seeds. — 
Common  in  wet  meadows. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

This  is  probably  the  most  dangerous  of  all  our  poisonous  ve- 
getables, and  various  instances  of  speedy  death  have  taken  place 
in  children  who  have  unwarily  eaten  the  root.  See  a  particular 
account  in  the  American  Medical  Botany,  volume  1. 

CicuTA  BULBiFERA.     L.  Bulhifevous  Ciciita. 

Leaves  decompound,  linear ;   branches  bulbiferous. 

Stem  about  three  feet  high,  round,  hollow,  striated,  green, 
with  a  slight  glaucous  powder.  Leaves  thrice  compound  ;  leafets 
smooth,  linear,  with  divergent  teeth.  Stipules  membranous, 
gradually  lost  in  the  petiole.  Branches  numerous,  covered  with 
small  oval,  acuminate,  scaly  bulbs,  invested  by  the  dilated  base 
of  leafets,  resembling  bractes.  These  bulbs  are  in  whorls  when 
young,  but  are  afterwards  scattered  by  the  growth  of  the  branch- 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  III.  123 

lets,  which  support  them.  Umbel  small,  terminal.  General  in- 
volucre none,  partial  of  short,  acuminate  leafets.  Flowers  white. 
Petals  small,  ovate,  acuminate  with  the  point  inflexed.  Fruit 
suborbicular,  compressed,  striate. — Ditches  and  ponds. — July, 
August. — Annual. 

TRIGYNIA. 

136.     VIBURNUM. 
Viburnum  Lentago.     L.  Sweet  Viburnum. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate, 
petioles  margined,  curled.     Ait. 

A  tall  shrub  in  low  grounds.  Leaves  very  finely  serrate,  the 
serratures  sharp,  a  little  turned  inward.  Petioles  with  a  mem- 
branous margin,  widest  in  the  upper  leaves,  waved  or  curled. 
Flowers  in  cymes,  as  are  all  the  subsequent  species.  Fruit 
pleasant  to  the  taste. — South  Boston,  Cambridge. — June. 

Viburnum  pyrifolium.  1     L.        Pear  Leaved  Viburnum. 
Smooth;   leaves  oblong-oval,  subacute,  subserrate  ; 
c^^mes  subpedunculate. 

Leaves  opposite,  oblong-oval  extended  into  an  obtuse  point, 
smooth  on  both  sides,  coriaceous,  slightly  serrate  or  eroded. 
Petioles  and  peduncles  covered  with  minute  black  glands.  Cymes 
nearly  sessile,  furnished  with  linear  deciduous  bractes.  Calyx 
segments  short,  acute.  Segments  of  the  corolla  orbicular. — 
Sides  of  Monadnock  mountain,  New  Hampshire. — June. 

Viburnum  nudum.     L.  Naked  Viburnum. 

Glabrous:  leaves  oval,  revolute  at  the  edge,  nearly 
entire,  petioles  smooth;  cymes  pedunculated. 

Leaves  smooth  and  coriaceous,  oval,  obtuse  or  acute,  many  of 
them  acuminate,  obsoletely  crenate  and  slightly  revolute.  Cymes 
on  peduncles  an  inch  or  two  long  and  covered  with  minute  dots. 
Bractes  caducous. — Swamps,  rare. — June. 

The  leaves  have  an  evergreen  and  coriaceous  appearance  and 
turn  black  in  drying. — Low  woods,  Cambridge,  Weston. — June. 


124  CLASS  V.     ORDER  III. 

Variety  ^  parvifolium.  Leaves  not  half  the  size  of  the  fore- 
going, mostly  acuminate. — At  Sandwich. — Mr.  Greene. 

Viburnum   dentatum.     L.  Arrow  icood. 

Leaves  ovate,  dentate-serrate,  plated.     L. 

A  more  common  shrub  than  the  foregoing.  The  shoots  are 
slender  and  very  straight,  from  whence  it  has  received  the  name 
of  Arrow  wood.  Leaves  roundish  or  oval,  very  regularly  tooth- 
ed, the  veins  parallel  and  prominent  underneath. — Moist  woods. 
— June,  July. 

Viburnum  acerifolium.     L.  31aple  Viburnum. 

Leaves    three  lobed,   acuminate,   sharply  serrate; 

petioles  without  glands,  hairy;  cymes  not  radiate. 

Leaves  rounded  or  hearted  at  base,  broad,  divided  into  three 
lobes  with  large  teeth,  very  soft  with  minute  down  underneath. 
Cymes  on  long  peduncles. — Dry  woods,  Roxbury. — June,  July. 

Viburnum  lantanoides.     31x.  Hobble  bush. 

Petioles  and  nerves  pulverulent  and  downy ;  leaves 
roundish-heart  shaped,  abruptly  acuminate,  unequally 
serrate  ;  cymes  radiate,  closely  sessile ;  fruit  ovate. 

Young  leaves  roundish  and  mealy  in  appearance,  older  leaves 
very  large.  Outer  florets  of  the  cyme  very  large,  white,  hypo- 
craterifoim  and  barren,  the  segments  obovate ;  inner  florets 
small,  bell  shaped,  fertile,  the  segments  ovate.  Berries  large. — 
In  old  woods,  Princeton,  Jaffrey,  New  Hampshire. — June. 

Viburnum  oxycoccos.     Pursh.  Tree  Cranberry. 

Leaves  three  lobed,  three  nerved,  lobes  divaricate, 
acuminate,  toothed ;  petioles  glandular ;  cymes  radi- 
ate. 

Leaves  paler  underneath  with  large,  unequal,  bluntish  teeth. 
Petioles  smooth  with  about  two  glands  in  front  at  the  base  of  the 
leaf.  Outer  florets  barren,  with  large  white  hypocrateriform 
corollas.  Fruit  large,  red,  ripening  late,  and  remaining  after  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  intensely  acid  and  somewhat  bitter. — In  Lan- 
caster, New  Hampshire,  and  in  Maine. — July. 


CLASS  V.    ORDER  III.  125 

The  different  species  of  Viburnum  are  fine  flowering  shrubs, 
and  with  the  Elder  next  described,  constitute  a  principal  orna- 
ment of  our  woods  and  thickets  during  the  first  part  of  summer. 

137.    SAMBUCUS. 

Sambucus  Canadensis.    L.  Common  Elder. 

Cymes  five  parted ;  leaves  nearly  bipinnate,  stem 
shrubby.      Willd. 

Michaux  says  he  could  observe  no  difierence  between  this  spe- 
cies and  the  Sambucus  nigra  of  Europe,  except  in  size,  the  latter 
being  a  tree,  the  former  a  shrub.  Leaves  pinnate,  the  lower 
leafets  double  or  ternate,  and  all  of  them  oblong-oval,  sharply 
serrate,  tapering  to  a  very  long  and  acute  point.  Flowers  white ; 
berries  blackish  ;  both  considered  medicinal. — June,  July. 

Sambucus  pubescens.    Mx.  Panicled  Elder. 

Bark  verrucose ;  pairs  of  leafets  two,  oval-lanceo- 
late, subpabescent  underneath  ;  cymes  panicled. 

A  smaller  shrub  than  the  preceding.  Leaves  pinnate.  Leafets 
five,  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  and  acuminate.  Flowers  white, 
in  a  panicle,  with  opposite,  divaricated  branches.  Calyx  teeth 
acute,  spreading.  Segments  of  the  corolla  oval,  revolute.  Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  corolla.  Style  very  short,  ending  in  three 
brownish  stigmas. 

Common  in  Vermont  and  the  interior  of  New  England,  though 
I  have  not  seen  it  near  the  sea  coast.  It  is  hardly  to  be  distin- 
guished in  the  dried  specimen,  from  S.  racemosa  of  Europe. 

138.     RHUS. 
Rhus  glabrum.     L.  Sinooth  Sumach. 

Glabrous;  leaves  pinnate,  of  many  pairs,  leafets 
lance-oblong,  serrate,  whitish  underneath,  flowers 
dioecious. 

A  common  species  of  Sumach  found  about  fences  and  borders 
of  fields.  Petioles  and  leaves  unarmed  and  smooth.  The  flow- 
ers are  dicEcious.  Barren  panicle  much  larger  and  spreading. 
Petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  subacute,  green.     Stamens 

11^ 


126  CLASS  V.    ORDER  III. 

five,  with  oblong  green  anthers,  and  the  rudiments  of  three  styles. 
Fertile  panicle  more  crowded ;  corolla  about  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
green  ;  germ  reddish  with  three  styles.  The  leaves  of  this  and 
the  two  following  species  are  astringent  and  used  in  tanning. 
Berries  crimson,  astringent,  and  acid. — June,  July. 

Rhus  typiiinum.     L.  Stag's  Morn  or  Velvet  Sumach. 

Branches  and  petioles  hairy;  leaves  pinnate,  of 
many  pairs,  hairy  underneath  ;  leafets  lance-oblong, 
sharply  serrate  ;  flowers  dioBcious. 

A  larger  species  than  the  last ;  its  leafstalks  and  young 
branches  covered  with  thick  bristly  hair.  Bunches  of  berries 
crowded,  purple,  velvet  like.  This  species  is  also  dioecious. — In 
low  ground. — June. 

The  bark  and  leaves  give  out  a  milky  juice  on  being  broken, 
both  in  this  and  the  other  species. 

Rhus  copallinum.     L.  3Iou7ifain  or  Dwarf  Sumach. 

Leaves  pinnate,  entire  ;  petioles  membranous,  joint- 
ed ;  flowers  dioecious. 

A  smaller  shrub  than  the  preceding.  The  young  branches 
and  petioles  are  downy.  Leafets  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  entire. 
Between  each  pair  the  petiole  spreads  out  into  a  broad  leafy 
expansion,  contracted  at  the  insertion  of  the  leafets.  Flowers 
dicEcious. 

Rhus  Vernix.    L.  I^oison  Sumach  or  Doguwod. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  x. 

Leaves  annual,  pinnate,  glabrous  ;  leafets  oblong, 

entire,  acuminate ;  panicle  lax,  flowers  dioecious. 

Syn.     Rhus  venenata.     De  Cand. 

This  species  grows  in  swamps,  where  its  fine  smooth  leaves 
give  it  the  air  of  a  tropical  shrub  or  tree.  The  trunk  is  from 
one  to  five  inches  in  diameter,  branching  at  top,  and  covered 
with  a  pale  greyish  bark.  The  wood  is  light  and  brittle,  and 
contains  much  pith.  The  ends  of  the  young  shoots  and  the  pe- 
tioles are  usually  of  a  fine  red  color,  which  contributes  much  to 
the  beauty  of  the  shrub.     The  leaves  are  pinnate,  the  leafets  ob- 


CLASS  V,    ORDER  III.  ^  X27 

long  or  ova],  entire,  or  sometimes  slightly  sinuate,  acuminate, 
smooth,  paler  underneath,  nearl}''  sessile,  except  the  terminal 
one.  The  flowers,  which  appear  in  June,  are  very  small,  green, 
in  loose  axillary  panicles.  Where  they  appear  not  axillary,  it  is 
because  the  leaf  under  them  has  been  detached.  The  barren 
and  fertile  flowers  grow  on  different  trees.  The  panicles  of  bar- 
ren flowers  are  the  largest  and  most  branched.  They  are  fur- 
nished with  short,  oblong  bracies,  and  downy  pedicels.  The 
calyx  has  five  ovate  segments,  and  the  corolla  five  oblong,  sig- 
moid petals.  The  stamens  are  longer  than  the  petals,  and  pro- 
ject through  their  interstices.  The  rudiment  of  a  three-cleft 
style  is  found  in  the  centre.  In  the  fertile  flowers  the  calyx  and 
petals  resemble  the  last,  while  the  centre  is  occupied  by  an  oval 
germ,  ending  in  three  circular  stigmas.  The  fruit  is  a  bunch  of 
dry  berries,  or  rather  drupes  of  a  greenish  white,  sometimes 
marked  with  slight  purple  veins,  and  becoming  wrinkled  when 
old.  They  are  roundish,  a  little  broadest  at  the  upper  end,  and 
compressed,  containing  one  white,  hard  furrowed  seed. 

The  effluvium  of  this  shrub  is  a  violent  poison  to  certain  con- 
stitutions, producing  in  them  a  distressing  cutaneous  eruption, 
when  it  is  handled  or  even  approached.  On  others,  and  I  believe 
on  a  majority,  it  exerts  no  influence.  The  leaves  have  been 
rubbed,  chewed,  and  swallowed  without  injury.  Their  taste  is 
simply  herbaceous  and  astringent,  and  does  not  indicate  any  ex- 
traordinary quality. 

In  Japan  a  fine  varnish  is  said  to  be  prepared  from  the  juice 
of  the  Rhus  vernix,  3.  tree,  whose  identity  with  the  present  is 
doubtful.  De  Candolle  has  separated  the  American  from  the 
Japanese  plant,  giving  the  former  the  name  of  R.  venenata,  which 
name  is  adopted  by  Hooker  and  others. 

Rhus  radicans.  Poison  lvy> 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xlii. 

Leaves  ternate ;  leafets  petioled,  ovate,  naked,  en- 
tire;  stem  rooting;  flowers  dioecious. 

A  hardy  climber,  frequently  seen  running  up  trees  to  a  great 
height,  supporting  itself  by  lateral  roots,  and  becoming  nearly 
buried  in  their  bark.     The  leaves  of  the  Rhus  radicans  are  ter- 


128  CLASS  V.    ORDER  III. 

nate,  and  grow  on  long  semicylindrical  petioles.  Leafets  ovate 
or  rhomboidal,  acute,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides,  the 
veins  sometimes  a  little  hairy  beneath.  The  margin  is  some- 
times entire  and  sometimes  variously  toothed  and  lobed,  in  the 
same  plant.  The  flowers  are  saiall  and  greenish  white.  They 
grow  in  panicles  or  compound  racemes  on  the  sides  of  the  new 
shoots,  and  are  chiefly  axillary.  The  barren  flowers  have  a  calyx 
of  five  erect,  acute  segments,  and  a  corolla  of  five  oblong  recurv- 
ed petals.  Stamens  erect  with  oblong  anthers.  In  the  centre 
is  a  rudiment  of  a  style.  The  fertile  flowers,  situated  on  a  dif- 
ferent plant,  are  about  half  the  size  of  the  preceding.  The  calyx 
and  corolla  are  similar,  but  more  erect.  They  have  five  small, 
abortive  stamens  and  a  roundish  germ,  surmounted  with  a  short, 
erect  style,  ending  in  three  stigmas.  The  berries  are  roundish, 
and  of  a  pale  green  color,  approaching  to  white. 

This  species,  like  the  last,  is  poisonous  to  many  persons.  The 
juice  stains  linen  a  black  color.  Common  about  the  borders 
of  fields,  &c. — June. 

139.      STAPHYLEA. 
Staphylea  trifolia.  L.  Bladder  tree. 

Leaves  trifoliate,  racemes  pendulous  ;  petals  ciliate 
below;  fruit  ovate. 

A  handsome  shrub  from  six  to  ten  feet  high,  remarkable  for  its 
large  inflated  capsules.  Leaves  ternate,  somewhat  hairy  ;  leaf- 
ets oval,  serrate,  acuminate,  paler  underneath.  Flowers  in  a 
short,  nodding  panicle  or  raceme.  Bractes  minute,  lanceolate, 
scarious.  Calyx  five  parted,  erect,  tinged  with  red,  its  segments 
oblong,  obtuse;  its  base  contracted  into  a  stalk  which  forms  a 
joint  with  the  peduncle.  Petals  white,  obovate,  obtuse,  concave. 
Stamens  erect,  Avilh  downy  filaments.  Germ  oval,  triangular. 
Styles  three,  cohering  into  one.  Capsule  large,  inflated,  ovate, 
triangular,  three  parted  at  top,  supporting  the  three  styles,  three 
celled;  seeds  obovate,  fixed  to  the  central  receptacle. — In  woods 
at  Weston ;  also  in  the  western  parts  of  the  state. — May,  June. 

140.     SAROTHRA. 
Sarothra  Gentianoides.  L.  Pine  iceed. 

Syn.     Hypericum  Sarothra.     Mich. 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  IV.,  V.  129 

A  small,  erect,  branching  plant.  Leaves  appressed,  scale-like, 
so  small,  that  the  plant  appears  leafless.  Branches  numerous, 
subdivided,  erect.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  with  from  five  to  tea 
stamens  and  three  styles.  Capsule  oblong,  colored. — On  sandy 
soils  exposed  to  the  sun. — July,  August. 

TETRAGYNIA. 

141.    PARNASSIA. 
Parnassia  Carolintana.  3Ix.  Grass  of  Parnassus. 

Radical  leaves  suborbiculate,  nectaries  of  three  bris- 
tles.    Mx. 

Radical  leaves  roundish  ovate,  entire,  smooth,  veined,  tapering 
at  base.  Scajpe  a  foot  high,  smooth,  with  five  sharp  angles,  fur- 
nished, about  its  middle  with  one  ovate,  half  clasping  leaf.  Calyx 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  nerved,  brown  at  the  tips.  Petals  ovate, 
much  longer  than  the  calyx,  white,  with  ten  or  twelve  green 
nerves,  reticulated  on  the  sides  at  base.  Nectaries  five,  alter- 
nating with  the  stamens,  each  consisting  of  three  equal,  filamen- 
tary branches,  ending  in  yellow,  glandular  heads.  Anthers  ob- 
long. Germ  ovate ;  style  none,  stigmas  four,  sometimes  five,  at 
first  indistinct,  but  afterwards  prominent  and  recurved.  Capsule 
ovate,  one  celled,  four  or  five  valved  ;  receptacles  lateral,  aflSxed 
to  the  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  ovate.  After  the  anthers  have 
fallen,  the  nectaries  are  easily  inistaken  for  stamens  by  the  inex- 
perienced.— Wet  meadows,  Rhode-Island  and  Connecticut. — 
August. — Perennial. 

PENTAGYNIA. 

142.     ARALIA. 

Aralia  nudicaulis.  L.  Wild  Sarsaparilla. 

Stemless,     leaves     decompound,     scape      leafless. 

Willd. 

A  well  known  aromatic  root.  It  has  no  stem  unless  the  ter- 
mination of  the  root  be  so  considered.  Leaves  on  long  stalks, 
generally  subdivided  into  three  times  three,  or  three  times  five 


130  CLASS  V.     ORDER  V. 

leafets,  which  are  oblong-qyate,  finely  serrate,  acuminate,  veined 
and  slightly  hispid.  The  scape  rises  between  the  leaf  stalks,  and 
supports  a  few  simple  umbels  of  greenish  flowers.  Involucre 
scarcely  any.  Calyx  with  five  very  short,  acute  teeth.  Petals 
five,  green,  with  a  central  nerve,  acute,  reflexed.  Stamens  five, 
whitish,  erect.  Styles  five,  much  shorter,  acute,  incurved.  — 
Woods  and  thickets. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

Aralia  racemosa.  L.  PtttymorreJ.     Spikenard. 

Stem  herbaceous,  smooth ;  leaves  decompound ; 
peduncles  axillary,  branching,  umbelled.      Willd. 

Tall  and  irregularly  branched.  Stem  smooth,  dark  green  or 
red.  Leafets  large,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  serrate.  Flowers  in 
small  umbels,  which  are  again  arranged  in  branching  racemes, 
from  the  axils  or  forks  of  the  stem. — In  woods. — June,  July. 

It  is  aromatic  and  in  high  estimation  with  people  of  the  coun- 
try. 

Aralia  hispid  a.     Mich.  Bristly  Aralia. 

Stem  shrubby  at  base,  hispid ;  leaves  twice  pin- 
nate ;  leafets  cut  serrate ;  umbels  on  long  peduncles. 

The  lower  part  of  the  stem  endures  the  winter,  and  has  a 
shrubby  appearance,  but  most  of  the  herb  is  annual.  The  stem 
is  set  with  thick  and  stiff  bristles  at  the  base.  Leafets  much 
smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  sharply  and  unequally  serrate, 
ending  in  a  long  point.  Umbels  several,  on  long  peduncles. 
Calyx  teeth  very  short,  subacute.  Corolla  greenish  white  with 
a  prominent  rib  on  the  upper  side  of  each  petal.  Stamens  as 
long  as  the  petals.  Styles  erect  in  the  flower,  but  recurved  and 
tipt  with  black  in  the  fruit. — Woods,  Cambridgeport. — June. 

143.  LINUM. 
LiNUM  Virginianum.  Virginian  Flax. 

Calyx  leaves  acute ;  panicle  terminal ;  flowers  alter- 
nate, remote ;  leaves  scattered,  linear-lanceolatej  tho 
radical  ones  ovate. 

Stem  ascending,  smooth,  very  slender,  about  a  foot  long. 
Leaves  scattered,  sessile,  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones   obovate, 


CLASS  V.     ORDER  V.  131 

smooth.  Flowers  small,  in  a  dichotomous  panicle  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  unequal,  acuminate.  Petals  ohovate,  yellow.  Cap- 
sules spherical. — Woods. — July. — Perennial. 

144.  DROSERA. 
Drosera  rotundifolia.     L.  Round  leaved  Sun-dew. 

Leaves  orbicular,  radical  depressed;  petioles  hairy; 
scape  bearing  a  simple  raceme.     Sm. 

The  thick  glandular  hairs,  which  cover  the  leaves  of  this  and 
other  species,  will  readily  distinguish  them  from  other  plants. 
Leaves  small,  round,  spreading  on  the  ground  in  a  flat  circle. 
Scape  smooth,  bearing  a  one-rowed,  curved  raceme  of  small 
white  flowers. — Wet,  boggy  land. — July,  August. 

Drosera  longifolia.     L.  Long  leaved  Sun-dew. 

Leaves  spatulate-obovate,  radical ;  petioles  naked  ; 
scape  bearing  a  simple  raceme. 

More  slender  than  the  last  species.     It  has  sometimes  creep- 
ing roots  which  throw  out  a  succession  of  leaves,  and  appear, 
when  gathered,  like  leafy  stems.     Swamp,   Charlestown,  near 
Craigie's  road. — July. 
Drosera  tenuifolia.  Muhl.  Linear  Sun-deto. 

Leaves  filiform,  scape  radical,  raceme  mostly  sim- 
ple, styles  about  six. 
Syn.     De,osee.a  FiLiFOKMis.  ?     Ph.  Nutt. 

Leaves  rolled  inward  when  young,  long  and  linear  or  filiform, 
smooth  and  deeply  channelled  on  the  back,  covered  with  glandu- 
lar hairs  in  front  and  sides.  Scape  erect,  smooth,  round,  mostly 
simple.  Raceme  unilateral,  recurved,  mostly  simple.  Flowers 
on  short  pedicels,  erect,  large.  Calyx  oval,  hairy,  its  segments 
subacute.  Petals  five,  purple,  obovate,  denticulate.  Stam.ens 
ten  ;  anthers  oblong,  yellow,  crowded.  Styles  six,  whitish,  de- 
clined from  the  germ  so  as  to  stand  without  the  stamens,  which 
they  exceed  in  length. 

Borders  of  ponds,  abundant,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  where 
it  was  found  by  Judge  Davis,  twenty  years  ago,  and  lodged  in 
Professor  Peck's  herbarium. 


132  CLASS  V.     ORDER  V. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  foregoing  description  disagrees,  in  sev- 
eral respects,  with  that  of  Mr.  Nuttall  under  D.  filiformis.  I 
am  inclined,  however,  to  believe  them  varieties  of  the  same  spe- 
cies. 

145.  STATICE. 
Statice  Caroliniana.  Marsh  Rosemary. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxv. 

Scape  round  and  panicled ;  leaves  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  smoothj  obtLise,  mucronatedj  and  flat  on  the 
margin. 

A  purple  flowering  plant  of  the  salt  marshes,  very  conspicuous 
about  midsummer.  The  root  of  this  plant  is  perennial,  large, 
fleshy,  fusiform  or  branched.  Several  tufts  of  the  leaves  and 
scapes  are  often  produced  from  the  same  root.  The  leaves  are 
narrow-obovate,  supported  by  long  petioles,  smooth,  veinless, 
obtuse,  mucronated  by  the  prolongation  of  the  middle  rib,  level 
and  flat  on  the  margin,  in  which  respect  they  differ  from  >§.  limo- 
niuin,  which  is  undulated.  Scape  round,  a  foot  high,  smooth, 
furnished  with  a  few  scales,  flexuous  at  top,  giving  off  numerous 
branches,  which  end  in  spikes  of  flowers ;  the  whole  forming  a 
large  panicle.  The  base  of  each  branch  and  flower  is  supported 
by  an  ovate,  mucronated  scale.  The  flowers  are  alternate,  erect, 
consequently  one  sided  in  the  horizontal  branches ;  mostly  in 
pairs,  but  appearing  single  from  one  expanding  before  the  other. 
They  grow  on  a  short  forked  peduncle,  which  is  concealed  by 
several  sheathing  scales,  part  of  which  are  common  to  the  two, 
and  part  peculiar  to  the  upper  one.  The  calyx  is  funnel  shaped, 
five  angled,  the  angles  cili^te  and  ending  in  long  acute  teeth  with 
sometimes,  not  always,  minute  intermediate  teeth.  The  upper 
part  of  the  calyx  is  scarious  and  of  a  pink  color.  Petals  spatu- 
late,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  calyx,  pale  bluish  purple.  Stamens 
inserted  in  the  claws  of  the  petals,  anthers  heart  shaped.  Germ 
small,  obovate,  with  five  ascending  styles  shorter  than  the  sta- 
mens. Seed  oblong,  invested  with  the  persistent  calyx. — Pe- 
rennial. 

The  root  is  strongly  astringent,  and  with  us  is  an  officinal 
article  of  considerable  consumption. 


CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I.  ;j^33 

Class  YI.  HEXANDRIA.  Six  stamens. 

Order  I.       MONOGYNIA.       One  style. 

146.  Leontice.  Calyx  inferior,  six  leaved ;  petals 
six,  opposite  to  the  calyx ;  capsule  berry-likCj  mostly 
inflated,  one  celled. 

147.  Berberis.  Calyx  six  leaved,  inferior;  corolla 
six  petalled ;  two  glands  at  the  base  of  each  petal ; 
berry  two  seeded. 

148.  Prinos.  Calyx  six  cleft,  inferior ;  corolla  six 
parted,  wheel  shaped ;  berry  six  seeded. 

149.  Allium.  Spathe  many  flowered;  corolla  in- 
ferior, six  parted,  spreading ;  umbel  crowded ;  fruit 
capsular. 

150.  Pontederia.  Corolla  inferior,  ringent,  six 
cleft ;  stamens  inserted  three  in  the  tip,  and  three  in 
the  tube  of  the  corolla;  capsule  three  celled. 

151.  Hypoxis.  Spathe  two  valved;  corolla  supe- 
rior, six  parted ;  capsule  narrower  at  the  base. 

152.  Aletris.  Calyx  none ;  corolla  half  superior, 
tubular,  six  cleft,  wrinkled,  persistent ;  stamens  in- 
serted in  the  top  of  the  tube ;  style  triangular;  cap- 
sule opening  at  top,  three  celled,  many  seeded. 

153.  Streptopus.  Calyx  none  ;  corolla  inferior, 
six  petalled,  subcampanulate;  berry  roundish,  three 
celled  :  seeds  few,  hilum  naked. 

154.  CoNVALLARiA.  Calyx  none ;  corolla  six  cleft, 
inferior  ;  stigma  three  sided  ;  berry  three  celled. 

155.  UvuLARiA.  Calyx  none;  corolla  inferior,  petals 
six,  erect,  with  a  nectariferous  cavity  at  their  base  ; 
stamens  very  short. 

156.  Asparagus.    Corolla  inferior,  six  parted,  erect; 

12 


134  CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I. 

Style  short,   stigmas   three;  berry  three  celled,  cells 
two  seeded. 

157.  DRACiENA.  Calyx  none;  corolla  inferior,  six 
petalled  ;  filaments  a  little  thickened  in  the  middle, 
berry  two  or  three  celled, 

158.  Erythronium.     Calyx  none  ;  corolla  inferior 
six  petalled;  the   three  inner   petals   with   a  callous 
prominence  on  each  edge  near  the  base. 

159.  Ornithogalum.  Calyx  none ;  corolla  six  pe- 
talled spreading  above  the  middle;  filaments  dilated 
at  base ;  germ  superior  three  celled. 

160.  LiLiuM.  Calyx  none  ;  corolla  inferior,  six 
petalled,  the  petals  with  a  longitudinal  groove  from 
the  middle  to  the  base. 

161.  Acorus.  Spadix  cylindrical,  covered  with 
flowers ;  corolla  six  petalled  ;  style  none ;  capsule 
Ithree  celled. 

162.  Orontium.  Spadix  cylindrical  crowned  with 
flowers  ;  corolla  six  petalled,  naked ;  style  and  stigmas 
hardly  any  ;  follicle  one  seeded. 

163.  JuNcus.  Calyx  six  leaved,  inferior,  perma- 
nent ;  corolla  none :  capsule  three  valved ;  stigmas 
three. 

Order  III.      TRIGYNIA.      Three  styles, 

164.  Helonias.  Corolla  six  parted,  spreading,  the 
segments  without  glands;  capsule  three  celled,  three 
horned,  cells  few  seeded. 

165.  Medeola.  Calyx  none  ;  corolla  inferior,  six 
parted,  revoliite;  berry  three  celled. 

166.  Trillium.  Calyx  three  leaved,  inferior;  corolla 
three  petalled  ;  berry  three  celled. 

167.  ScHEucHZERiA.    Calyx  six  parted ;  corolla  uouc ; 


CLASS  VI.     ORDEIi  I.  1^35 

anthers  linear ;  stigmas  sessile,  lateral ;  capsules  in^ 
flated. 

168.  Triglochin.  Calyx  three  leaved,  inferior ; 
corolla  three  leaved,  resembling  the  calyx ;  styles 
none;  capsule  bursting  at  the  base;  seeds  solitary. 

169.  RuMEx.  Calyx  three  leaved  inferior;  petals 
three  connivent ;  stigma  man}^  cleft ;  seed  one,  tri- 
angular, naked. 

Order  Y.     FOLYGYNIA.     Many  styles. 

170.  Alisma.  Calyx  three  leaved  ;  corolla  three 
petalled  ;  capsules  numerous,  clustered,  one  seeded. 


HEXANDRIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

146.  LEONTICE. 
^  Subgenus  Caulophyllum.     Fruit  scarcely  inflated,  opening 
when  ripe. 

Leontice  thalictroides.     Mx.  JPoppoose  root. 

Glabrous ;  leaves  supradecomponnd  ;  leafets  oval, 
the  lower  ones  petioled  and  lobed,  the  terminal  one 
three  lobed. 

Syn.     Caulophyllum  thalictroides.     Mx. 

A  smooth  plant  with  leaves  resembling  a  Thalictrum,  but 
many  times  larger.  Flowers  in  a  small  racemose  panicle  at  the 
division  of  the  leaf  stalks.  Fruit  stipitate,  dark  blue.  Accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Nuttall  the  germ  is  two  seeded,  and  the  fruit  becomes 
one  seeded  by  abortion  ;  so  that  it  appears  hardly  necessary  to 
separate  Caulophyllum  from  Leontice.^ — Woods,  Deerfield  l 
Woodstock,  Vermont. — May.-^Perennial. 

*  See  also  DecandoUe  Res.  ves^  ii.  24. 


X36  CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I. 

147.     BERBERIS. 
Berberis  vulgaris.     L.  Barberry  busk. 

Flowers  in  racemes;  spines  three  forked;  serratures 
of  leaves  terminated  by  soft  bristles.   Sm. 

Few  shrubs  are  better  known  or  more  common  by  road  sides 
and  fences,  in  gravelly  soils.  Branches  clotted  and  armerl  with 
triple  thorns.  Leaves  inversely  ovate,  serrate,  the  teeth  and 
point  ending  in  short  bristles.  The  yellow  flowers  appear  in 
June  in  hanging  clusters ;  succeeded  by  oblong,  acid  berries  of  a 
deep  red  color. — This  plant  agrees  almost  precisely  with  the 
European. 

A  very  remarkable  degree  of  irritability,  not  exceeded  by  the 
sensitive  plant,  exists  in  the  flowers  of  the  Barberry.  When 
these  are  fully  expanded,  the  stamens  are  found  spread  out  on 
the  inner  side  of  the  corolla.  In  this  situation,  if  the  inside  of 
the  filament  be  touched  with  a  pin  or  straw,  it  instantly  contracts 
and  throws  the  anther  violently  against  the  stigma.  This  fact, 
which  has  been  particularly  described  by  Dr.  Smith  in  the  Eng- 
lish Barberry,  is  not  less  remarkable  and  distinct  in  the  Ameri- 
can variety  of  the  shrub. 

It  is  a  commonly  received  opinion,  both  here  and  in  Europe, 
that  the  barberry  is  injurious  to  cultivated  grain.  Wheat,  rye, 
&c.,  growing  in  its  neighborhood,  are  said  to  be  blighted.  But 
some  distinguished  philosophic  agriculturists,  among  whom 
are  Duhamel  and  Broussonet,  have  assured  us  that  the  opinion 
is  without  foundation.  May  not  the  supposed  fault  belong  to 
the  peculiar  soil  and  situation  which  the  barberry  frequents  ? 

148.    PRINOS. 

Prinos  Verticillatus.  Black  Alder. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  Ivi. 

Leaves  deciduous,  oval,  serrate,  acuminate,  slightly 
pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  axillary,  aggregate. 

This  shrub  is  irregular  in  its  growth,  but  most  commonly 
forms  branches  six  or  eight  feet  in  height..  Leaves  alternate  or 
scattered,  on  short  petioles,  oval  orobovate,  acute  at  base,  sharply 
serrate,  acuminate,  with  some  hairiness,  particularly  on  the  veins 


CLASS  VI.    ORDER  I.  fg/ 

underneath.  Flowers  small,  white,  growing  in  little  tu,fts  or 
imperfect  umbels,  which  are  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves.  Calyx  small,  six  cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  monopeta- 
lous,  spreading,  without  a  tube,  the  border  divided  into  six  obtuse 
segments.  Stamens  erect,  with  oblong  anthers.  In  the  barren 
flowers  they  are  equal  in  length  to  the  corolla,  in  the  fertile  ones 
shorter.  Germ  in  the  fertile  flowers  large,  green,  roundish,  with 
a  short  neck  or  style,  terminating  in  an  obtuse  stigma.  Berries 
of  a  bright  scarlet,  in  irregular  bunches,  roundish,  supported  by 
the  persistent  calyx,  crowned  with  the  stigma,  six  celled,  con- 
taining six  long  seeds,  which  are  convex  outwardly,  and  sharp 
edged  within.  These  berries  are  bitter  and  unpleasant  to  the 
taste,  with  a  little  sweetness  and  some  acrimony. — Swamps. — 
July. 

PkiNos  AMBiGuus.     Mx.  Loug  hcivecl  Black  Alder. 

Leaves  deciduous,  oval,  acute  at  both  ends,  barren 
flowers  crowded,  fertile  ones  solitary. 

Leaves  more  oblong,  and  less  sharply  serrate  than  in  the  last. 
Flowers  often  four  or  five  cleft. — Roxbury. — June. 

Prinos  glaber.     L.  Evergreen  Winter  herry. 

Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  glabrous,  serrate  at  tip. 

Distinguished  from  the  former  by  its  smooth  coriaceous,  ever- 
green leaves,  which  are  of  a  bluntish  lanceolate  form,  with  a  few 
small  remote  teeth  at  the  end.  Flowers  axillary.— Swamps.— - 
Manchester,  Abingdon. — June,  July. 

149.    ALLIUM. 
Allium  Canadense.     L.  Canada  Garlic. 

Scape  nakedj  round  ;  leaves  linear ;  head  bearing 
bulbs. 

Leaves  radical,  smooth,  channelled  above.  Scape  smootH, 
round.  Spathe  ovate,  acute.  The  scape  supports  a  head  of 
bulbs  with  a  short  leaf  under  each,  and  a  few  pedunculated' 
whitish   flowers. — Woods,   Chelsea   beach  island.— June, — Pe*- 

rennial. 

12^ 


138  CLASS  VI.    ORDER  I. 

Allium  tricoccon.      Willd.  Lanceolate  Garlic. 

Scape  naked,  half  rounds  leaves  oblong  lanceolate, 
flat,  smooth  ;   iiiiibel  globose  ;   seeds  solitary. 

This  garlic,  with  broad  lanceolate  leaves,  I  have  met  with  ia 
the  woods  at  Berwick,  Maine.— July.— Perennial. 

150.    PONTEDERIA. 

PoNTEDERiA  coRDATA.     L.  JPicJcerel-weed. 

Leaves  heart  shaped,  flowers  spiked.     L. 

During  the  month  of  July,  the  tall  blue  spikes  of  Pontederia 
are  very  conspicuous  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers  of  deep 
water  and  muddy  bottoms.  Stem  erect,  fleshy,  cylindrical. 
Leaves  long,  heart  shaped,  very  smooth,  with  convergent  nerves. 
Stem  leaf  sheathing  at  the  base  of  its  stalk.  Flowers  in  a  cylin- 
drical spike,  proceeding  from  a  short  spathe.  Corollas  blue, 
irregular,  the  tube  curved,  pubescent,  channelled,  green  at  base, 
the  border  in  six  divisions,  the  three  uppermost  united,  with, 
commonly,  not  always,  a  yellow  spot  in  the  middle.  The 
flowers  roll  themselves  up  when  old.  Capsule  oblong,  curved, 
with  six  acute,  unequal  toathed  angles.  Seed  one,  oblong,  acu- 
minate.— Perennial. 

151.    HYPOXIS. 
Hypoxis  erecta.     L.  Yellow  Bethlehem  Star, 

Hairy  ;  scape  about  four  flowered,  shorter  than  the 
leaves ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  peduncles  twice  as 
long  as  the  flower. 
Syn.     Hypoxis  Caroliniana.     Mich. 

The  yellow,  starlike  flowers  of  this  plant  appear  among^the 
grass  in  pastures,  in  June  and  after.  Root  bulbous.  Leaves 
grass-like,  hairy.  Scape  slender,  hairy,  divided  at  top  into  about 
four  peduncles,  with  subulate  bractes  or  spathes  at  their  base. 
Corolla  wheel  shaped,  of  six  lanceolate  petals  or  segments,  hairy 
on  the  outside. — Perennial. 


¥ 


CLASS  VI.    ORDER  I.  139 

152c    ALETPJS. 

Aletris  farinosa.  Star  Grass^ 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  1. 

Flowers    pedicelled,    oblong-tubular,    somewhat 
wrinkled  in  fruit ;  leaves  broad  lanceolate. 

This  plant  has  a  single  circle  of  radical  leaves,  sessile,  nerved, 
lanceolate,  smooth.  Stem  or  scape  from  one  to  three  feet  high, 
invested  with  remote  scales,  which  sometimes  expand  into  sma?t. 
leaves.  The  flowers  form  a  slender,  scattered  spike  with  very 
short  pedicels  and  minute  bractes.  Calyx  none.  Corolla  white, 
oblong  bell  shaped,  divided  at  the  mouth  into  six  acute,  spread- 
ing segments.  The  outside,  particularly  as  the  flower  grows 
old,  has  a  roughish,  wrinkled  or  mealy  appearance,  by  which  the 
specific  name  was  suggested.  Stamens  short,  inserted  near  the 
mouth  of  the  corolla  at  the  base  of  the  segments.  The  circum- 
stance of  their  being  opposite  to  the  segments,  and  not  alternate 
with  them,  affords  a  distinguishing  mark  of  this  genus.  An- 
thers soraewhat  heart  shaped.  Germ  pyramidal,  half  inferior, 
tapering  :  style  triangular,  separable  into  three.  Capsule  invest- 
ed with  the  permanent  corolla,  triangular,  three  celled,  three 
valved  at  top.  Seeds  numerous,  minute,  fixed  to  a  central  re- 
ceptacle.— The  root  is  intensely  bitter. — In  low  grounds.  Bridge- 
water.— July. — Perennial. 

153.     STREPTaPUS. 
Streptopus  distortus.     3Ix.  Curling  Streptopus. 

Smooth,  leaves  clasping  ;  pedicels  solitary,  genicu- 
late and  contorted  in  the  middle. 

Syn.    UvuLARiA  amplexifolia.     Willd. 

Whole  plant  glabrous.  Stem  round,  branching.  Leaves 
clasping,  to  appearance  perfoliate,  oblong  acuminate,  glaucous 
underneath.  Peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  turning  downwards, 
filiform,  contorted.  Flowers  bell  shaped,  greenish  white,  the 
petals  reflexed,  gibbous  at  base,  where  the  stamens  are  inserted. 
Fruit  scarlet,  oblong,  many  seeded. — Woods,  in  the  w^estern 
parts  of  Massachusetts. — June. — Perennial. 


140  CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I. 

Streptopus  roseus.     Mx.  Red  flowering  Streptopus, 

Smooth,  leaves  clasping,  serrulate-ciliate,  anthers 
short,  two  horned. 

The  species  a  good  deal  resembles  the  last,  but  the  leaves  ap- 
pear ciliate,  and  when  viewed  with  a  magnifier  are  found  to  be 
edged  with  short  cartilaginous  filaments.  Flowers  reddish. — In 
Vermont  and  New  Hampshire. — June. — Perennial. 

154.     CONVALLARIA. 

§  Subgenus  Smilacina.  Corolla  four  or  six  parted,  spreading ; 
flowers  terminal. 

GoNVALLARiA  BiFOLiA.     L.        Two  Uaved  Solomon's  Seal. 
Stem   two  or   three   leaved,  leaves  heart  shaped, 
flowers  tetandroiis.     Mich. 
Syn.     Smilacina  Canadensis.     Pursh. 

The  creeping  roots  of  this  little  plant  cause  it  to  spread  exten- 
sively in  the  moist  situations  where  it  grows.  Its  stem  is  an- 
gular and  furnished  with  two  or  three  smooth,  thin,  delicate 
leaves,. oblong  heart  shaped  and  sessile,  the  lower  one  sometimes 
pedunculated.  Flowers  white,  in  a  short  erect  cluster.  Corolla 
four  cleft ;  stamens  four.  Germ  round,  depressed,  style  straight. 
The  unripe  berries  are  white  and  spotted,  a  circumstance  said  to 
be  common  to  all  the  species.— Flowers  in  May. — Perennial. 

Convallaria  trifolia.     L.      Three  leaved  Solomon's  Seal. 

Stem  pubescent  with  three  alternate  leaves ;  leaves 
oblong  lanceolate ;  raceme  terminal,  lax. 

Syn.     Smilacina  trifolia.     Pursh. 

Stem  round.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  clasping.  Spike 
terminal,  erect,  simple.  Peduncles  short  with  minute  concave 
bractes.  Corolla  rotate  with  six  lanceolate  reflexed  petals.  Sta- 
mens' six,  straight,  spreading.  Germ  triangular-ovate ;  style 
straight,  stigma  triple. — Near  the  Monadnock  mountain,  Mr, 
Nuttall. — Cambridge,  near  Fresh  pond.  Mr.  Tuckerman. — May. 
— Perennial. 


CLASS  VI.    ORDER  I.  141 

CONVALLARIA    STELLATA. 

Stem  clothed  with  alternaie,   clasping,  lanceolate 
leaves;  raceme  simple,  terminal,  few  flowered. 
Syn.     Smilacina  stellata.     Pursh. 

About  a  foot  high.  Stem  round,  smooth,  flexuous.  Leaves 
alternate,  two  ranked,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  clasping,  smooth 
above,  glaucous  or  downy  underneath.  Raceme  terminal  erect, 
simple,  consisting  of  a  few  white  flowers  with  six  oblong  petals 
and  six  stamens. — Low  grounds,  South  Boston. — June. 

CoNVALLARiA  RACEMOSA.     L.       Clustered  Solomon's  Seal. 

Leaves  alternate,  nearly  sessile,   oval,   acimiinate ; 
raceme  terminal,  compound. 

A  large  species,  every  part  of  it  covered  with  fine  down.  Root, 
fleshy,  sweet  and  mucilaginous.  Leaves  alternate,  oblong,  large, 
nerved,  smooth  in  appearance,  tapering  to  a  long  point,  their 
base  narrowed  into  a  sort  of  petiole.  The  stem  terminates  in  a 
compound  raceme  of  white  flowers  on  peduncles  generally  of 
the  same  color.  Corolla  rotate,  of  six  small  linear  divisions. 
Stamens  longer  than  the  petals,  with  conical  filaments.  Germ 
round.  Style  straight,  short. — In  low  ground. — June. — Peren- 
nial. 

§^  Subgenus  Polygfonatijm.     Flowers  cylindrical. 
CoNVALLARiA  MULTiFLORA.    L.     Many  Jlowered  Solomon's 

Seal. 

Leaves  alternate,  clasping;  stem  round;  peduncles 
axillary,  many  flowered.     L. 

Syn.       POLTGONATITM    MULTIFLORUM.       Pursh. 

A  smaller  plant  than  the  preceding  species.  Stem  about  two 
feet  high,  smooth,  round,  simple,  nodding  at  top.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, oval,  nerved,  pale  and  pubescent  underneath,  slightly 
clasping  at  base.  Flower  stalks  axillary,  drooping,  branched, 
supporting  several  pendulous  green  flowers.  Corollas  long, 
funnel  shaped,  somewhat  cylindrical,  six  cleft.  Anthers  oblong, 
acute,  filaments  growing  to  the  corolla;  style  as  long  as  the 


X42  CLASS  VI.    ORDER  I. 

stamens. — About  fences  and  shady  places. — May,  June. — Pe- 
rennial. 

CoNVALLARiA  CANALicuLATA.     Channelled  Solomon's  Seal. 
Stem   channelled,    leaves   alternate,    clasping,  ob- 
long, pubescent  at  the  edge,  peduncles  axillary,  two 
flowered. 

Syn.      POLYGONATUM    CANALICtJLATUM.      Pursh. 

Resembles  the  last,  but  is  distinguished  by  its  angular  stalk. 
Resembles  greatly  C.  polygonatum  of  Europe,  and  is  by  some 
considered  identical. — Woods. — June. — Perennial. 

155.    UVULARIA. 
UvuLARiA  PERFOLiATA.     L.  Perfoliate  Bellwort. 

Leaves  perfoliate  ;  segments  of  the  corolla  granular 
within,  capsule  truncated.     Mich. 

Has  the  habit  of  the  last  genus.  Stem  smooth,  round,  running 
through  the  leaves.  Leaves  oval,  smooth,  perforated  by  the 
stem  near  their  base,  furnishing  a  good  example  of  the  perfoli- 
ate leaf,  the  sides  reflexed  when  young.  Branches  axillary. 
Flov^ers  pendulous,  pale  yellow,  of  six  petals,  their  inside  cov- 
ered with  small  tubercles,  dilated  toward  the  bottom  and  termi- 
nating in  a  hollow  nectary.  Filaments  short,  fleshy;  anthers 
twice  as  long,  terminating  in  a  slender  point.  Germ  obovate; 
style  longer  than  the  stamens  and  separating  into  three  diverging 
stigmas,  bell  shaped.  Capsule  three  cornered,  appearing  as  if 
cut  off  in  the  middle. — Woods. — Watertown,  Brookline. — May. 
— Perennial. 
UvuLARiA  GRANDiFLORA.     Sm.       Large  fioweved  JBellivovt. 

Leaves  perfoliate,   oblong,    acute ;    petals   smooth 

inside  ;  anthers  obtuse  ;  nectaries  roundish. 

Similar  to  the  foregoing,  but  larger,  the  leaves  narrower,  the 
flowers  brighter  yellow  and  smooth  inside. — Woods,  Vermont. — 
May. — Perennial, 


CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I.  143 

XJvuLARiA  sEssiLiFOLiA.     L.  SessiU  Uavcd  Bellwort. 

Leaves  sessile,  lance-oval,  glaucous  underneath ; 
capsule  pedunculated ;  ovate.     Pers. 

Stem  slender,  smooth,  dividing  at  top  into  two  branches,  one 
bearing  only  leaves,  the  other  leaves  and  a  flower.  The  leaves 
are  alternate,  thin,  smooth,  paler  underneath.  The  flower  pale 
yellow  or  greenish,  on  a  slender  axillary  peduncle.  Petals  ob- 
long-linear with  an  obscure  tooth  on  each  side  at  base.  Anthers 
longer  than  the  filaments.  Germ  oval,  triangular,  pedicelled. 
Style  longer  than  stamens,  dividing  into  three  stigmas.  Capsule 
ovate,  contracted  at  base. — Woods,  Brookline. — May. — Peren- 
nial. 

156.    ASPARAGUS. 
Asparagus  officinalis.  Common  asparagus. 

Stem  herbaceous,  unarmed,  erect,  round,  much 
branched.  Leaves  setaceous,  fascicled ;  peduncles 
jointed  in  the  middle. 

This  well  known  plant  has  become  naturalized  about  culti- 
vated grounds;  flowering  in  June  and  ripening  its  bright  scarlet 
berries  toward  the  end  of  summer. 

157.     DRAC^NA. 

Brac^na  Borealis.     Ait.  Northern  Dracmna, 

Leaves  oblanceolate  ;  scape  umbelled  ;  berries  two 
celled. 

Leaves  radical  or  nearly  so,  half  a  foot  long,  oblanceolate, 
smooth  and  shining,  ciliate  with  fine  loose  hairs.  Scape  round, 
supporting  a  terminal  umbel  of  a  few  handsome  green  bell 
shaped  flowers.  Petals  six,  lanceolate,  spreading,  gibbous  at 
base.  Stamens  erect,  anthers  oblong.  Style  erect.  Stigma 
semilunar,  compressed.  Germ  superior,  oval.  Fruit  an  oblong 
berry,  two  celled,  few  seeded,  and  of  a  deep  amethystine  blue. 

This  plant  has  been  improperly  associated  by  Desfontaines 
with  his  genus  Smilacina,  from  which  it  differs  in  its  campanu- 
late  corolla,  entire  semicircular  stigma,  and  two  celled  fruit,  as 
well  as  in  habit  and  color.    I  have  preferred  leaving  it  where  it 


144  CLASS  VI.    ORDER  I. 

was  placed  by  Alton,  though  it  difiers  from  the  rest  of  the  Dra- 
caenas in  some  respects.  It  might  with  propriety  form  a  new 
genus. — Woods. — Gloucester — on  the  Wachusett,  Monadnock 
and  White  mountains. — June. — Perennial. 

158.     ERYTHRONIUM. 
ERYTHRONiuai  Americanum.  CommoTi  Erythronium. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  Iviii. 

Scape  naked,  leaves  lanceolate  and  involute  at  the 
point ;  style  club-shaped  and  undivided. 

Syn.     Erythronium  lanceolatum.     Pursh. 

Erythronium  Denscansis.     Mx. 

A  delicate  liliaceous  plant  with  spotted  leaves.  The  root  is  a 
solid  bulb,  situated  deep  in  the  ground,  brown  outside,  white  and 
homogenous  within.  The  whole  plant  is  smooth  and  glossy. 
Scape  naked,  slender.  Leaves  two,  nearly  equal,  lanceolate, 
veinless,  of  a  dark  brownish  green,  clouded,  with  irregular  spots, 
sheathing  the  scape  with  their  base,  and  terminating  in  an  ob- 
tuse callous  point.  Flower  solitary,  drooping.  Petals  six,  lan- 
ceolate, yellow,  the  three  outermost  partly  crimson  on  the  out- 
side, the  three  innermost  having  an  obtuse  tooth  on  each  side 
near  the  base.  In  a  clear  sun  the  petals  are  expanded  and  revo- 
lute,  but  at  night  and  on  cloudy  days  they  are  nearly  closed. 
Filaments  flat,  anthers  oblong-linear.  Germ  obovate,  style 
longer  than  the  stamens,  club-shaped,  three  lobed  at  top  and 
terminating  in  three  distinct,  but  not  detached  stigmas.  Cap- 
sule oblong  obovate,  somewhat  pedicelled. — In  rich,  moist  soils, 
South  Boston,  Cambridge. — May. — Perennial. 

^Erythronium  bracteatum.  Bracied  Erythronium. 

E.  scapo  hracteato  ;  foliis  lanceolatis  inceqiiaUbus. 
Scape  brae  ted  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  unequal. 

Leaves  very  unequal,  the  primary  one  being  two  or  three 
times  as  large  as  the  secondary.  Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves 
with  a  narrow  lanceolate  bracte  about  an  inch  long,  situated  an 
inch  or  two  below  the  flower.  Corolla  yellow,  half  as  large  as 
in  the  preceding  species,  petals  gibbous  at  base.  Stamens  half 
as  long  as  the  corolla.     Style  clavate;  stigmas  united  ?     Discov- 


CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I.  245 

ered  by  Dr.  Boott  on  the  Camel's  Rump  mountain,  Vermont,  and 
by  him  designated  by  the  foregoing  name. — June. 

159.     ORNITHOGALUM. 
Ornithogalum  umbellatum.  L.     White  Bethlehem  Star. 
Corymb  few  flowered ;  peduncles   longer  than  the 
bractes  ;  filaments  subulate. 

Naturalized  in  moist  grounds.  Root  bulbous.  Leaves  radical, 
linear,  channelled,  smooth.  Scape  round,  bearing  six  or  eight 
flowers  with  a  membranous  bracte  at  the  base  of  each  pedicel. 
Petals  white,  greenish  in  the  middle  outside,  anthers  large,  yel- 
low.— May,  June. 

160.     LILIUM. 

LiLiuM  Canadense,     L.  Common  yellow  Lily. 

Leaves  in  whorls ;  flowers  terminal,  drooping, 
petals  spreading. 

A  great  portion  of  our  meadows  are  embellished  with  the 
flowers  of  this  lily  in  the  first  part  of  summer.  Stem  green, 
varying  in  height  from  one  to  three  feet,  with  lanceolate  leaves 
surrounding  it  in  distant  whorls.  Flowers  sometimes  one,  and 
frequently  three  on  a  plant,  bell  shaped,  pendulous,  yellow,  spot- 
ted inside  ;  petals  lanceolate,  turned  outward,  but  hardly  reflex- 
ed. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

LiLiuM  suPERBUM.     L.  Supevh  Lily, 

Leaves   linear-lanceolate,    three  nerved,  glabrous 
lower  ones   whorled,  twice  as  long  as  the  internodes  • 
upper  ones  scattered ;  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  raceme, 
corollas  reflexed. 

One  of  the  m^st  magnificent  of  our  native  plants.  Stem  erect, 
straight,  from  three  to  six  feet  high,  bearing  a  large  pyramid  of 
orange  colored  flowers,  amounting  not  unfrequently  to  thirty  or 
forty  in  number.     In  low  grounds,  rare,  July. 

By  cultivation  in  a  rich  soil,  L.  Canadense  approaches  in  cha- 
racter to  this  species. 

13 


146  CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I. 

LiLiuM  PiiiLADELPiiicuM.     L.  CommoTi  red  Lily. 

Leaves  in  whorls  ;  flowers  erect;  corolla  bell  shap- 
ed, petals  with  claws.     L. 

The  red  lily  is  a  less  shewy,  but  equally  beautiful  species  with 
the  first.  It  frequents  a  drier  soil,  and  is  commonly  found  about 
the  margins  of  fields,  among  bushes,  &c.  Leaves  whorled,  a 
few  sometimes  scattered.  Flowers  one,  two,  or  three,  upright, 
of  a  dark  vermilion  color,  spotted.  The  petals  are  supported 
on  long  claws,  which  gives  the  flower  an  open  appearance. — 
June,  July. — Perennial. 

161.     ACORUS. 
AcoRus  Calamus.     L.  Sweet  Flag. 

Summit  of  the  stalk  above  the  flowers  very  long 
and  leaf  like.     Sm. 

Sweet  flag  root  is  an  officinal  article  in  considerable  estima- 
tion. At  times  when  the  plant  is  not  in  flower,  the  aromatic 
flavor  of  the  root  will  readily  distinguish  it  from  the  other  spe- 
cies of  flag,  a  name  indiscriminately  applied  here  to  plants  with 
sword  shaped  leaves,  as  Iris,  Typha,  &;c.  When  in  flower,  the 
long,  round,  solitary  spadix,  projecting  from  the  side  of  an  ap- 
parent leaf,  is  a  sufficient  mark.  The  spadix  is  closely  covered 
with  small,  green  flowers  with  six  petals,  and  as  many  stamens* 
— Meadow^s.-— June,  July. — Perennial. 

162.     ORONTIUM. 

Orontium  aquaticum.     L.  Golden  Club, 

Leaves  lance-ovate ;  scape  cylindrical,  spiked. 

An  aquatic  plant  with  a  long  spike  or  spadix  of  yellow  flow- 
ers. Leaves  radical,  smooth,  entire,  pale  underneath,  half  a  foot 
long  when  fully  grown.  Spathe  radical.  Spadix  erect,  va- 
riously colored.  Calyx  yellow,  the  lower  flowers  with  six  leaves 
and  stamens,  the  upper  with  four. — Southwick.  Dr.  Porter. 
Derby,  Ct.     Mr.  Oakes. 

This  plant,  very  common  in  the  Middle  States,  is  but  seldom 
met  with  in  the  eastern  parts  of  the  Union. 


CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I.  X47 

163.     JUNCUS. 
JuNcus  EFFUsus.     L.  Soft  Rush.     Bulrush. 

Culm  naked,  straight ;  panicle  lateral,  loose,  thrice 
compounded  ;  capsules  obtuse.     Sm. 

Found  every  where  in  moist  land,  growing  commonly  in 
bunches.  Stems  perfectly  simple,  smooth,  round,  and  leafless, 
sheathed  at  the  base  and  filled  with  spongy  pith.  Panicle  pro- 
ceeding from  a  fissure  in  the  side  of  the  stem,  much  branched, 
and  bearing  many  small  green  flowers. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

JuNCus  FiLiFORMis.     L.  FiUform  Rush, 

Culm  naked,  filiform,  nodding,  panicle  lateral, 
bracted,  nearly  simple,  capsule  roundish. 

Resembles  the  foregoing,  but  more  slender,  nodding,  and  the 
panicle  further  below  the  top. — On  the  borders  of  alpine  ponds 
on  the  White  mountains.     Mr.  Greene. 

JuNcus  TRiFiDus.     L.  Trifid  Rush. 

Culm  naked,  terminated  by  three  leaves  and  three 
flx)wers. 

A  small  rush,  abundant  near  the  summit  of  the  White  moun- 
tains, having  a  sessile  spikelet  of  a  few  flowers  supported  by 
long  bractes  or  terminal  leaves. — July. — Perennial. 

JuNcus  TENUIS.      WUlcl.  Slender  Rush. 

Culm  roundish,  undivided ;  leaves  linear,  channel- 
led; corymb  terminal;  leaves  of  the  calyx  acuminate, 
larger  than  the  obtuse,  three  sided  capsule.      Willd. 

A  small,  hardy  species,  common  about  foot  paths  and  road 
sides.  Stem  roundish,  leafy  at  base.  Leaves  slender,  channel- 
led on  the  upper  side.  Corymb  or  cyme  terminal,  unequal, 
invested  with  a  long  leafy  involucre.  Capsule  obtuse,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  calyx. — June. — Perennial. 

JuNcus  BUFONius.     L.  Tottd  Rush. 

Culm  leafy,  dichotomous ;  leaves  angular,  subseta- 
ceous ;  flowers  oblong,  solitary,  sessile. 
A  small  rush  of  wet  grounds,  sometimes  viviparous. — July. 


148  CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I. 

JuNcus  BULBOsus.     L.  Hulbous  Rush,  Black  Grass. 

Culm  compressed,  undivided;  leaves  linear,  chan- 
nelled, panicle  cymed  ;  calyx  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
capsule  ;  capsule  roundish,  obtuse. 

A  common  rush  of  salt  marshes,  often  giving,  when  in  fruit,  a 
dark  color  to  the  tracts  where  it  prevails.  It  makes  good  hay. — 
July. 

*  JuNGus  MiLiTARis.  JBayouet  Rush. 

J.  folio  unico,  articulator  culmiim  siiperante  ;  pani- 
cula  termijiali,  prolifero  ;  capitulis  suhqiimquefloris. 

Leaf  one,  jointed,  longer  than  the  culm;  panicle 
terminal,  proliferous  ;  heads  about  five  flowered. 

Root  creeping,  scaly.  Culm  as  large  as  a  goose  quill,  two  or 
three  feet  high,  smooth,  with  a  long  sheath  or  two  at  base,  and 
commonly  another  above  the  leaf.  Leaf  cylindrical,  erect,  jointed 
with  internal  partitions,  inserted  below  the  middle  of  the  culm, 
and  exceeding  it  in  height  by  half  a  foot  or  more.  Panicle  ter- 
minal, erect,  of  half  a  dozen  smooth  branches,  most  of  them  pro- 
liferous, invested  with  sheathing,  lanceolate  bractes  at  base. 
The  branchlets  end  in  small  heads  of  from  four  to  six  sessile 
flowers.  Calyx  segments  acute,  brown,  edged  with  green.  The 
unripe  capsule  is  acuminate. — Discovered  by  Mr.  Greene  grow- 
ing plentifully  in  a  pond  at  Tewksbury. 

JuNCus  POLYCEPHALOs.     Mich.  Many  headed  Rush. 

Culm  few  leaved,  erect;  leaves  somewhat  knotty; 
heads  round,  many  flowered,  panicled  ;  calyxes  linear; 
stamens  six.     Mich.  ahr. 
Syn.     JuNCUs  echinatus.     Muhl. 

Common  in  meadows  and  low  ground.  Stem  erect,  firm, 
round,  smooth.  Leaves  round,  smooth,  interrupted  with  nu- 
merous transverse  partitions  or  joints.  Heads  resembling  small 
burrs,  sessile  and  pedunculated,  in  a  proliferous  panicle  or  um- 
bel, with  very  unequal  branches.  Calyx  leaves  crowded,  linear- 
lanceolate,  very  acute. — Perennial,, 


CLASS  VI.     ORDER  I.  149 

This  plant  sometimes  undergoes  a  singular  alteration  in  its 
fructification  from  the  bile  of  an  insect. 

JuNcus  cAMPESTRis.     L.  Field  Rush. 

Culm  leafy.  Leaves  flat,  hairy:  spikes  terminal, 
sessile,  or  pedunculated;  capsules  obtuse.     Srn. 

Syn.     LuzuLA  campestris.     Willd. 

Hardly  half  a  foot  high  in  dry  ground,  but  in  wet  situations 
much  taller.  Stem  upright,  round,  leafy.  Leaves  short,  grass 
like,  flat,  acute,  the  edges  fringed  with  fine,  loose  hairs.  Spikes 
terminal,  umbelled,  most  of  them  on  peduncles,  irregular  ovate, 
obtuse,  erect  or  nodding.  Calyx  leaves  lanceolate,  acute.  Cap- 
sules three  seeded,  inversely  ovate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
calix. — May. — Perennial. 

JuNcus  MELANOCARPUS.     Mx.  BlacTc  fruited  Rush. 

Culm  leafy,  leaves  sublanceolate,  smooth ;  panicle 
capillary,  lax;  flowers  pedicelled. 
Syn.     LuzuLA  melanocarpa.     Desvaux. 

Culm  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  smooth,  leafy.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  glabrous,  those  of  the  root  eight  or  ten  inches  long. 
Panicle  large,  nodding,  decompound,  many  flowered.  Ultimate 
corymbs  of  from  four  to  six  flowers,  of  which  one  is  sessile,  the 
rest  on  capillary  pedicels.  Calyx  acuminate.  Capsule  with  a 
short  beak. — At  the  cascade  of  New  river  in  the  White  moun- 
tains.— June. 

JuNcus  spicatus.     L,  Spiked  Rush. 

Leaves  flat ;  spike  racemed,  nodding,  compomid  at 
base ;  capsules  acute. 
Syn.     LuzuLA  spicata.     De  Cand. 

Culm  slender,  with  an  oblong,  nodding  head. — On  the  summit 
of  the  White  mountains,  its  only  American  locality  with  which 
I  am  acquainted. — July. 
13^ 


150  CLASS  VI.     ORDER  IIL 

TRIGYNIA. 

164.    HELONIAS. 
Helonias  dioica.     Ph.  Unicorn  Root. 

Dioecious  scape  leafy  ;  raceme  spiked,  nodding ; 
pedicels  short,  scarcely  bracted;  filaments  longer  than 
the  corolla ;  petals  linear ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate. 
Syn.     Veratrum  luteum.     Willd. 

Stem  one  or  two  feet  high,  smooth,  angular.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late acute.  Barren  flowers  white,  petals  narrow  linear,  short- 
er than  the  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  with  abortive  stamens. 
Germ  ovate,  stigmas  three.  Capsule  oblong-ovate,  opening 
at  the  summit. — In  various  parts  of  Connecticut. — July. — Pe- 
rennial. 

165.  MEDEOLA, 

Medeola  Virginica.     L.  Cucumber  Root. 

Leaves  in  whorls. 

Syn.     Gyromia  Virginica.     Nutt. 

Few  plants  exceed  this  in  geometrical  regularity  of  structure 
and  appearance.  The  stem  is  erect,  smooth,  and  commonly 
invested  with  loose  tufts  of  cotton-like  down.  The  leaves  are 
in  two  whorls,  the  lowermost  a  few  inches  from  the  top,  con- 
sisting of  about  seven  or  eight  broad  lanceolate  leaves,  the  upper- 
most of  three,  and  rarely  four  ovate  ones.  The  flowers  are  ter- 
minal, and  bend  down  through  the  interstices  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Petals  lanceolate,  greenish  white,  revolute.  Stamens  erect,  slen- 
der. Germ  single  oval,  stigmas  three,  rarely  four,  reflexed, 
twice  as  long  as  the  stamens,  of  a  reddish  color  as  well  as  the 
stamens.  Berry  three  celled,  many  seeded.  The  root  is  tube- 
rous, with  a  flavor  resembling  the  cucumber. — In  low  woods  and 
swamps. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

166.  TRILLIUM. 

Trillium  cernuum.     L.  Nodding  Trillium. 

Flower  on  a  footstalk,  drooping.    Willd. 
This  is  the  only  species  I  have  observed  in  the  immediate 


CLASS  VI.    ORDER  HI.  151 

neighborhood  of  Boston.  Leaves  three,  large,  roundish,  or  rhom- 
boid, pointed.  Flower  terminal,  from  the  bosom  of  the  leaves, 
bending  down  so  as  to  be  sheltered  beneath  them.  Calyx  leaves 
ihree.  Petals  three,  alternate  with  the  calyx  leaves,  nearly 
white,  reflexed.  Stigmas  three,  recurved. — In  shady  thickets. — 
May,  June. — Perennial. 

Trillium  erectum.     L.  Erect  Trillium, 

Peduncle  inclined;  flower  nodding;  petals  ovate; 
aciiminatej  flat,  spreading;  much  broader,  but  scarcely 
longer,  than  the  calyx  ;  leaves  broad,  rhomboidal,  acu- 
minate, sessile. 

Flowers  dull  brownish  purple,  greenish  outside ;  odor  offensive. 
Root  used  in  medicine. — In  old  woods  in  the  middle  and  western 
parts  of  the  state. — May. — Perennial. 

Trillium  pictum.     JPursJi.  Painted  Trillium, 

Peduncle  somewhat  erect,  petals  oval-lanceolate, 
acute,  recurved,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  leaves 
ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  and  abruptly  pe- 
tioled. 

Petals  white,  striped  at  base  with  purple,  undulate  at  the 
edge.  A  very  handsome  species. — On  the  Ascutney  mountain, 
Vermont. — May,  June. 

Trillium  grandiflorum.  >S^aZ2s6.  Large  jlowering  Trillium. 
Peduncle  slightly  nodding  ;  petals  spatulate-lanceo- 
late,  erect  at  base  and  spreading  at  top,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx ;  leaves  broad  rhomboid-ovate. 

A  fine  plant,  larger  than  any  of  the  preceding.  Leaves  sessile, 
acute  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate.  Peduncle  an  inch  and  more 
in  length.  Flowers  white,  turning  dark  red.  Berries  dark  pur- 
ple.— June. — Burlington,  Vermont,  Mr.  Russell. 

My  specimens  are  from  the  natural  bridge  in  Virginia. 


152  CLASS  VI.     ORDER  III. 

167.     SCHEUCHZERIA. 

ScHEUCHZERiA  PALusTRis.     L.  Schcuchzer'' s  Rush. 

A  plant  of  wet  marshes  and  ponds,  found  in  both  continents. 
Stem  angular,  hardly  a  foot  high.  Leaves  linear  semiterete,with 
a  small  depression  or  pore  on  the  upper  surface  near  the  tip. 
Flowers  racemed,  greenish  yellow.  Belchertown.  Prof.  Hitch- 
cock. 

168.     TRIGLOCHIN. 

Triglochin  maritimum.     L.  Sea  Arrow  Grass. 

Capsule  six  celled,  grooved,  ovate.      Willd. 

The  leaves  of  this  plant  are  rush-like,  smooth,  fleshy,  flexible, 
and  semicylindrical.  They  have  a  sweetish,  not  unpleasant  taste. 
Stalk  solitary,  bearing  a  long,  dense  spike  of  greenish  flowers  on 
very  short  pedicels.  They  have  six  leaves,  three  of  which  may 
pass  for  calyx  and  three  for  petals.  Anthers  nearly  sessile. — 
Salt  marshes  and  ditches. — June. — Perennial. 

The  cultivation  of  this  plant  for  cattle  has  been  recommended. 

169.    RUMEX. 
RuMEX  CRispus.     L.  Curled  Dock, 

Calyx   valves   ovate,    entire,    all   bearing    grains ; 

leaves  lanceolate,  waved,  acute. 

Root  fusiform.  Stem  furrowed,  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
rather  acute,  waved  and  curled  on  the  margin.  Racemes  of  half 
whorls,  leafy  towards  the  base.  Valves  enclosing  the  seed  heart- 
shaped,  reticulated,  very  slightly  serrate  or  repand  on  the  mar- 
gin, each  bearing  a  grain,  of  which  one  is  much  larger  than 
the  other  two. — Rubbish  and  cultivated  grounds. — June. — Pe- 
rennial. 

RuMEX  oBTusiFOLTus.  L.  Broad  leaved  Dock. 

Valves  toothed,  one  chiefly  graniferous ;  root  leaves 
heart  shaped,  obtuse;  stem  ronghish.     Sm. 

Grows  in  the  same  places  as  the  last,  but  is  somewhat  later 
in  its  appearance.  Root  more  divided.  Stem  furrowed,  rough 
near  the   top.      Leaves  large,  oblong,  heart-shaped,  obtuse  at 


CLASS  VI.     ORDER  III.  ]53 

the  end;  the  petiole  and  midrib  often  red  on  the  upper  side. 
Calyx  leaves  heart-shaped,  reticulated,  furnished  with  long,  sub- 
ulate teeth,  one  only  bearing  a  full,  distinct  grain. — July. — Pe- 
rennial. 

These  two  species,  originally  from  Europe,  are  among  our 
most  troublesome  weeds. 

*  RuMEx  Pallidus.  White  Dock. 

R.  foliis  lineai^i-lanceolatis,  aciitis ;  spicis  graciU- 
bus  ;  valvulis  ovatis,  integris,  gramim  vix  superaiiii- 
bus. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  spikes  slender ; 
valves  ovate,  entire,  hardly  larger  than  the  grain. 

Stems  numerous,  ascending,  smooth,  round,  slightly  furrowed. 
Leaves  smooth,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  petoled,  more  or  less 
waved  on  the  margin.  Spikes  slender,  owing  to  the  shortness 
of  the  pedicels,  the  largest  with  a  leaf  at  base.  Calyx  linear, 
acute.  Petals  ovate,  obtuse,  erect.  Stamens  six,  anthers  whitish, 
two  lobed.  Styles  three.  Fruit  crowded,  the  valves  ovate,  en- 
tire or  furnished  with  a  single  tooth  at  base,  with  a  large,  white, 
fleshy,  obtuse  grain  nearly  covering  the  back  of  each. — Salt 
marshes. — June. — Perennial. 

First  sent  by  Dr.  Nichols  from  Danvers. 

RuMEx  Britannica.  L.  Yellow  rooted  Water  Dock. 

Valves  very  entire,  all  of  them  graniferons  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  with  obsolete  sheaths. 

A  tall  species  growing  in  deep  mud  in  watery  situations. 
Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  smooth  and  even.  Stem  furrowed,  sur- 
rounded above  the  joints  with  torn  sheaths,  a  character  which 
distinguishes  it  from  Rumex  verticillatus,  another  aquatic  spe- 
cies with  tubular  sheaths.  Valves  of  the  Calyx  large,  heart- 
shaped,  entire,  each  bearing  a  grain. — July. — Perennial. 

Rumex  Acetosella.    L.  Sorrel.     Sheep's  Sorrel. 

Flowers  dioecious,  leaves  lanceolate,  hastate ;  calyx 
valves  without  grains. 


154  '  CLASS  vii.   orders;'!. 

A  common  and  unprofitable  intruder  into  every  species  of 
ground,  but  particularly  such  as  are  dry  and  sandy.  The  root 
leaves  furnish  a  good  example  of  the  halberd  shape  or  hastate 
form.  Flowers  in  panicled  racemes  small,  with  stamens  and 
styles  on  distinct  plants.  Valves  ovate,  entire,  destitute  of 
grains.  The  acid  properties  of  the  plant  are  well  known. — 
May. — Perennial. 

POLYGYNIA. 

170.    ALTSMA. 
Alisma  Plantago;  L.  TVaier  Plantain. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  capsules  obtusely  three  cor- 
nered.    Sm. 

Common  in  small  ponds  and  ditches.  Leaves  radical,  peti- 
oled,  ovate,  acute,  smooth,  nerved,  entire.  Panicle  decompound, 
its  branches  given  off  in  whorls  with  bractes.  Flowers  with 
three  calyx  leaves  and  three  deciduous  petals  of  a  purplish 
white.  Capsules  three  cornered,  obtuse. — June,  July. — Peren- 
nial. 


Class  VII.     HEPTANDRIA.     Seven  stamens. 

Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style. 

171.     Trientalis.       Calyx    seven   leaved ;  corolla 
seven  parted,  equal ;  berry  one  celled  ;  juiceless. 

HEPTANDRIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

171.     TRIENTALIS. 
Trientalis  Americana.     Ph.  American  Trientalis. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate;  petals  acu- 
minate. 
Syn.     Trientalis  Europea.     Mx. 


CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  I.  ;I55 

A  plant  seldom  exceeding  half  a  foot  in  height,  having  its 
leaves  chiefly  in  a  tuft  or  whorl  at  the  top,  with  one  or  more 
white  star-like  blossoms  above.  Leaves  lanceolate,  minutely 
serrate,  shining,  acuminate,  pointed.  Flowers  on  filiform  pedun- 
cles. The  number  of  stamens  and  divisions  of  the  calyx  and 
corolla  is  commonly  seven,  but  often  varies  to  six  or  eight ; 
segments  of  the  calyx  linear.  Petals  ovate,  acuminate. — In  low 
woods,  particularly  among  the  pine  trees  on  Craigie's  road. — 
May,  June. — Perennial. 

On  comparison  of  specimens  I  am  satisfied  that  the  American 
species  is  distinct  from  the  European  in  having  the  leaves 
minutely  serrulate,  and  the  petals  acuminate ;  though  these 
marks  are  not  noticed  by  Pursh. 


Class  YIII.     OCTANDRIA.     Eight  siafuens. 
Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style. 

172.  Epilobium.  Calyx  four  cleft,  tubular,  su- 
perior;  corolla  four  petalled ;  capsule  oblong;  seeds 
feathered. 

173.  CEnothera.  Calyx  four  cleft,  tubular,  supe- 
rior ;  corolla  four  petalled ;  capsule  four  celled,  four 
valved  ;  seeds  naked. 

174.  Rhexia.  Calyx  four  cleft,  inferior;  corolla 
four  petalled;  anthers  curved;  capsule  four  celled, 
in  the  body  of  the  calyx. 

175.  Menziesia.  Calyx  one  leaved;  corolla  mo- 
nopetalous,  ovate;  filaments  inserted  in  the  receptacle; 
capsule  four  celled,  divided  by  the  inflexed  edge  of  the 
valves ;  seeds  numerous. 

176.  DiRCA.  Calyx  none  ;  corolla  tubular,  the  bor- 
der obsolete;  stamens  longer  than  the  tube;  berry 
one  seeded. 

177.  Yaccinium.      Calyx   superior,    four    toothed; 


156  CLASS  VIII.     ORDER  I. 

corolla  monopetalons  ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle ;  berry  four  celled,  many  seeded. 

Order  II.     DIGYNIA.      Tioo  styles. 

178.  Chrysosplenium.  Calyx  four  cleft,  colored ; 
corolla  none;  capsule  two  beaked,  one  celled,  many 
seeded. 

Order  III.      TRIGYNIA.      Three  styles. 

179.  Polygonum.  Calyx  five  parted,  resembling  a 
corolla ;  corolla  none ;  seed  one,  angular,  inclosed  in 
the  calyx ;  stamens  and  pistils  irregular  in  number. 


OCTANDRIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

172.     EPILOBIUM. 
Epilobium  angustifolium.      L,        Spiked  Willow  Herb. 
Leaves  scattered,  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  veiny  ; 
flowers  unequal.     Ait. 

Syn.     Epilobium  spicatum.     Pers.  Muhl. 

A  tall  plant  bearing  a  profusion  of  blue  flowers.  Stem  round, 
erect,  with  alternate  branches  near  the  top.  Leaves  narrow, 
lanceolate,  smooth,  glaucous  underneath,  nearly  sessile.  Racemes 
terminal,  leafless.  Flowers  on  footstalks,  irregular ;  calyx  linear, 
acute  ;  petals  light  bluish  purple,  obovate,  unguiculate,  standing 
on  the  long,  glaucus  or  whitish  germ.  Stamens  unequal,  four 
long  and  four  short,  with  oblong  anthers.  Style  at  first  club 
shaped,  but  at  length  separating  into  four  revolute  branches. 
When  the  pods  are  opening,  the  plant  appears  covered  with  the 
downs  of  the  seeds. — In  woods  and  low  grounds.  A  large  quan- 
tity grows  near  Brighton  new  road. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Epilobium  lineare.     Muhl.  Linear  Willmo  Herb. 

Stem   terete,  pubescent,  branching  at  top;  leaves 
linear,  entire,  revolute  at  the  margin. 


CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  I.  157 

Stem  round,  a  little  downy,  branching.  Leaves  scattered, 
linear,  entire,  revolute  at  the  edge.  Flowers  axillary,  on  short 
stalks.  Germs  downy,  square,  green.  Calyx  leaves  oblong, 
acute.  Petals  inversely  heart  shaped,  white  with  a  reddish 
tinge.     Stigma  capitate. — Moist  woods. — August. — Perennial. 

Epilobium  coloratum.     3IuhL  Colored  Willow  Herh. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  serrulate,  petioled,  opposite,  the 
upper  ones  alternate ;  stem  round,  pubescent. 

A  more  branching  plant  than  the  foregoing.  Stem  erect, 
round,  with  opposite  pubescent  branches.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
glabrous,  their  veins  often  of  a  red  color,  on  short  petioles,  the 
bases  of  which  unite  round  the  stem  in  an  elevated  line.  Flow- 
ers axillary,  purple,  regular,  with  very  long,  linear  germs. — 
Meadows  and  swamps. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

Epilobium  alpinum.     L.  Alpine  Epilobium. 

Stem  simple,  roundish,  one  or  two  flowered;  leaves 
opposite,  elliptical,  entire;  flowers  sessile. 

Leaves  rather  more  ovate  than  in  the  European  plant. — On 
the  White  mountains  of  New  Hampshire. — July. 

173.     CENOTHERA. 
CEnothera  biennis.     L.  Tree  Primrose. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  flat ;  stem  a  little  rugged 
and  villous;  stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla.    Willd. 

The  large,  yellow  flowers  of  this  plant  are  frequently  seen 
overtopping  the  fences  by  which  they  grow,  during  most  of  the 
summer.  In  the  country  it  is  vulgarly  known  by  the  name  of 
Scabish,  a  corruption  probably  of  Scabious,  from  which  however 
it  is  a  very  different  plant.  Stem  from  three  to  five  feet  high, 
rough,  hairy,  and  branching.  Root  leaves  petioled  ;  stem  leaves 
sessile ;  both  pubescent,  slightly  toothed.  Flowers  solitary,  ax- 
illary. Germ  sessile,  four  grooved,  surmounted  by  the  long, 
tubular  calyx,  which  divides  into  four  reflexed  segments;  petals 
large,  roundish,  sometimes  emarginate.     This  plant,  originally 

14 


158  CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  I. 

American,  is   now  naturalized,   and  very  common  throughout 
Europe. — Biennial. 

CEnotiiera  ruMiLA.     L.  Dwarf  Tree  Primrose. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  very  entire,  obtuse ;  capsules 
slightly  pedicelled;  elliptic-obovate,  angjilar.      Willd. 

Stem  oblique  at  base,  ascending,  round,  slender,  about  a  foot 
high.  Leaves  sessile,  blunt.  Flowers  yellow,  small,  nearly  ses- 
sile, in  a  leafy  spike.  Petals  inversely  heart-shaped.  Stamens 
shorter  than  the  coroHa.  Capsules  inversely  ovate,  with  eight 
angles. — Pastures. — Perennial. 

This  plant  is  exactly  the  CE.  pumila  of  Custis'  magazine, 
t  355. 

174.     RHEXTA. 
Rhexia  Virgtnica.     L.  Virginian  Rhexia. 

Stern  with  four  winged  angles;  leaves  sessile, 
oval-lanceolate,  serrate-ciliate,  calyx  with  glandular 
hairs. 

Stem  square  with  membranous  angles.  Leaves  opposite,  oval, 
three  nerved,  with  scattered  hairs  on  both  sides  and  on  the  mar- 
gin. Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  hairy, 
with  four  acute  segnients;  petals  purple  and  finely  contrasted 
with  the  long,  crooked,  yellow  anthers.  Style  declining. — Low 
grounds. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

175.    MENZIESIA. 
Menziesia  ccerulea.     Stcz,  Purple  Menziesia. 

Leaves  scattered,   crowded,  linear,  obtuse,  cartila- 
ginoiisly  denticulate ;  peduncles   terminal,  aggregate, 
one-flowered;  flowers  campanulate,  decandrous ;  ca- 
lyx acute. 
Syn.     Erica  ccerulea.     Willd. 

A  beautiful  alpine  shrub,  resembling  a  heath  in  its  foliage  and 
flowers.  The  leaves  are  not  unlike  those  of  the  fir  tribe.  Pe- 
duncles and  calyx  pubescent.  Calyx  in  five  segments,  purplish, 
oblong-linear,  obtuse.     Corolla  purple,  cylindric-ovate,  divided 


CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  I.  159 

at  the  mouth  into  five  auriculated  emarginate  segments.  Fila- 
ments roundish,  purple,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  inserted  in 
the  receptacle.  Anthers  oblong,  bifid  at  top.  Style  erect,  green, 
as  long  as  the  stamens.  Germ  globular.  Capsule  roundish, 
with  five  longitudinal  depressions,  five  celled,  the  dissepiments 
formed  by  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  valves.  Seeds  oblong 
ovate. — On  the  barren  summit  of  the  White  mountains. — July. 

176.     DIRCA. 
DiRCA  Palustris.  Leather  Wood. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxxvii. 
This  is  an  irregular  shrub,  somewhat  distinguished  by  the 
horizontal  tendency  of  its  branches  and  leaves.  The  branches 
have  an  interrupted  or  jointed  mode  of  growth.  They  are  flexi- 
ble and  exceedingly  strong  and  tough.  Leaves  scattered  or 
alternate,  with  very  short  petioles,  oval,  entire,  subacute,  downy 
when  young;  smooth  and  membranous  when  fully  grown,  and 
pale  on  the  under  side.  The  flowers  appear  much  earlier  than, 
the  leaves.  Previously  to  their  emerging  they  exist  in  minia- 
ture within  a  small  hairy  bud,  which  occupies  a  sheath  or  cavity 
in  the  end  of  each  flowering  branch.  They  are  commonly  in 
bunches  of  three  together  with  their  peduncles  cohering.  Each 
flower  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  of  a  yellow  color  and  without 
calyx.  The  corolla  is  funnel  shap^ed,  with  a  contraction  near 
the  base,  and  another  in  the  middle,  its  border  dilated,  and 
slightly  and  irregularly  toothed.  Stam^ens  eight,  much  longer 
than  the  corolla,  the  alternate  ones  longest,  the  filaments  capil- 
lary and  inserted  into  the  tube  ;  anthers  roundish.  Germ  ovate, 
placed  obliquely,  the  style  appearing  to  issue  from  one  side. 
Style  capillary,  curved,  and  longer  than  the  stamens.  The  fruit 
is  a  small,  oval,  acute,  red,  one-seeded  berry. — Low  woods  and 
marshes  on  Kennebec  river,  also  at  Keene,  New  Hampshire. — 
April  and  May. — Perennial. 

177.     VACCINIUM. 

Vaccinium  resinosum.     L.  JBlack  Whortleherry ^  or 

HucMeberry . 

Racemes  bracted ;    corollas  ovate;  leaves  elliptic, 


1(50  CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  I. 

somewhat  acute,  entire,  deciduous,    sprinkled  with 
resinous  dots  underneath.     Ait. 

The  leaves  of  this  very  common  shrub  are  oval,  the  young 
ones  acute,  the  older  ones  blunt ;  their  under  surface  covered 
with  shining,  adhesive,  resinous  particles.  Flowers  in  lateral 
clusters.  Corolla  five  cornered,  ovate,  contracted  at  the  mouth, 
of  a  dull  reddish  green.  Fruit  globular,  black,  sweet. — Woods 
and  hills. — June. 
Vaccinium  tenellum.  Low  Blueberry. 

Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  shining ;  fas- 
cicles crowded,  snbterminal,  sessile;  corollas  ovate. 

A  low  early  flowering  shrub  upon  hills  and  pastures,  growing 
in  beds  or  bunches.  Leaves  numerous,  broad-lanceolate,  serru- 
late, shining  on  both  sides.  Flowers  in  short,  crowded  clusters. 
Segments  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acuminate,  spreading.  Corolla 
reddish  white,  ovate  cylindrical.  Anthers  included.  Style  as 
long  as  the  corolla.     Berries  early,  large,  blue,  eatable. — May. 

Vaccinium  corymbosum.  Blue  Bilberry. 

Leaves  oblong-oval,  rather  smooth  ;  racemes  sub- 
sessile  ;  corollas  cylindrical ;  style  subexserted. 
Syn.    V.  AMCENUM.     Ait. 

This  shrub  is  six  or  seven  feet  or  more  in  height  when  full 
grown,  though  it  flowers  when  of  but  small  size.  The  bark  of 
the  young  twigs  is  of  a  light  green  or  purplish,  minutely  dotted 
with  while.  Leaves  at  flowering  time  generally  about  half 
grown,  pale  green  or  purplish,  oblong,  acute,  nearly  entire,  per- 
fectly smooth  on  both  sides,  or  with  the  veins  hairy  underneath. 
Flower  in  short-nodding  racemes  or  corymbs  with  smooth  pedi- 
cels, very  numerous,  large  and  white.  Segments  of  the  calyx 
rather  acute,  with  a  glaucous  cast.  Corolla  oval  or  cylindrical, 
contracted  at  the  mouth,  with  spreading  segments.  Filaments 
hairy,  anthers  included,  long  awned.  Style  slightly  exserted. 
Berries  large,  covered  with  blue  powder,  acid  and  sweet. — 
Swamps. — May. 

The  flowers  are  acid,  and  contain  much  honey. 


CLASS  VIII.     ORDER  I.  jgj 

This  is  our  common  large  bilberry.  It  differs  from  V.  corym- 
bosum  of  Pursh,  in  having  a  glaucous  fruit  and  some  other  marks 
of  less  importance.  As  a  variety  it  may  be  called  glaucocarpum. 
The  V.  coryrabosum  of  Elliott,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  awn- 
less  anthers,  seems  a  different  species. 

Vacinium  disomorphum.  Mz.  Black  Bilberr-i/. 

Leaves  oblong-oval,  acute ;  clusters  bracted  with 
scales;  calyx  obtuse;  corolla  ovate. 

Shrub  about  five  feet  high,  its  twigs  reddish  or  ash  colored. 
The  leaves,  which  hardly  begin  to  unfold  until  flowering  time, 
are  oval,  acuminate,  nearly  entire,  quite  hairy  underneath. 
Flowers  small,  in  very  short  racemes,  with  green  or  purplish 
peduncles.  Calyx  segments  obtuse.  Corolla  ovate,  white  with 
a  reddish  cast,  contracted  at  the  mouth.  Anthers  included. 
Style  exserted.  Berries  small,  polished  black,  crowned  with  the 
erect  cylindrical  calyx. — Swamps. — May. 

This  species  resembles  the  preceding  in  its  general  habit,  size, 
and  places  of  growth.  Its  flowers  and  fruit  are  about  half  the 
size,  and  its  calyx  obtuse.  In  fruit  the  calyx  becomes  more 
acute  and  remarkably  long.  I  have  preferred  applying  the  name 
of  Michaux  to  the  present  species,  rather  than  introduce  new 
names  into  this  uncertain  and  variable  genus. 

Vaccinium  hirtellum.  Ait.  Hairy  WJiertlehtrry . 

Hairy  ;  leaves  obovate  oblong,  entire  ;  racemes 
long,  bracted  ;  corollas  angular,  campanulate ;  fruit 
hispid. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  or  wedge  shaped  and  acute,  entire,  mu- 
cronate,  ciliate,  hairy,  shining  above,  covered  with  resinous  dots 
underneath.  Racemes  long,  hairy,  erect.  Each  pedicel  proceeds 
from  the  axil  of  an  oval  leafet  or  bracte,  and  is  furnished  about 
its  middle  with  from  one  to  three  bracteolse.  Calyx  hairy  with 
half  ovate  segments.  Corolla  large,  white,  globular  or  bell- 
shaped,  remarkable  for  its  distinct,  five  angled  form,  its  segments 
a  little  recurved.  Anthers  included.  Style  as  long  as  the  corolla. 
Berry  hairy,  black,  watery  and  insipid. — In  the  edge  of  Richards' 

pond,  Brookline. — June. 
14# 


X52  CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  I. 

Very  nearly  allied  to  V.  dumomm  of  Pursh,  and  perhaps  only  a 
variety.  Its  aquatic  growth  and  hirsute  berries,  which  I  do  not 
find  mentioned  by  American  botanists,  have  led  me  to  separate 
it  from  that  species,  with  which  it  is  usually  considered  synony- 
mous. 
Vaccinium  virgatum.  Mulil.  Blue  Whortlelerry. 

Leaves  elliptical,  acute,  smooth,  serrulate  or  entire; 
flowering  branches  elongated,  with  sessile  racemes; 
corollas  oval. 

Bark  of  the  twigs  generally  of  a  yellowish  green  color  and 
warty.  Leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  oval,  entire,  or  slightly 
serrulate,  of  a  pale  green  inclining  to  glaucous.  Flowers  in 
short  racemes  on  the  ends  of  the  twigs  which  project  beyond  the 
leaves.  Segments  of  the  calyx  rather  obtuse,  thin  and  spreading. 
Corolla  oval  with  acute  reflexed  segments.  Style  as  long  as  the 
corolla.  The  calyx  turns  blue  in  drying.  Berries  large,  cov- 
ered with  blue  powder  very  sweet,  and  commonly  known  by 
the  name  of  blue  huckleberries. — Dry  woods  and  woody  hills. — 
June. 

This  is  the  V.  virgatum  of  Muhlenberg,  though  probably  not 
of  Pursh. 
Vaccinium  frondosum.  L.  Late  Whortleberry. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  glaucous 
beneath  with  minute,  resinous  dots  ;  racemes  loose, 
bracted  ;  pedicels  filiform ;  corolla  globose-campanu- 
late ;   anthers  inchided. 

Distinguished  by  its  loose  mode  of  flowering,  the  pedicels  be- 
ing very  long  and  slender,  with  small  lanceolate  bractes.  Flow- 
ers short,  campanulate,  about  half  as  long  as  those  of  V.  resino- 
sum.  The  leaves  under  a  magnifier  exhibit  small  resinous  dots 
on  their  lower  surface.  Berries  large,  bluish,  sweet,  few  in 
number  and  ripening  with  us  later  than  the  other  species. — Low 
woods,  Cambridge. — June. 

Vaccinium  stamineum.      L.        Green  Whortleherry .   Deer 

Berry. 

Leaves  oval,  acute,  entire,  glaucous  beneath;  pedi- 


CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  I.  163 

eels  solitary,  axillary,  filiform ;  corollas  spreading- 
campanulate ;  anthers  exserted,  awned  on  the  back  ; 
fruit  ^yriform. 

Leaves  large,  mostly  smooth,  those  of  the  flowering  twigs 
much  smaller.  Pedicels  long  and  slender.  Corolla  white  and 
very  open,  with  the  anthers  projecting  far  beyond  it,  a  character 
which  distinguishes  it  from  the  other  species  here  described. 
Style  longer  than  the  stamens.  The  berries  which  I  have  not 
seen  are  said  to  be  greenish  white. — Grows  in  the  western  parts 
of  the  state. — June. 

*  Vaccinium  uliginosum,  ^  alpinum.     Mountain  Whortle- 
berry. 

V.  procmnbens ;  foliis  obovatis^  integris  ;  floribus 
siibsolitariis  ;  baccis  oblotigis,  stylo  coronatis. 

Procumbent ;  leaves  obovate,  entire ;  flowers  sub- 
solitary  ;   berries  oblong,  crowned  with  the  style. 

Stem  procumbent,  growing  to  the  size  of  the  finger.  Leaves 
small,  obovate,  roundish-obtuse,  entire,  smooth  both  sides,  pale 
above,  glaucous  and  reticulated  beneath.  Flowers  single  or  ia 
pairs,  nearly  sessile.  Segments  of  calyx  obtuse,  corolla  ovate, 
short,  ending  in  four  or  five  revolute  segments.  Anthers  about 
eight,  included,  two  horned.  Style  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
Berries  oblong,  deep  blue,  crowned  with  the  connivent  calyx 
and  persistent  style. — On  the  alpine  tops  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains. Moose  Hillock,  Camel's  Rump,  and  the  White  mountains. 
— The  leaves  vary  to  oblong  and  orbicular. 

This  little  shrub  resembles  V.  uliginosum  of  Europe,  and  is 
probably  a  variety.  Externally  the  fruit  resembles  in  shape  that 
of  Gaultheria  procumbens. 

Vaccinium  Vitis  Id^a.     L.  Coic  Berry. 

Stem  creeping;   leaves  evergreen,  obovate,  denticu- 
late, revohUe,  dotted  underneath ;  racemes  terminal 
nodding. 

This  plant  has  some  resemblance  to  the  common  cranberry, 
but  is  larger.    Stem  creeping  with  herbaceous,  angular  branches. 


164  CLASS  VIII.     ORDER  II. 

Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  shining,  dotted  beneath,  revolute  at 
the  edge,  obsoletely  serrulate.  Flowers  campanulate-cylindrical, 
reddish,  four-cleft.  Berries  red,  acid.— On  the  Monadnock  and 
other  mountains.     In  Danvers,  Mr.  Oakes. — June. 

Subi^cnus  OxYcoccus.     Corolla  four  parted  with  linear y  revolute 
segments. 
Vaccinium  macrocarpon.     Ait,  Craneherry^, 

Leaves  evergreen,  entire,  oval-oblong,  obtuse ;  stems 
filiform,  creeping.     Ait.  abr. 
Syn.     Vaccinium  oxtcoccus  ohlongifolius.    Mich. 

The  craneberry  vine  spreads  in  large  beds  at  the  bottom  of  the 
grass  in  boggy  meadows.  Stems  slender,  creeping.  Leaves 
numerous,  small,  dark  above,  whitish  underneath.  Flower 
stalks  axillary,  slender;  corollas  white,  their  segments  long  and 
reflexed.  Anthers  projecting.  The  fruit  is  large,  and  esteemed 
superior  to  the  European  craneberry.— Perennial. 

Vaccinium  oxycoccus.     L.  European  Cranberry. 

Leaves  evergreen,  ovate,   acute,   entire,    revolute, 
stems  filiform,  creeping. 
Syn.     Oxycoccus  vulgaris,  Pers. 

This  plant  is  common  to  the  northern  parts  of  both  conti- 
nents, and  is  mentioned  by  most  American  botanists.  It  con- 
siderably resembles  the  preceding,  but  is  smaller  with  ovate, 
acute  leaves,  reddish  flowers  and  smaller  fruit. — In  Massachu- 
setts.  Hitchcock. 

DIGYNIA. 

178.     CHRYSOSPLENIUM. 

Chrysosplenium  oppositifolium.    L.    Golden  Saxifrage. 

Leaves  opposite,  roundish,  narrowed  to  a  petiole, 
slightly  crenate. 
Syn.     Chrysosplenium  Americanum.     Hooker. 

A  small,  early,  smooth  plant  in  wet  places.  Stem  quadrangu- 
lar. Leaves  opposite,  sometimes  single,  reniform,  crenate.  Seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  four,  roundish-rhomboidal  of  a  green  color 


CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  III.  165 

marked  with  purple.  Anthers  scarlet  before  opening.  Nectary 
a  dark,  purplish,  elevated  ring,  growing  to  the  corolla,  and  sur- 
rounding the  two  conical  germs.  The  terminal  flower  is  often 
decandrous.  Considered  by  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker  as  a  distinct  spe- 
cies from  the  European,  from  its  different  size  and  habit,  and 
from  its  flowers  not  being  corymbed. — Wet  places. — April,  May. 
— Perennial. 

TRIGYNIA. 

179.    POLYGONUM. 
Polygonum  aviculare.     L.  Knot  Grass. 

Stem  procumbent,  herbaceous ;  leaves  lance-oval ; 
flowers  axillary,  subsessile,  with  eight  stamens  and 
three  styles.  . 

A  hardy  weed  growing  every  where,  and  even  common  among 
the  bricks  and  paving  stones.  Stem  slender,  spreading,  striated, 
interrupted  with  frequent  joints,  branching;  the  joints  furnished 
with  short  stipules.  Leaves  oblong-oval,  smooth.  Flowers 
minute,  white,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. — All  summer. — Pe-- 
rennial. 
Polygonum  tenue.     Mx,  Slender  Polygonum. 

Leaves  linear,  straight,  acuminate;  sheaths  tubu- 
lar,  villous    at   top ;  stem  slender,    erect,  branched, 
acute  angled ;  flowers  alternate,  subsolitary. 
Syn.    Polygonum  linifolium.     Miihl, 

A  small  erect  species  with  scattered,  axillary,  nearly  sessile 
flowers. — Dry  soils. — July. — Annual. 
Polygonum  hydropiper.     L.  Water  Pepper. 

Stamens  from  six  to  eight;  styles  two,  half  united  ; 
leaves   lanceolate,   spotless,    waved ;    spike   filiform, 
nodding;  stem  erect. 
%n.     Polygonum  hydropiperoides.    Pursh. 
Polygonum  punctatum.     Ell. 

Well  known  for  its  intense  acrimony.     Leaves  lanceolate, 


166  CLASS  VIII.    ORDER  III. 

chiefly  smooth,  with  pellucid  points.  Stipules  loose,  glabrous, 
fringed  with  hairs  at  top.  Spikes  of  flowers,  slender  and  nod- 
ding. Michaux  observed  eight,  and  never  less  than  seven  sta- 
mens in  this  plant  in  America. — Rubbish  in  low  grounds,  ditches, 
&c. — August,  September. — Annual. 

It  appears  perfectly  similar  to  the  European  plant,  which  is 
punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  and  varies  from  six  to  eight  stamens. 
See  Rees'  Cyclopedia,  &c. 
Polygonum  hydropiperoides.     Mx.     Hairy  Polygonum. 

Stamens  eight,  styles  three,  half  imited;  stipules 
hairy  and  ciliate ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  some- 
what hairy;  spikes  linear,  weak;  bractes  stibimbri- 
cate,  ciliate. 

This  plant,  which  is  occasionally  found  about  Boston  in  low 
grounds,  is  not  the  P.  hydropiperoides  of  Pursh,  nor  P.  mite  of 
Elliott.  The  whole  stem  is  hairy  and  branched,  and  the  spikes 
numerous.  The  rest  agrees  exactly  with  Michaux's  description, 
except  that  the  flowers,  as  far  as  I  have  observed,  have  fewer 
stamens. — July. 

Polygonum  Persicaria.     L.  Spotted  Polygonum. 

Stamens  six  ;  styles  two,  half  united  ;  spikes  ovate- 
oblong,  erect ;  peduncles  smooth ;  stipules  ciliate. 
Curt. 

This  plant  is  without  acrimony.  Leaves  spreading,  lanceo- 
late, acute,  and  commonly  marked  with  a  dark  spot,  somewhat 
heart-shaped,  in  the  centre.  Stipules  tubular,  short,  ciliated  at 
top.  Spikes  terminal,  on  smooth  footstalks,  erect,  oblong. 
Flowers  rose  colored. — In  the  same  soils  as  the  last. — July, 
August. — Annual. 

Polygonum  viviparum.     L.  Alpine  Polygonum. 

Stem  simple,  one  spiked;  leaves  lanceolate,  revo- 
lute  at  the  edge. 

A  small  species  with  a  few  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  a 
slender  spike  which  generally  bears  stem  bulbs  at  its  lower 
part. — On  the  White  mountains,  New  Hampshire. — July. 


CLASS  VIII.     ORDER  III.  1^7 

Polygonum  Virginicum.  Virgated  Polygonum. 

Flowers  pentandrons,  digynous,  Tineqnal,  leaves 
broad-oval;  spikes  virgated  with  remote  flowers. 

This  species  is  distinguished  by  its  very  long,  virgated,  flow- 
ering branches.  Stem  two  or  three  feet  high,  somewhat  hairy. 
Sheaths  hairy,  ciliate,  entire  or  split.  Leaves  on  short  petioles, 
ovate  lanceolate,  acuminate.  Peduncles  or  flowering  branches 
often  a  foot  long.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  scattered,  with  gen- 
erally five  stamens.  Seed  compressed,  tipt  with  the  deflected 
cloven  style. — Woods. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Polygonum  amphibium.  L.  Amphibious  Polygonum. 

Stamens  five,  styles  tvva,  half  united  ;  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute,  rough  at  the  edge  ;  spike 
cylindrical. 

Syn  Polygonum  amphibium.  /9.  emersum.  Mx. 

Distinct  from  the  following  species  by  its  leaves,  which  are 
generally  lanceolate,  though  sometimes  rounded  at  base,  the 
edges  ciliate-serrulate,  so  as  to  feel  rough,  the  veins  also  having 
sometimes  the  same  character.  Stem  fleshy,  decumbent,  root- 
ing. Sheaths  tubular,  smooth,  entire,  the  lower  ones  sometimes 
ragged  or  ciliate.  Spike  solitary,  terminal,  at  first  ovate,  at 
length  cylindrical.  Flowers  large,  rose  colored. — Borders  of 
ponds  and  ditches,  growing  above  water. — August. — Perennial. 

It  agrees  perfectly  with  European  specimens. 

Polygonum  coccineum.    Willd.  Floating  Polygonum. 

Stamens  five,  slides  two,  half  united;  leaves  ob- 
long, smooth  throughout,  lucid;  spike  cylindrical. 
Syn.     Polygonum  amphibium.  a.  natans.     Mx. 

A  more  perfectly  aquatic  species  than  the  last,  better  distin- 
guished from  it  by  the  entire  smoothness  of  its  leaves  than 
by  the  characters  usually  given.  Stem  rooting  at  the  joints. 
Leaves  mostly  floating,  green  and  shining  above,  purplish  be- 
neath, without  hairs,  commonly  oblong  and  obtuse  at  both  ends 
sometimes  hearted  at  base  and  subacute.  Sheaths  entire,  the 
lower  ones  sometimes  ragged.     Spike  terminal,  ovate   by  the 


158  CLASS  VIII.     ORDER  III. 

expanding  of  the  lower  flowers  first,  at  length  cylindrical.    Flow- 
ers rose  colored. — In  deep  waters. — August. — Perennial. 

Polygonum  articulatum.  L.  Jointed  Polygonum. 

Stamens  eight,  styles  three ;  spikes  panicled,  fili- 
form;  flowers  solitary,  pedunculated;  bractes  imbri- 
cate, truncate  ;  leaves  linear. 

A  delicate,  erect  species,  with  numerous  spikes.  Stem  straight, 
slender,  branching,  with  truncated  sheathes.  Leaves  small, 
linear.  The  spikes  are  jointed  by  a  succession  of  imbricate 
sheathing  bractes,  from  each  of  which  proceeds  a  capillary,  nod- 
ding peduncle,  bearing  a  handsome,  reddish  white  flower. — Dry 
hills  and  pastures. — August. — Annual. 

Polygonum  sagittatum.  Ij,  Scratch  Grass. 

Stem  prickly  backward;  leaves  sagittate;  flowers 
in  heads,  with  eight  stamens  and  three  styles.    Mich. 

Stem  slender,  four  angled,  the  angles  rough  backward  with 
small  prickles.  Leaves  arrow-shaped,  oblong,  on  short  petioles, 
the  petiole  and  mid  rib  rough  backward.  Flowers  in  small  heads 
on  the  ends  of  the  branches,  white  or  purplish. — Wet  ground. — 
July. — Annual. 

Polygonum  arifolium.  L.  Hastate  Polygonum. 

Stem  prickly  backward ;  leaves  hastate ;  spikes 
few  flowered,  flowers  distinct,  with  six  stamens  and 
two  styles,     Mich. 

Stem  as  in  the  last.  Leaves  halberd-shaped,  twice  as  large  as 
the  last,  thin  and  tender.  The  stem  terminates  with  a  few  sep- 
arate, pale,  reddish  flowers. — Found  in  a  marshy  spot  near  Mount 
Auburn,  Cambridge. — June,  July. — Annual. 

Polygonum  convolvulus.  L.  Black  Bindiaeed. 

Leaves  heart-arrow  shaped  ;  stem  twining  angular; 
segments  of  the  calyx  bluntly  keeled.     Sni. 

Stem  twining,  climbing  on  other  plants.  Leaves  alternate, 
petioled,  heart-shaped,  with  the  hinder  lobes  acute.  Branches 
axillary.     Flowers  in  terminal,  interrupted  spikes  whitish,  the 


CLASS  IX.    ORDER  I.  I59 

three  principal  segments  of  the  calyx  furnished  with  a  keel,  but 
not  winged.  Flowers  all  summer  in  waste  and  cultivated 
ground. — Annual. 

Polygonum  scandens.     L.  Climbing  Polygonum, 

Leaves  heart  shaped  ;  stem  twining,  angular ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  winged. 

Stem  smooth,  climbing.  Leaves  petioled,  heart  shaped,  with 
a  deep  sinus,  acuminate.  Branches  axillary.  Flowers  in  long 
leafy  racemes.  Calyx  much  larger  than  in  the  last  species,  with 
three  broad,  membranous  expansions,  corresponding  to  the  an- 
gles of  the  seed. — Cambridge. — August. — Perennial. 

Polygonum  cilinode.     Mx.  Running  Polygonum, 

Leaves  heart  shaped ;  stipules  subacute,  ciliate  at 
base,  stem  angular,  running  or  climbing,  roughish  '^ 
calyx  obtusely  carinate. 

Stem  purplish,  running  or  twining,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  each 
joint;  calyx  of  the  fruit  without  wings. — About  woods,  &c. — 
July,  August. — Annual. 

Polygonum  fagopyrum.     L.  Buckwheat. 

Racemes  panicled,  stem  erect,  unarmed ;  leaves 
heart  sagittate,  angles  of  the  seed  equal. 

Common  buckwheat  is  sure  to  remain  as  a  weed  about  lands 
where  it  has  been  cultivated. — June. — Annual. 


Class  IX.     ENNEANDRIA.     Nine  stamens. 
Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style. 

180.  Laurus.  Calyx  none;  corolla  six  parted,  re- 
sembling a  calyx;  nectary  three  glands,  surround- 
ing the  germ,  each  ending  in  two  bristles ;  inner  fila- 
ments with  two  glands  each ;  drupe  one  seeded. 

15 


170  CLASS  IX.    ORDER  I. 

ENNEANDRIA. 
310N0GYNIA. 

180.     LAURUS. 
§  Subgenus  Euosmus.      Polygamous   or    dicecious.      Six  cor- 
puscles  instead  of  the  nectary. 

Laurus  Benzoin.     L.  Fever  Bush.     Spice  Wood. 

Leaves  obovate,  entire,  annual ;  flowers  dioecious. 
Syn.    Laurus  Pseudo-benzoin.     Mich. 

An  aromatic  shrub  with  a  flavor  resembling  Benzoin.  Early 
in  May,  before  the  leaves  are  fully  expanded,  it  puts  forth  small 
sessile  umbels  of  pale  greenish  flowers.  Calyx  of  six  oblong 
segments.  Stamens  nine,  six  exterior  and  three  interior,  sepa- 
rated by  six  short  clavate  bodies  resembling  the  filaments  with- 
out anthers.  The  leaves  are  oval  or  inversely  ovate,  acute  at 
base,  slightly  acuminate,  nearly  smooth,  pale  underneath,  and 
somewhat  pubescent.  Berries  red.  It  grows  in  low  situations 
at  Brighton  and  elsewhere,  but  it  is  not  very  common  in  the  en- 
virons of  Boston. 

Laurus  Sassafras.     L.  Sassafras  Tree, 

Leaves  diciduous,  entire^  and  lobed ;  flowers  di- 
oecious.    Mich. 

In  favorable  situations  the  Sassafras  rises  into  a  pretty  large 
tree.  The  bark  of  the  young  twigs  is  smooth  and  green.  The 
leaves  are  partly  oval,  and  partly  in  two  or  three  large  lobes,  en- 
tire on  their  margin,  and  downy  underneath.  The  oval  ones 
appear  first.  Flowers  greenish  yellow,  appearing  in  May  and 
June  in  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  last  year's  shoots.  Bractes 
linear,  pubescent.  Petals  oblong,  obtuse.  Stamens  in  the  per- 
fect flowers  six.  Style  much  longer  than  the  stamens.  Germ 
globular.  The  barren  flowers  are  more  umbelled  with  longer 
stamens,  six  exterior  and  three  interior,  with  six  glandular  cor- 
puscles at  base.     Fruit  oval,  blue,  on  fleshly  incrassated  stalks. 

The  whole  of  the  Sassafras  tree  has  a  strong,  spicy  flavor, 
which  is  most  powerful  in  the  bark  of  the  root.    The  young 


CLASS  X.    ORDER  I.  171 

twigs,  and  especially  the  pith,  abound  in  mucilage.  When  first 
Introduced  into  Europe  it  acquired  great  medicinal  reputation, 
and  was  sold  at  the  high  price  of  fifty  livres  per  pound.  An 
express  treatise  entitled  Sassafrasologia  was  written  to  celebrate 
its  virtues.  Its  properties  however  appear  to  be  those  which  are 
common  to  other  warm  aromatics. 

Class  X.  DECANDRTA.  Ten  stamens. 

Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style, 

A.  Flowers  monopetalous. 

181.  EpiGiEA.  Calyx  double ;  the  outer  three  leaved, 
the  inner  five  parted ;  corolla  salver  shaped  ;  capsule 
five  celled. 

182.  Gaultheria.  Calyx  double ;  the  outer  two 
leaved,  the  inner  five  cleft ;  corolla  ovate ;  capsule 
five  celled,  covered  by  the  inner  calyx,  which  becomes 
similar  to  a  berry. 

183.  Arbutus.  Calyx  five  parted ;  corolla  ovate, 
pellucid  at  the  base  ;  berry  superior,  five  celled. 

184.  Andromeda.  Calyx  five  parted ;  corolla  ovate ; 
capsule  superior,  five  celled,  the  partitions  from  the 
middle  of  the  valves. 

185.  Rhododendron.  Calyx  five  parted ;  corolla 
somewhat  funnel  form ;  stamens  declined ;  capsule 
five  celled. 

186.  Kalmia.  Calyx  five  parted ;  corolla  salver 
shaped,  with  ten  prominences  underneath,  and  the 
border  five  horned ;  capsule  five  celled.  ♦ 

B.  Flowers  many  petalled. 

187.  PoDALYRiA.  Corolla  papilionaceous ;  keel  com- 
pressed, somewhat  longer  than  the  banner;  legume 
inflated,  many  seeded. 

188.  Cassia.     Corolla  unequal,  five  petalled;  three 


172  CLASS  X.    ORDER  I. 

upper  anthers  barren,  three  lower  ones  beaked ;  loment 
flat. 

189.  Rhodora.  Calyx  five  toothed ;  corolla  three 
petalledj  unequal  ;  stamens  declined  ;  capsule  five 
celled. 

190.  Ledum.  Calyx  minute,  five  toothed  ;  corolla 
flat,  five  parted ;  capsule  five  celled,  opening  at  base. 

191.  Clethra.  Calyx  five  leaved  ;  petals  five  ; 
stigma  three  parted  ;  capsule  three  celled,  three 
valved. 

192.  Pyrola.  Calyx  five  leaved  ;  petals  five ;  cap- 
sule superior,  opening  at  the  angles,  many  seeded. 

193.  MoNOTROPA.  Calyx  none  ;  petals  ten,  the  five 
outer  ones  gibbons  at  the  base  ;  capsule  five  valved  ; 
a  fifth  part  of  the  fructification  often  wanting. 

Order  II.     DIGYNIA,      Two  styles, 

194.  Sgleranthus.  Calyx  five  cleft,  inferior;  corolla 
none  ;  seeds  two,  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

195.  Saxifraga.  Calyx  five  parted;  corolla  five 
petalled  ;  capsule  two  beaked,  one  celled  ;  many 
seeded. 

196.  Tiarella.  Calyx  five  parted ;  petals  five, 
entire,  inserted  on  the  calyx ;  capsule  one  celled,  two 
valved,  one  valve  largest. 

197.  MiTELLA.  Calyx  five  cleft;  petals  five,  pinna- 
tifid,  inserted  on  the  calyx ;  capsule  one  celled,  two 
valved ;  valves  equal. 

198.  Saponaria.  Calyx  tubular,  naked;  petals 
five,  with  claws;  capsule  oblong,  one  celled. 

199.  DiAMTHUs.  Calyx  tubular  with  scales  at  the 
base;  petals  five,  with  claws;  capsule  cylindrical, 
superior,  one  celled. 


CLASS  X.    ORDER  I.  I73 

Order  111,     TRIGYNIA.     Three  styles, 

200.  Arenaria.  Calyx  five  leaved,  spreading; 
petals  five,  entire ;  capsule  superior,  one  celled,  many 
seeded. 

201.  Stellaria.  Calyx  five  leaved,  spreading; 
petals  five,  deeply  cloven;  capsule  superior,  one 
celled,  many  seeded. 

202.  SiLENE.  Calyx  one  leafed,  swelling;  petals 
five,  with  claws,  crowned  at  the  mouth ;  capsule  su- 
perior, three  celled,  many  seeded. 

203.  CucuBALUs.  Calyx  one  leafed,  inflated ;  petals 
five  with  claws,  not  crowned;  capsule  superior,  three 
celled. 

Order  N.     PENTAGYNIA,     Five  styles, 

204.  Penthorum.  Calyx  five  or  ten  cleft;  petals 
five  or  none ;  capsule  five  celled,  five  beaked. 

205.  Cerastium.  Calyx  five  leaved ;  petals  five, 
cloven ;  capsule  superior,  one  celled,  ten  toothed. 

206.  Spergula.  Calyx  five  leaved;  petals  ^vq^ 
undivided ;  capsule  superior,  ovate,  one  celled,  five 
valved. 

207.  Agrostemma.  Calyx  one  leaved;  tubular, 
five  cleft ;  petals  five,  unguiculate,  limb  obtuse,  undi- 
vided ;  capsule  one  celled,  opening  with  five  teeth, 

Order  VI.     DECAGYNIA.      Ten  styles. 

208.  Phytolacca.  Calyx  five  leaved,  resembling 
a  corolla  ;  corolla  none  ;  berry  superior,  ten  seeded. 


15=^ 


X74  CLASS  X.    ORDER  I. 

DECANDRTA. 
MONOGYNIA. 

181.     EPIG-^A. 
EpiGiEA  REPENs.     L.  Grouud  Laurel. 

Leaves  heart-ovate,  entire ;  corollas  cylindrical. 
Siv. 

Stem  woody,  trailing,  hairy.  Leaves  alternate,  oblong,  heart- 
ed at  base,  hairy  and  rough,  with  hairy  petioles.  Flowers  fra- 
grant, purple,  flesh  colored,  or  white,  in  terminal  or  axillary 
bunches,  of  from  two  to  six,  on  very  short  hairy  peduncles.  Ca- 
lyx double.  Corolla  salver  shaped,  longer  than  the  calyx,  hairy 
within.  Filaments  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  hairy  ; 
anthers  oblong.  Germ  ovate,  hairy;  style  straight;  stigma  with 
five  points. — In  woods,  Gloucester. — April,  May. 

182.    GAULTHERIA. 
Gaultheria  procumbens.  Partridge  Berry, 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxii. 

Stem  prostrate  with  branches  ascending.  Leaves 
in  a  terminal  tuft,  obovate  with  a  few  ciliate  serra- 
tiires.     Flowers  axillary. 

The  stem,  or  as  it  might  be  called  root,  of  this  plant  is  hori- 
zontal, woody,  often  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  The 
branches  are  ascending,  but  a  few  inches  high,  round,  and  some- 
what downy.  Leaves  scattered,  near  the  extremities  of  the 
branches,  evergreen,  coriaceous,  shining,  oval  or  obovate,  acute 
at  both  ends,  revolute  at  the  edge,  and  furnished  with  a  few 
small  serratures,  each  terminating  in  a  bristle.  Flowers  axillary, 
drooping,  on  round  downy  stalks.  Outer  calyx  of  two  concave 
heart  shaped  leafets,  which  may  perhaps  with  more  propriety 
be  called  bracles.  Inner  calyx  monophyllous,  white,  cleft  into 
five  roundish  subacute  segments.  Corolla  white,  urceolate,  five 
angled,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  the  border  divided  into  five  short, 
reflexed  segments.  Filaments  white,  hairy,  bent  in  a  simicircular 
manner  to  accommodate  themselves  to  the  cavity  between  the 


CLASS  X.    ORDER  I.  175 

corolla  and  the  germ.  Anthers  oblong,  orange  colored,  ending 
in  two  double  horns,  bursting  outwardly,  for  their  whole  length 
above  the  filaments,  and  not  opening  by  pores  as  in  Pyrola. 
Pollen  white.  Germ  roundish,  depressed,  five  angled,  resting  on 
a  reddish,  ten  toothed,  glandular  ring.  Style  erect,  straight. 
Stigma  simple,  moist.  The  fruit  is  a  small,  five  celled  capsule, 
invested  with  the  calyx,  which  becomes  large,  round,  and  fleshy, 
having  the  appearance  of  a  bright  scarlet  berry. — Dry  woods. — 
May  and  August. — Perennial. 

The  leaves  have  a  well  known  agreeable  spicy  taste. 

Gaultheria  hispidula.     Bluhl.  Creeping  Gaultheria, 

Stem  creeping,  hispid;  leaves  roundish  oval,  acute, 
flowers  solitary,  axillary,  subsessile,  octandrous;  co- 
rollas short-bell  shaped. 

Syn.     Vaccinium  hispidulum.     Mx. 

Stems  creeping,  filiform,  woody,  hispid  with  appressed  bristles. 
Leaves  evergreen,  small,  roundish  oval,  rather  acute,  with  scat- 
tered hairs.  Flowers  solitary,  on  recurved  peduncles,  with  two 
concave  bractes.  Calyx  in  four  acute  segments.  Corolla  cam- 
panulate,  somewhat  quadrangular,  ending  in  four  subacute  seg- 
ments.— A  delicate  evergreen  growing  close  to  the  ground  in  old 
woods  in  various  interior  parts  of  the  state. — May,  June. 

The  taste  of  the  leaves  precisely  resembles  that  of  G.  pro- 
cumbens. 

183.    ARBUTUS. 

Arbutus  Uva  Ursi.  Bear  Berry. 

Stem  procumbent ;  leaves  entire.     L. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  vi. 
This  is  a  shrubby  plant,  which  trails  upon  the  ground,  putting 
out  roots  from  the  principal  stems,  and  tending  upward  with  the 
young  shoots  only.  The  cuticle  is  deciduous,  and  peels  off  from 
the  old  stems.  Leaves  scattered,  obovate,  acute  at  base,  attached 
by  short  petioles,  coriaceous,  evergreen,  glabrous,  shining  above, 
paler  beneath,  entire,  the  margin  rounded,  but  scarcely  reflexed, 
in  the  young  ones  pubescent.  Flowers  in  a  short  cluster  on  the 
ends  of  the   branches.     Peduncles  reflexed,  furnished  at  base 


176  CLASS  X.    ORDER  I. 

with  a  short  acute  bracte  underneath,  and  two  minute  ones 
at  the  sides.  Calyx  of  five  roundish  segments,  of  a  reddish 
color  and  persistent.  Corolla  ovate  or  urceolate,  white  with  a 
reddish  tinge,  transparent  at  base,  contracted,  at  the  mouth, 
hairy  inside,  with  five  short  reflexed  segments.  Stamens  in- 
serted at  the  base  of  the  corolla  with  hairy  filaments,  and  an- 
thers with  two  horns  and  two  pores  in  each.  Germ  round ;  style 
straight,  longer  than  the  stamens ;  stigma  simple.  Nectary  a 
black  indented  ring,  situated  below  the  germ,  and  remaining  till 
the  fruit  is  ripe.  Berries  globular,  depressed,  of  a  deep  red, 
approaching  scarlet,  containing  an  insipid  mealy  pulp,  and  about 
five  seeds,  which  in  the  American  plant  cohere  strongly  together, 
so  as  to  appear  like  the  nucleus  of  a  drupe. — On  the  summit  of 
Blue  hills,  Milton,  and  elsewhere. — May,  June. — Perennial. 
The  leaves  are  astringent  and  medicinal, 

184.     ANDROMEDA. 

Andromeda  hypnoides.     L.  Mossy  Andromeda. 

Stems  filiform,  spreading ;  leaves  acerose,  crowded ; 

peduncles  solitary  ;  flowers  campanulate. 

This  truly  delicate  and  beautiful  Andromeda  is  a  native  of  the 
northernmost  regions  of  both  continents.  It  grows  on  the  sum- 
mits of  the  White  mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  the  only  lo- 
cality which  to  ray  knowledge  it  inhabits  within  the  United 
States.  The  root  and  lower  part  of  the  stem  are  woody  and 
firm.  The  branches  numerous,  filiform  and  spreading.  Leaves 
very  short,  sessile,  subulate,  crowded  so  as  to  conceal  the  stem, 
evergreen.  Peduncles  solitary,  from  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
elongated,  erect.  Flower  nodding.  Calyx  purplish,  acute.  Co- 
rolla bell  shaped  or  hemispherical,  half  five  cleft,  purplish  white. 
Fruit  erect,  globular,  five  valved,  crowned  with  the  style. — This 
is  the  smallest  shrubby  plant  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  and 
has. the  habit  of  a  moss  or  smallest  lycopodium. — June. 

Andromeda  calyculata.     L.  Dwarf  Andromeda. 

Racemes  leaning  one  way,  leafy;  corollas  subcy- 
lindrical",  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  dotted. 
L. 


CLASS  X.    ORDER  1.  177 

A  low,  evergreen,  early  flowering  shrub.  Leaves  oblong,  co- 
riaceous, obsoletely  serrate,  shining,  and  covered  with  white 
dots  above,  pale  underneath.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes, 
each  flower  proceeding  generally  from  the  axil  of  a  small  leaf. 
Calyx  calyculated  or  double,  the  outer  of  two,  the  inner  of  five 
pale,  acute  leaves.  Corolla  ovate-cylindrical,  white  or  purplish, 
the  segments  reflexed.  Anthers  brownish,  two  horned. — Milton, 
near  Neponset  river,  and  elsewhere. — April. 

Andromeda  polifolia.     L.  Water  Andromeda. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  re  volute,  white  under- 
neath ;  flowers  aggregate,  terminal,  globose. 

This  most  delicate  shrub  is  found  in  wet  bogs  and  at  the  edges 
of  ponds.  The  leaves  are  very  shortly  petioled,  lanceolate, 
strongly  revolute  at  the  edges,  dark  green,  smooth  and  veined 
above,  and  of  a  pure,  bluish  white  color  underneath.  Flowers 
in  nodding  corymbs  with  white  peduncles.  Calyx  short,  white, 
its  segments  acute,  tipt  with  red.  Corolla  nearly  globular,  with 
five  angles,  pale  flesh  color.  Stamens  short,  with  brownish 
awned  anthers.  Germ  globular,  style  straight. — In  the  edge  of 
Richards's  pond,  Brookline. — June. 
Andromeda  paniculata.    3Iich.       Panicled  Andromeda, 

Racemes  somewhat  panicled ;  corollas  depressed- 
globular,  slightly  pubescent;  anthers  short,  ovate, 
obtuse,  awnless.     Mich,  abr, 

A  pretty  tall  shrub.  Leaves  deciduous,  ovate,  mostly  entire, 
somewhat  downy.  Racemes  panicled.  Flowers  small,  white, 
somewhat  spherical,  succeeded  by  globular  capsules,  which  re- 
main through  the  winter.  This  plant  often  bears  a  large,  irregu- 
lar, spongy  excrescence  of  a  yellow  color,  the  effect  of  disease. — 
Swamps. — June. 

Andromeda  racemosa.     L.  Clustered  Andromeda, 

Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate,  glabrous ; 
racemes  terminal,  one  ranked,  elongated ;  calyx 
acute  ]  corolla  cylindrical. 


178  CLASS  X.    ORDER  I. 

The  great  regularity  of  the  clusters  of  flowers  in  this  species 
causes  them  to  resemble  rows  of  teeth.  Leaves  on  short  petioles, 
thin,  oval  serrulate,  acute  or  acuminated,  smooth,  the  veins  a 
little  downy  beneath.  Flowers  racemed,  on  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  all  pointing  downwards.  Pedicels  short,  smooth. 
Bractes  two,  ovate,  acuminate.  Calyx  of  five  acute  segments, 
variously  colored.  Corolla  white,  oblong  oval,  contracted  at  the 
mouth;  the  segments  convex,  diverging  or  revolute.  Style  just 
exserted.  Filaments  converging.  Anthers  cleft,  four  awned. 
Capsule  globular,  splitting  into  five  incurved  valves  and  support- 
ed by  the  persistent  bractes  and  calyx. — Low  woods,  Roxbury. 
Not  common. — June. 

Andromeda  Mariana.      JVilld.       Maryland  Andromeda. 

Leaves  oval,  subacute,  entire,  smooth,  snbcoriace- 
ous,  paler  beneath;  flowering  branches  nearly  naked, 
pedicels  fasciculate ;  corollas  cylindric-ovate  ;  anthers 
awnless. 

A  low  shrub  with  rather  large  flowers.  Leaves  sometimes 
lanceolate.  Calyx  foliaceous,  deeply  five  parted.  Corolla  white 
or  pale  red.  Capsule  somewhat  conoidal. — Near  Providence, — 
Mr.  Eddy.— June. 

185.    RHODODENDRON. 
Rhododendron  maximum.     L.  American  Rose  Bay. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  li. 

Leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  paler  beneath ;  umbels 
dense,  terminal ;  corollas,  somewhat  bell-shaped,  pe- 
tals rounded. 

A  magnificent,  flowering  shrub,  common  in  the  mountainous 
regions  of  the  middle  states,  but  more  rare  toward  the  north. 
Several  varieties  of  it  are  met  with  in  different  parts  of  the 
country.  The  Rhododendron  of  the  northern  states  is  a  large, 
straggling  shrub,  very  irregular  in  its  mode  of  growth.  The 
bark  is  of  a  greyish  color,  cracked  and  broken.  Leaves  in  tufts 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  evergreen,  coriaceous,  on  round, 
fleshy  petioles,  oblong  oval,  entire,  revolute  at  the  edges,  pale 


CLASS  X.    ORDER  I.  179 

underneath.  Both  leaves  and  petioles,  when  young  are  cov- 
ered with  a  light  woolly  substance.  The  flowers  form  a  ter- 
minal cluster  or  thyrsus  immediately  above  the  leaves,  the 
stalks  and  calyxes  of  which  are  covered  with  a  glutinous  pubes- 
cence. Previous  to  its  expansion,  the  whole  bud  forms  a  large 
compound  bud,  resembling  a  strobilus  or  cone,  each  individual 
flower-bud  being  covered  by  a  rhombodial  bracte,  which  falls 
off  when  the  flower  expands.  Calyx  small,  of  five  unequal  ob- 
tuse segments.  Corolla  monopetalous,  funnel  shaped,  with  a 
short  tube,  the  border  divided  into  five  large,  unequal  segments, 
which  are  white  shaded  with  lake,  the  upper  and  largest  having  a 
collection  of  orange  colored  spots  at  its  centre.  Stamens  decli- 
nate,  unequal ;  filaments  white,  thickened  and  hairy  at  base ; 
anthers  two  celled,  opening  by  two  pores  at  top ;  pollen  white. 
Germ  ovate,  hairy,  glutinous;  style  declinate,  equal  to  the  long- 
est stamens,  thickened  upwards ;  stigma  a  rough  surface  with 
five  points.  Capsule  ovate,  obtusely  angular,  five  celled.  Seeds 
numerous,  minute. — In  a  swamp  at  Medfield,  also  near  Portland. 
—July. 

186.    KALMIA. 
Kalmia  latifolia.  Mountain  Laurel. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI,  xiii. 

Leaves  scattered,  petioled,  oval,  and  smooth;  co- 
rymbs terminal,  viscid  and  pubescent. 

A  large  and  very  ornamental  shrub,  sometimes  attaining  to  the 
altitude  of  a  small  tree.  Its  leaves  are  evergreen,  coriaceous, 
very  smooth,  with  the  under  side  somewhat  palest.  Their  form 
is  oval,  acute  and  entire  ;  their  insertion  by  scattered  petioles, 
on  the  sides  and  extremities  of  the  branches.  The  flowers  vary 
from  white  to  red ;  they  grow  in  terminal  corymbs,  simple  or 
compound  with  opposite  branches,  and  made  up  of  slender  pe- 
duncles. These  are  invested  with  a  glutinous  pubescence,  and 
supported  at  base  by  ovate,  acuminate  bractes.  The  calyx  is 
small,  five  parted,  persistent,  with  oval,  acute  segments.  The 
corolla  is  monopetalous,  with  a  cylindrical  tube,  a  spreading  disc, 
and  an  erect,  five  cleft  margin.  At  the  circumference  of  the  disc, 
on  the  inside,  are  ten  depressions  or  pits,  accompanied  with  cor- 


ISO  CLASS  X.    ORDER  I. 

responding  prominences  on  the  outside.  In  these  depressions 
the  anthers  are  found  lodged  at  the  time  when  the  flower  expands. 
The  stamens  grow  from  the  base  of  the  corolla,  and  bent  out- 
wardly so  as  to  lodge  their  anthers  in  the  cells  of  the  corolla. 
From  this  confinement  they  liberate  themselves  during  the  peri- 
od of  flowering  and  strike  against  the  sides  of  the  stigma.  The 
germ  is  roundish,  the  style  longer  than  the  corolla  and  declined, 
the  stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  roundish,  depressed,  five  celled  and 
five  valved,  with  numerous  small  seeds. — Woods,  Gloucester, 
Princeton,  &c.     Not  common  near  Boston. — June. 

Kalmia  ANGusTiFOLiA.  L.  Navrow  leaved  Laurel. 

Leaves  lanceolate  ;  corymbs  lateral.     L. 

A  low  shrub  with  rose  colored  flowers,  very  common  in  low 
grounds,  and  known  by  the  names  sheep  poison,  lambkill,  low 
laurel,  &c.  Leaves  on  short  petioles,  scattered  or  in  threes,  lan- 
ceolate, obtuse,  smooth,  evergreen.  Flowers  in  lateral  corymbs, 
proceeding  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  forming  a  sort  of 
whorl  round  the  stem. — June. 

Kalmia  glauca.  L.  Glaucous  Kalmia. 

Branches  ancipital ;  leaves  opposite,  subsessile,  lan- 
ceolate, revolute  at  the  margin,  glaucous  underneath ; 
corymbs  terminal,  with  smooth  stalks. 

A  small  shrub  of  northern  bogs  and  mountains.  The  young 
branches  are  two  edged.  Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  revolute 
at  the  margin,  white  underneath.  Corymbs  terminal.  Pedun- 
cles filiform,  each  issuing  from  a  pair  of  concave,  obtuse,  smooth 
bractes.  Segments  of  the  calyx  ovate,  obtuse,  reddish  with  a 
white  margin.  Corolla  purple  with  five  lobes  and  ten  depres- 
sions. Anthers  oblong,  blackish.  Style  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens.— Keene,  New  Hampshire  ;  on  the  White  mountains,  &c. 
— June. 

187.    PODALYRIA. 

PoDALYRiA  tinctoria.   WUld.  Wild  Indigo. 

Glabrous  ;    stipules   setaceous  j   leaves  subsessile ; 


CLASS  X.     ORDER  I.  X81 

ieafets  wedge-obovate  ;  flowers    in    terminal   spikes. 
Mich.  abr. 

Syn.     SopHORA  tinctoria.  L. 

Baptisia  tinctoria.  Nutt. 

A  very  common,  bushy  plant,  found  in  woods  and  dry  soils. 
Stem  smooth,  very  much  branched.  Leaves  in  threes  on  a  short 
petiole ;  Ieafets  rounded  at  the  end,  and  tapering  to  an  acute 
base.  Stipules  very  small,  caducous.  Flowers  in  a  loose  spike, 
on  slender  peduncles,  yellow ;  banner  rather  shorter  than  the 
wings  and  keel.  Legumes  short,  rounded,  of  a  bluish  cast. — 
August. — Perennial. 

For  the  medicinal  properties  of  this  plant,  see  Dr.  Thatcher's 
Dispensatory. 

188.     CASSIA. 
Cassia  CnAMiECRisTA.     L.  Dwarf  Cassia. 

Leaves  in  many  pairs ;  petiole  with  a  pedicelled 
gland  ;  stipules  ensiform.     L. 

Leaves  pinnate,  with  ten  or  a  dozen  pair  of  Ieafets ;  the  peti- 
ole with  a  small  gland  supported  on  a  footstalk  near  its  base. 
Flowers  often  in  pairs,  near  the  stem,  yellow,  two  of  the  petals 
spotted  at  base.  Like  others  of  its  family  it  shuts  its  leaves  at 
night,  or  after  an  injury. — Road  sides. — August. — Annual. 

Cassia  nictitans.     L.  Sensitive  Cassia, 

Stem  spreading.  Leaves  in  many  pairs,  linear; 
petiole  with  a  pedicelled  gland;  flowers  pentandrous; 
stamens  equal.  ^ ' 

About  a  foot  high,  erect  or  procumbent,  much  branched. 
Leaves  small,  oblong-linear,  raucronate.  Flowers  very  small^ 
above  the  axils,  dark  yellow,  fascicled.  Stamens  all  fertile. — 
Waltham,  Duxbury.     Mr.  Russell. — July,  August.— Annual. 

Cassia  Marilandica.  American  Senna* 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxxix. 

Leafets  in  eight  or  nine  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate, 
16 


182  CLASS  X.    ORDER  I. 

mncronate ;  an  obovate  gland  on  the  petiole ;  racemes 
axillary  and  terminal ;    legumes  linear  and  curved. 

The  stems,  which  grow  in  bunches  and  often  attain  the  height 
of  five  or  six  feet,  are  round,  striated,  and  invested  with  a  few 
scattered  hairs.  Petioles  compressed,  channelled  above,  bearing 
from  eight  to  ten  pairs  of  leafets,  which  are  oblong,  smooth, 
somewhat  hairy  at  the  edges,  pale  on  the  under  side,  supported 
by  short,  crooked  pedicels,  and  mucronated  with  a  rigid  bristle 
at  the  end.  On  the  base  of  the  petiole  is  a  large  obovate  pedi- 
celled  gland,  of  a  shining  green,  terminating  in  a  dark  point  at 
top,  which  is  sometimes  double.  Each  petiole  is  also  furnished 
with  a  pair  of  linear-subulate,  ciliate,  deciduous  stipules.  The 
flowers  grow  in  axillary  racemes,  extending  quite  to  the  top  of 
the  stem.  The  peduncles  are  slightly  furrowed,  pedicels  sup- 
ported by  bractes  like  the  stipules,  and  marked  with  minute, 
blackish,  glandular  hairs.  Leaves  of  the  calyx  yellow,  oval,  ob- 
tuse, the  lateral  ones  longest.  Petals  five,  bright  yellow,  spatu- 
late,  concave,  very  obtuse,  three  ascending  and  two  descending. 
Stamens  ten,  with  yellow  filaments  and  brown  anthers.  The 
three  upper  have  short  abortive  anthers;  to  these  succeed  two 
pairs  of  deflexed  linear  anthers ;  the  remaining  three  or  lower- 
most are  much  longer,  crooked,  and  taper  into  a  sort  of  beak, 
the  middle  one  being  shortest.  The  anthers  open  by  a  terminal 
pore.  G-erm  descending  with  the  lower  stamens,  hairy.  Style 
ascending,  stigma  hairy,  moist.  The  fruit  consists  of  long  le- 
gumes, which  are  pendulous  linear,  curved,  swelling  at  the  seeds, 
and  furnished  with  slight  hairs. — Banks  of  Quinebaug  river, 
Massachusetts. — July,  August. — The  root  resembles  Senna  in  its 
medicinal  properties. 

189.     RHODORA. 

Rhodcra  Canadensis.     L.  Canadian  Rliodora. 

A  small  shrub  with  beautiful  purple  flowers  on  the  tops  of  the 
branches,  which  appear  in  the  spring  before  the  leaves  are  per- 
fectly expanded.  Its  height  is  one  or  two  feet.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, oval,  mostly  entire,  pubescent  and  glaucous  underneath. 
The  flowers  are  in  umbels  on  the  ends  of  the  twigs.  The  corol- 
la consists  of  three  unequal  petals,  the  largest  of  which  is  broad, 


CLASS  X.     ORDER  I.  X83 

and  divided  into  three  segments  or  lobes  at  the  end,  the  other 
two  are  equal,  lanceolate,  and  obtuse.  Stamens  unequal,  curved, 
purple,  with  small  anthers.  Germ  pubescent.  Style  purple, 
longer  than  the  stamens. — Low  grounds. — Maiden,  Cambridge. 
— May.     In  the  Notch  of  the  White  mountains,  June. 

190.     LEDUM. 
Ledum  latifolium.  Labrador  Tea. 

Leaves  linear-oblong :  folded  under  at  the  margin, 
woolly  underneath  ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  petals. 

A  low  shrub  of  our  northern  mountains  and  bogs.  The 
youngest  part  of  the  stem  is  green  and  woolly.  Leaves  on  short 
woolly  petioles,  lanceolate,  strongly  revolute  at  the  sides,  smooth, 
above,  covered  with  thick  reddish  wool  underneath.  Flowers  in 
terminal  corymbs  with  slender  peduncles.  Bractes  obovate  con- 
cave, covered  with  shining  resinous  dots,  as  are  the  peduncles 
and  germ.  Calyx  minute  with  five  obtuse  teeth.  Petals  five, 
oblong,  obtuse,  white.  Stamens  from  five  to  ten,  as  long  as  the 
petals.  Germ  oval;  style  as  long  as  the  stamens,  a  little  de- 
clined.— ^On  the  Monadnock,  White  mountains,  &c. — July. 

The  leaves  are  astringent,  and  are  said  to  have  been  used  as  a 
substitute  for  tea. 

191.    CLETHRA. 
Clethra  alnifolia.     Ij.  Alder  leaved  Clethra. 

Leaves  obovate,  serrate,  pubescent  underneath ; 
racemes  simple,  bracted.      Willd. 

A  tall,  elegant,  white  flowering  shrub.  Leaves  about  three 
inches  long,  and  from  one  to  tw^o  broad,  inversely  ovate,  serrate, 
downy  underneath  in  one  variety,  glabrous  in  another.  Flowers 
in  long  racemes  or  loose  spikes  with  downy  stalks.  Bractes 
linear-subulate.  Calyx  greenish  white;  petals  roundish  oblong  ; 
stigma  trifid. — Grows  in  low  soils,  Cambridgeport. — July,  August. 

192.     PYROLA. 

§  Subgenus .      Stamens  ascending,   style   declinedy 

stigma  annular. 


184  CLASS  X.     ORDEK  I. 

Pyrola  ROTUNDiFOLiA.  L.        Round  leaved  Winter  green. 
Leaves  prolate-orbicalar,   flowers  raceined,   calyx 
reflexed,  style  declined. 

A  very  common  species.  Root  creeping,  putting  up  erect  or 
ascending,  angular  stems.  Leaves  spreading  near  the  ground, 
petioled,  roundish  ovate  and  obovate,  subacute,  scarcely  serrate, 
much  larger  than  in  the  following  species.  Scape  angular,  with 
one  or  more  sheathing  scales.  Flowers  in  a  large  terminal  ra- 
ceme with  nodding  pedicels,  white,  fragrant.  Calyx  segments 
ovate  with  the  points  reflexed.  Stamens  tending  to  the  upper 
side,  and  styles  to  the  lower ;  stigma  truncately-conical  surround- 
ed with  a  ring  at  base,  persistent. — Common  in  AVoods. — June. 

Pyrola  asarifolia.  Mx.  Broad  leaved  Winter  green. 

Leaves  oblate  orbicular,  flowers  racemed,  calyx  ap- 
pressed,  style  declined. 
Syn.    Pyrola  chlorantha.     Nuttall  ? 

This  species  is  in  flower  two  or  three  weets  earlier  than  the 
last,  and  has  leaves  which  are  broader  in  proportion  to  their 
length,  but  scarcely  half  as  large.  Primary  leaves  reniform, 
sometimes  obcordate,  sometimes  orbicular,  obtuse,  dark  green 
and  coriaceous.  Scape  more  slender  and  fewer  flowered  than  in 
the  last.  Flowers  greenish  with  the  segments  of  the  calyx 
short  and  appressed.  Stamens,  style,  and  stigma  much  as  in  the 
last. — Dry  woods,  less  common  than  the  last. — June. 

Pyrola  elliptica.     Nutt.  Oval  leaved  Winter  green. 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  membranaceous  ;  calyx  very 
short  with  reflexed  points  ;  style  declined. 

The  affinity  of  this  and  the  two  foregoing  species  seem  to 
render  it  not  improbable  that  they  may  all  have  descended  from 
the  same  stock.  Leaves  thin  and  membranous,  serrulate,  rather 
acute.  Scape  angular,  with  about  one  bracte  or  scale.  Flowers 
white  smaller  than  in  P.  rotundifolia. — Woods. — Hubbardstown. 
— Mr.  Russell. — June. 

^^  Subgenus .       Stamens   spreading,    style  straighty 

stigma  peltate^ 


CLASS  X.     ORDER  I.  185 

Pyrola  secunda.     L.  One  sided  Winter  green. 

Flowers  racemed,  leaning  one  way.     L. 

Less  frequent  than  the  former,  but  resembling  it  in  habit. 
Stem  as  in  the  last.  Leaves  petioled,  spreading,  ovate,  acute, 
(not  obtuse  like  the  last,)  minutely  serrate,  smooth.  The  flow- 
ers all  tend  to  one  side  of  the  stem,  whence  the  name.  Stamens 
equal  and  uniform  ;  style  straight,  permanent. — Woods. — June. 

Pyrola  uniflora.     L.  One  flowered  Pyrola. 

Leaves  suborbiculate,  serrate ;  scape  one  flowered, 

style  straight. 

A  small  and  very  delicate  plant.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  pe- 
tioled, smooth,  crenate.  Scape  round,  short,  invested  at  base 
with  a  few  roundish  concave  scales  or  bractes,  supporting  a  single 
large  fragrant  flower.  Calyx  segments  oblong,  obtuse.  Petals 
obtuse,  white.  Style  short,  straight,  stigma  large,  peltate,  five 
rayed. 

I  have  only  met  with  this  interesting  species  in  a  wood  at 
Keene,  N.  H. — Mr.  Oakes  has  sent  it  from  Wenham. — June. 

§§'5'  Subgenus  CniMArHiLA.  Stamens  spreading,  style  imbedded, 
stigma  peltate. 

Pyrola  umbellata.     L.  Umhelled  Winter  green. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxi. 

Leaves  wedge  shaped  and  toothed,  flowers  some- 
what umbelled,  calyx  five  toothed,  style  immersed. 
Syn.     Chimaphila  corymbosa.     Pursh. 

A  very  common  and  handsome  species.  Root  woody,  creep- 
ing, sending  up  stems  at  various  distances.  The  stems  are  as- 
cending, somewhat  angular,  and  marked  with  the  scars  of  the 
former  leaves.  The  leaves  grow  in  irregular  whorls,  of  which 
there  are  from  one  to  four.  They  are  evergreen,  coriaceous,  on 
very  short  petioles,  wedge  shaped,  subacute,  serrate,  smooth, 
shining,  the  lower  surface  somewhat  paler.  The  flowers  grow 
in  a  small  corymb,  on  nodding  peduncles,  which  are  furnished 
with  linear  bractes  about  their  middle.  Calyx  of  five  roundish 
subacute  teeth  or  segments,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.     Pe- 

16^ 


186  CLASS  X.  order:  r. 

tals  five,  roundish,  concave,  spreading,  cream  colored,  with  a: 
tinge  of  purple  at  base.  Stamens  ten.  Filaments  sigmoid,  the 
lower  half  fleshy,  triangular,  dilated,  and  slightly  pubescent  at 
the  edges;  the  upper  half  filiform.  Anthers  two  celled,  each 
cell  opening  by  a  short,  round,  tubular  orifice,  which  points 
downward  in  the  bud,  but  upward  in  the  flower.  Pollen  white. 
Germ  roundish,  depressed,  furrowed,  obscurely  five  lobed,  with 
a  funnel  shaped  cavity  at  top.  Style  straight,  half  as  long  as  the 
germ,  inversely  conical,  inserted  in  the  cavity  of  the  germ,  and 
concealed  by  the  stigma.  Stigma  large,  peltate,  convex,  moist, 
obscurely  five  rayed.  Capsules  erect,  depressed,  five  celled,, 
five  valved,  the  partitions  from  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Seeds 
linear,  chaffy,  very  numerous  and  minute. — Dry  woods. — June 
and  July. 

Pyrola  maculata.     L.  Spotted  Pyrola. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  remotely  ser- 
rate, marked  with  a  longitudinal  stripe  ;  scape  two  or 
three  flowered  ;  filaments  woolly. 
Syn.     Chimaphila  maculata.     Pursh. 

A  beautiful  plant,  abundantly  distinguished  from  the  other 
species  by  its  variegated  leaves.  The  stalk  divides  at  top  into 
two  or  three  nodding  incrassated  peduncles,  each  furnished  with 
a  small  subulate  bracte  near  its  middle,  and  bearing  a  single 
flower.  Calyx  five  leaved,  the  leaves  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  finely 
ciliate,  overlaying  each  other  at  base.  Petals  five,  white,  ob- 
long, obtuse,  contracted  at  base,  reflexed.  Filaments  sigmoid, 
the  lower  half  fleshy,  angular,  and  covered  with  thick  hair.  An- 
thers two  celled,  opening  by  two  tubular  orifices.  Germ  round- 
ish, depressed,  furrowed.  Style  short,  thick,  inversely  conical, 
about  two  thirds  exseited.  Stigma  very  large,  convex,  obscurely 
five  lobed. — Woods,  near  Newton  upper  falls,  rare. — On  Mount 
Holyoke,  Northampton. — July. 

193.    MONOTROPA. 

Monotropa  uniflora.   Common  Monotropa.  Tobacco  Pipe. 

Stem  erect,  single  flowered. 

The  whole  plant  is  of  a  clear  white,  turning  black  at  the  tips 


CLASS  X.     ORDER  I.  187 

as  it  decays.  Stem  erect,  fleshy,  glabrous.  Leaves  scattered, 
sessile,  lanceolate,  semitransparent.  Flower  large,  solitary,  ter- 
minal, drooping,  afterwards  erect.  Petals  five,  wedge  shaped, 
concave,  gibbous  at  base  with  a  corresponding  nectariferous 
cavity  within,  glabrous  externally,  a  little  downy  on  the  inside. 
Stamens  ten,  those  which  are  alternate  with  the  petals  longest. 
Filaixients  bearded.  Anthers  consisting  of  two  horizontal  folds, 
cloven  outwardly.  Between  the  filaments  are  ten  short,  reversed 
horns  extending  from  the  base  of  the  germ  downward  by  pairs 
into  the  five  nectaries.  Germ  large,  ovate-globular,  with  ten 
ridges  between  the  filaments  which  unite  in  pairs  at  the  top. 
Style,  if  any,  short,  inversely  conical.  Stigma  funnel  shaped, 
somewhat  five  angled,  glutinous  at  the  edge.  Capsule  erect, 
five  valved. — Woods. — July. 

On  mature  examination  I  am  induced  to  consider  the  species 
with  drooping  flowers,  and   that  with  erect  flowers,  called  M. 
morisoniana  by  Michaux,  to  be  the  same  plant.     It  is  not  un- 
common to  find  erect  and  drooping  flowers  in  the  same  bunch. 
§  Subgenus  Hypopithys.     Bractes  calyciform,  styles  cylindric. 
MoNOTROPA  LAUNGiNOSA.     Mx,  Pine  sap. 

Flowers  spiked  ;  bractes  and  flowers  woolly. 
Syn.     Hypopithys  launginosa.     Nuft. 

A  white  plant  like  the  last,  extremely  similar  in  its  habit  and 
fructification,  though  by  some  made  a  distinct  genus.  The  root 
in  this  plant  and  the  last  consists  of  a  mass  of  agglomerated 
brownish  fibres,  said  to  be  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  trees.  The 
lower  part  of  the  stem,  which  is  under  ground,  is  turgid  and 
covered  with  closely  imbricated  rhomboidal  scales.  The  part 
above  ground  is  furnished  with  more  remote,  scattered,  oblong, 
concave  scales,  the  uppermost  of  which  become  bractes  to  the 
flowers,  and  are  by  some  considered  as  a  calyx,  giving  rise  to  a 
generic  distinction.  The  stem  and  scales  are  pubescent  below 
and  somewhat  woolly  at  top.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
which  is  drooping  in  the  young  plant,  but  afterwards  becomes 
erect.  It  is  generally  simple,  though  I  have  found  specimens  in 
which  it  was  compound  with  several  branches.  Outer  petals  of 
the  flower  spatulate,  rounded  at  the  end,  gibbous  at  base  with  a 


lyS  CLASS  X.    ORDER  II. 

nectariferous  cavity  within.  Their  number  is  four,  and  in  the 
terminal  one  four  or  five.  Inner  petals  alternating  with  these, 
but  part  of  them  usually  wanting,  lanceolate,  acute.  Stamens 
about  eight.  Germ  ovate  furrowed,  style  straight,  as  long  as  the 
germ,  stigma  peltate,  concave.  From  the  base  of  the  germ  are 
horns  reversed  by  pairs  into  the  nectaries. — Woods. — July. 

DIGYNIA. 

194.     SCLERANTHUS. 
ScLERANTHus  ANNuus.     L.  CommoH  Knmvel. 

Calyx  of  the  ripe  fruit  with  sharp,  spreading  teeth; 
stems  spreading.     Sm. 

A  small,  obscure  plant  in  gravelly  soils,  road  sides,  &c.  Stems 
spreading,  decumbent,  short.  Leaves  linear,  acute,  short,  oppo- 
site. Flowers  green,  sessile,  in  terminal,  leafy  clusters.  Calyx 
with  five  acute,  spreading,  permanent  segments.  Stamens  from 
five  to  ten. — July. — Annual. 

195.     SAXIFRAGA. 
Saxifraga  vernalis.      Willd.  Early  Saxifrage. 

Pubescent;  leaves  oval,  somewhat  petioled,  cre- 
nate ;  flowers  erect,  panicled,  nearly  sessile,  alternate. 
Syn.     Saxifraga  Virginiensis.     Mich. 

One  of  the  earliest  flowers  upon  rocks  and  dry  hills.  Leaves 
mostly  radical,  spreading,  fleshy,  elliptical,  a  little  pubescent, 
crenate  or  serrate,  and  tapering  into  a  broad  petiole.  Stem 
erect,  fleshy,  hairy,  nearly  destitute  of  leaves.  Flowers  numer- 
ous, crowded,  white,  arranged  in  corymbs  on  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  which,  collectively,  form  a  sort  of  panicle. — April, 
May. — Perennial. 

Saxifraga  Pennsylvanica.  L.   Pennsylvanian  Saxifrage. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  a  little  hairy,  denticulate ; 
stem  naked  ;  peduncles  alternate,  forming  corymbed 
heads.      Willd. 

A  tall,  green  plant,  of  little  beauty,  growing  in  meadows. 
Leaves  all  radical,  many  times  larger  than   in  the  preceding 


CLASS  X.     ORDER  II.  189 

species,  oblong,  approaching  to  oval,  very  slightly  toothed. 
Stems  large,  erect,  rank  in  their  growth,  hollow,  hairy,  bearing 
heads  of  small,  green  flowers,  disposed  in  a  sort  of  panicle  ;  ca- 
lyx segments  ovate,  acute,  reflexed  ;  petals  linear  reflexed.  The 
root  is  extremely  astringent. — May. — Perennial. 

196.     TIARELLA. 

TiARELLA  coRDiFOLiA.     L.  CommoTi  Tiavella, 

Leaves  cordate,  lobedand  toothed,  teeth  mucronate, 

scape  racemed. 

Root  creeping  and  sending  out  runners.  Leaves  on  long  hairy 
petioles,  heart  shaped,  lobed  and  toothed,  hairy  on  both  sides. 
Scape  round,  hairy,  often  furnished  with  a  leaf.  Flowers  en- 
tirely white  in  a  long  raceme,  with  very  minute  subulate  bractes. 
Segments  of  the  calyx  oblong,  obtuse.  Petals  lanceolate,  acute, 
clawed.  Filaments  longer  than  the  corolla,  anthers  orange. 
Germ  oval,  tapering  into  two  acute  unequal  styles,  which  are  so 
closed  together  as  to  appear  like  one.  Capsule  two  valved,  the 
lower  valve  much  the  longest,  acute,  and  concave  upward,  with 
the  upper  valve  shutting  into  its  cavity.  Seeds  obovate,  smooth, 
fixed  to  the  sides. — Woods  in  the  interior  of  the  state.  At 
Keene,  New  Hampshire. — June. 

197.    MITELLA. 
MiTELLA  DiPHYLLA.     L.  CommoH  BUtella. 

Leaves  lobate-angular,  toothed ;  stem  erect  with  a 
pair  of  opposite  leaves  near  the  top. 

Root  leaves  on  long  bristly  petioles,  heart  shaped,  lohed,  and 
toothed,  covered  with  scattered  bristles.  Stem  erect,  round, 
bristly,  with  generally  a  pair  of  opposite,  ovate  cut  and  toothed 
leaves  half  way  up.  Flowers  in  a  long  terminal  spike  with 
short  peduncles.  Calyx  hemispherical,  with  short,  acute  seg- 
ments. Petals  five,  white,  beautifully  pinnatifid  or  pectinate, 
inserted  on  the  calyx  between  its  segments.  Stamens  ten, 
short,  converging.  Styles  two,  short,  diverging.  Capsule  com- 
pressed, of  two  equal  semiorbicular  valves  tipt  with  the  styles. 
Seeds  black,  obovate,  acute  at  base. — Woods,  Windsor,  Ver- 
mont, at  the  foot  of  Ascutney  mountain. — June. — Perennial. 


1 


190  CLASS  X.    ORDER  III. 

MiTELLA  PROSTRATA.     3Ix,  Trailing  Mitella. 

Root  creeping ;  stems  prostrate  •  leaves  alternate, 
roundish  cordate,  subacute,  with  slight  obtuse  lobes. 

A  small,  delicate  creeping  species.  Stems  prostrate.  Leaves 
small,  on  slender  hairy  petioles,  reniform  and  heart  shaped, 
doubly  crenate  as  in  Hydrocotyle  Americana.  Scape  filiform, 
hairy,  with  a  thin  raceme,  of  few  flowers.  Calyx  acute.  Petals 
pinnatifid. — In  Barre,  Vermont.     Sent  by  Dr.  Paddock. — June. 

198.     SAPONARIA. 

Saponaria  officinalis.     L.  Soap  ivorf. 

Calyxes  cylindrical,  leaves  ovate-lanceolate. 

A  foot  or  more  high,  with  opposite  leaves  and  numerous  flow- 
ers resembling  pinks  with  entire  petals. — Road  sides,  natural- 
ized.— July,  August. — Perennial. 

199.  DIANTHUS. 

DiANTHus  Armeria.     L.  Wild  Pink' 

Flowers  aggregate,  fascicled;  scales  of  the  calyx 
lanceolate,  villous,  equal  to  the  tube.     Sm. 

This  small  species  of  pink  has  a  leafy,  pubescent  stem,  ending 
in  erect  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  entire, 
pubescent,  the  lower  one  spatulate.  Flowers  terminal,  in  bunch- 
es, erect,  scentless,  ephemeral.  Calyx  equalling  the  tube  of  the 
corolla ;  petals  small,  red,  with  white  dots,  a  little  toothed. — 
On.  the  rocky  hills  in  Roxbury  and  Salem. — July. — Annual. 

TRIGYNIA. 

200.  ARENARIA. 

Arenaria  rubra.     L.  Common  sandwort. 

Leaves  linear,  slightly  mucronate,  stipules  membra- 
nous, sheathing;  seeds  compressed,  angular,  roughish. 

A  spreading  plant,  with  small,  delicate,  red  flowers.  Stems 
prostrate,  slender,  smooth,  pointed,  branching.     Leaves   small, 


CLASS  X.    ORDER  III.  191 

narrow,  ending  in  a  short  bristle.  Stipules  surrounding  the  stem, 
whitish,  dry.  Flower  stalks  and  calyx  hairy.  Petals  small,  not 
exceeding  the  calyx. — Pastures  and  road  sides. — June,  July. 

Arenaria  marina.     Sm.  Sea  Sandioort. 

Leaves  semicylindrical,  fleshy,  awnless ;    stipules 
scarioiis,  sheathing ;  seeds   compressed,  margin  gla- 
brous.    Sm. 
Syn.    Arenaria  Canadensis.     Pers. 

A  more  succulent,  fleshy  plant  than  the  last.  Stems  prostrate 
or  decumbent,  smooth.  Leaves  short,  fleshly,  roundish,  not  end- 
ing in  a  bristle.  Flowers  pale  red,  expanded  as  well  as  the  last 
in  clear  weather,  and  closed  in  foul. — Salt  marshes. — July. — By 
some  this  is  considered  a  variety  of  the  last. 

Arenaria  stricta.     Mx.  Straight  Arenaria. 

Glabrous,  erect,  many  stemmed;  leaves  linear  subu- 
late ;  flowers  panicled,  calyx  segments  lance-ovate, 
acute,  striate,  much  shorter  than  the  petals. 

Stems  filiform,  erect,  jointed.  Leaves  linear,  sessile,  with  a 
tuft  in  each  axil.  Branches  of  the  panicle  opposite,  bracted, 
elongated.  Calyx  very  acute,  five  nerved.  Petals  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, longer  than  the  calyx. — On  the  borders  of  Lake  Champlain ; 
gathered  by  Mr.  Boott. — Perennial. 

Arenaria  glabra.     '2d.  edit.  Mountain  Arenaria. 

Glabrous,  with  crowded  filiform  stems;  leaves  linear- 
subulate,  spreading,  flat;  pedicels  elongated,  one  flow- 
ered ;  calyx  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  smooth. 
Syn.     Arenaria  Grcenlandica.     Spreng. 

This  plant  differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  smaller  height, 
fewer  leaves,  and  obtuse  smooth  calyx.  Stems  crowded  so  as  to 
cover  the  ground  with  tufts  of  flowers,  smooth,  filiform.  Leaves 
shorter,  and  without  the  axillary  tufts  of  the  last  species,  con- 
nate, linear,  shining.  Flowers  large,  white.  Segments  of  the 
calyx  gibbous  at  base,  ovate,  obtuse.  Petals  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx  emarginate,  white.     Stamens  yellow.     Germ  ovate. 


192  CLASS  X.    ORDER  III. 

Styles  three. — On  the  summits  of  the  White  mountains,  abund- 
ant.— August. — Perennial. 

Arenaria  serpyllifolia.     L.       Thyme  leaved  Arcnaria. 

Stem  dichotomous ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  subciliate, 
calyx  acute;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Stems  numerous,  procumbent,  downy.  Leaves  often  closely 
sessile,  very  acute,  about  three  nerved.  Flowers  axillary.  Ca- 
lyx leaves  three  nerved,  acute. — Road  sides;  naturalized. — June. 
— Annual. 

Arenaria  lateriflora.     L.        Side  flowering  Sandwort, 
Leaves  ovate,  obtuse  ;  peduncles  lateral,  two  flow- 
ered.    L. 

A  slender,  delicate  species,  with  white  flowers.  Stem  erect, 
with  hairy  veins,  filiform,  from  four  to  ten  inches  high.  Leaves 
opposite,  oval,  smooth,  nearly  sessile.  Peduncles  or  flowering 
branches  axillary,  very  slender,  divided  about  half  way,  their 
fork  furnished  with  two  minute  leafets.  Each  part  of  the  fork 
bears  a  flower. — In  wet,  shady  places. — June. — Perennial. 

Arenaria  peploides.     L.  Beach  Arenaria. 

Stem    dichotomous,    fleshy,    leaves    ovate,    acute, 

fleshy. 

This  plant  grows  on  sandy  beaches  in  various  parts  of  the  sea 
coast,  particularly  at  Plumb  island,  near  Newburyport,  where  it 
forms  large  crowded  tufts  resembling  islets.  Stems  as  large  as 
small  quills,  smooth,  fleshy,  pellucid,  furrowed  on  opposite  sides. 
Leaves  opposite,  half  clasping,  ovate,  entire,  acute,  fleshy, 
smooth,  the  veins  only  discoverable  by  their  transparency. 
Branches  few,  sometimes  dichotomous.  Flowers  axillary,  nearly 
sessile.  Calyx  erect,  the  segments  fleshy,  nerveless,  subacute. 
Petals  white,  membranous,  spatulate.  Stamens  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  anthers  roundish.  Germ  ovate,  styles  short.  A  fifth  part 
of  the  fructification  is  wanting  in  some  of  the  flowers. — May, 
June.— Perennial. 


CLASS  X.     ORDER  HI.  193 

201.     STELLARIA. 
Stellaria  media.     Sm.  Chickweed. 

Leaves  ovate,  stems  procumbent,  with  an  alternate, 
lateral,  hairy  line.     iS'm. 
Syn.     Alsine  media.     L. 

Chickweed  grows  in  almost  every  situation,  even  between  the 
bricks  in  the  side  walks.  Its  spreading  stems  are  remarkable 
for  a  hairy  line  extending  from  joint  to  joint,  and  occupying  the 
two  sides  alternately.  On  breaking  the  stem  an  elastic,  fibrous 
substance  is  drawn  out,  which  retracts  when  liberated.  Leaves 
opposite,  ovate,  petioled,  entire.  Peduncles  axillary  and  termi- 
nal, one  flowered.  Petals  white,  deeply  cleft,  so  as  to  appear 
ten  in  number.  Stamens  three,  five,  or  ten.  Capsules  opening 
into  six  segments. — Flowers  from  the  beginning  of  spring  to  the 
end  of  fall. — Annual. 

Stellaria  longifolia.     Muhl.  Stichivort. 

Leaves  linear,  entire ;  panicle  terminal,  spreading, 
capillary:  calyx  three  nerved,  about  equal  to  the  pe- 
tals.    Sm. 

Syn.     Stellaria  graminea.     1st.  edit. 

A  small,  starry,  white  flower.  Stems  decumbent,  square, 
compressed,  smooth,  very  slender.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or 
nearly  linear,  tapering  to  a  point,  opposite,  smooth.  Segments 
of  the  calyx  three  ribbed,  lanceolate  acute,  as  long  as  the  petals. 
Petals  appearing  in  ten  white,  fine  segments,  like  those  of  Stel- 
laria media.  Grows  among  the  bushes  on  Cragie's  road. — June, 
July. — Closely  allied  to  S.  graminea  of  Europe,  and  perhaps 
only  a  narrow  leaved  variety. 

*  Stellaria  borealis.  Northern  Stellaria. 

S.  foliis   oval-Ian ceolatis ;    pedimcuUs    axillaribus^ 
elongatis^  uiujloris  ;  jietalls  calyci  subcBqiiallbus. 

Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  peduncles  axillary,  elongat- 
ed, one  flowered ;  petals  about  equal  to  the  calyx. 
17 


194  CLASS  X.     ORDER  III. 

Si/n.     Stellaria  lanceolata.     Torr. 

Stein  spreading,  angular,  dichotomous.  Leaves  slightly  con- 
nate, oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  nerveless.  Peduncles  solitary, 
axillary,  elongated,  angular.  Segments  of  the  calyx  five,  ovate, 
acute  nerveless.  Petals  white,  deeply  cloven.  Stamens  ten, 
alternately  longer  and  shorter.  Anthers  roundish.  Germ  ovate; 
styles  three.     Capsule  oblong-ovate,  one  celled,  many  seeded. 

This  plant  generally  occurs  without  petals,  in  which  state  I 
discovered  it  on  the  White  mountains  in  July,  1816.  I  have 
since  received  it  several  times  from  the  same  place,  but  always 
in  the  apetalous  state,  until  the  last  year,  when  Messrs.  Greene 
and  Little  found  it  there  in  August  with  complete  flowers. 

202.     SILENE. 
SiLENE  Pennsylvanica.     Mick.  Catchjiy. 

Viscid-pubescent;  root  leaves  wedge  form,  stem 
leaves  lanceolate ;  partial  stems  few  flowered  ;  petals 
slightly  emerginate,  subcrenate.     Mich. 

Sometimes  called  wild  pink,  from  its  similarity  in  habit  to  some 
of  that  genus.  Leaves  of  the  root  spatulate,  acute  at  top,  and 
tapering  into  a  long  base;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate,  opposite. 
Flowers  in  upright,  terminal  bunches.  Calyxes  nearly  cylindri- 
cal, hairy,  and  exceedingly  glutinous.  Corollas  purplish  white ; 
petals  wedge  shaped,  entire  or  slightly  crenate. — Found  in  dry, 
sandy  soils. — June. 

SiLENE  ANTiRRHiNA.     L.  Snapdragon  Catchjiy. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  subciliate;  peduncles  trifid  ; 
petals  emarginate,  calyx  ovate. 

A  slender,  tall  species,  which  in  the  day  appears  destitute  of 
flowers.  Stem  smooth,  erect,  a  foot  high.  Leaves  opposite, 
lanceolate,  subciliate  at  base,  dotted  under  a  magnifier.  Panicle 
forked,  with  intermediate  flowers.  Calyx  ovate.  Corolla  proba- 
bly nocturnal.  I  have  never  found  it  expanded  by  day. — Dry 
road  sides. — July. — Annual. 

SiLENE  NocTURNA.     L.  Niglit  floweving  Catchjiy. 

Flowers  spiked,   alternate,  sessile,  unilateral  ;  pe- 
tals bifid. 


CLASS  X.     ORDER  V.  195 

Lower  leaves  ovate,  concave,  rigid.  Flowers  rather  large, 
white,  greenish  beneath. — Fields,  Cambridge,  &c.  Mr.  Tuck- 
erman. 

203.    CUCUBALUS. 
CucuBALus  Behen.     JI2  Bladder  Campion. 

Calyx   nearly    globular,    smooth,   reticulates^  with 
veins ;    leaves   ovate-lanceolate,    glaucous,    smooth. 
>S'/^.     Engl.  Bot. 
Syn.     SiLENE  INFLATA.     Sm.  Flor.  Brit. 

The  inflated,  bladder-like  calyx  at  once  distinguishes  this  plant 
from  every  thing  about  it.  Radical  leaves  spatulate,  stem  leaves 
opposite,  ovate,  acute,  entire.  Stems  one  or  two  feet  high, 
smooth,  panicled.  Flowers  nodding.  Calyx  oblong-spherical, 
thin,  elegantly  veined.  Petals  white,  spreading,  bifid. — About 
fences  and  way  sides. — July. — Perennial. 

CucuBALus  STELLATus.     L.  Star  Campion. 

Pubescent,  erect ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  four,  oval- 
lanceolate,  acuminate. 

Petals  white,  about  four  cleft. — Woods,  Connecticut. — July. — 
Perennial. 

PENTAGYNIA. 

204.  PENTHORUM. 

Penthorum  SEDOiDES.     L.  PcntJiorum. 

The  only  species  of  its  genus.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  angu- 
lar. Leaves  alternate  lance-oval,  serrate,  acute,  green  on  both 
sides.  Flowers  terminal,  in  a  few  re  volute  spikes,  of  a  greenish 
yellow.  Capsule  with  five  beaks  at  top. — Wet  ground,  brook 
sides,  &c. — July. — Perennial. 

205.  CERASTIUM. 

Cerastium  vulgatum.     L.  Mouse  Ear  Chickweed. 

Hairy,  viscid,   forming    tufts ;  leaves  ovate ;  petals 

equal  to  the  calyx;    flowers  longer  than  their  stalks. 


196  CLASS  X.     ORDER  V. 

Stems  spreading,  round,  dichotomous.  Leaves  ovate,  oppo- 
site. Flowers  from  the  forks  of  the  stem,  crovi^ded  at  the  ends, 
on  peduncles  shorter  than  themselves.  Petals  oblong,  white,  a 
little  longer  than  the  calyx, — In  cultivated  ground. — May. — 
Annual. 

Cerastium  viscosum.     L.  Viscid  Cerastium. 

Hairy,  viscid,  diffuse;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong. 

In  dry  fields,  &c.     Introduced. — May,  &c. 
Cerastium  semidecandrum.     L.  Small  Cerastium. 

Hairy,  viscid,  flowers  pentandrons,  petals  emargi- 

nate. 

A  small  species,  sometimes  of  a  reddish  cast. — Sandy  soils. — 
Introduced. — May. 

Cerastium  arvense.     L.  Field  Chichveed. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  ciliate  at  base, 
petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Flowers  large,  white.  Naturalized  in  the  same  situations  as 
the  others. — May,  August. 

Cerastium  tenuifolium  ?    Pursh.    Narrow  leaved  Ceras- 
tium, 

Pubescent,  csespitose;  leaves  linear,  mostly  longer 
than  the  internodes ;  petals  obovate  eniarginate,  three 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Stems  round,  hairy,  ascending.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate, 
tapering  upwards,  subacute,  pubescent,  the  lower  ones  longer 
than  the  internodes.  Segments  of  the  calyx  acute,  hardly  nerved. 
Petals  not  very  deeply  cleft. — On  the  precipice,  near  Bellows' 
falls,  New  Hampshire. — June. 

206.     SPERGULA. 
Spergula  ARVENSis.     L.  Com  Spurrey. 

Leaves  whorled  ;  stalks  of  the  fruit  reflexed  ;  seeds 
kidney  shaped,  angular,  rough.     Sm. 

A  weed  in  corn  fields,  by  many  of  our  farmers  denominated 


CLASS  X.     ORDER  VI.  197 

tares.  Stems  spreading,  becoming  erect,  smooth,  round,  swell- 
ing at  the  joints.  Leaves  linear,  obtuse,  in  Avhorls  at  the  joints. 
Panicle  terminal,  forked,  the  peduncles  bent  downward  as  the 
fruit  ripens.  Petals  little  larger  than  the  calyx,  white. — June 
and  after. — Annual. 

207.     AGROSTEMMA. 
Agrostemma  githago.     L.  Corn  Cochle. 

Hairy;  calyx  much  longer  than  the  corolla;  petals 
entire  without  a  crown. 
Syn.     Lychnis  githago.     De  Cand. 

A  handsome,  purple  flower,  noticeable  at  sight  for  its  calyx 
which  is  twice  as  long  as  the  petals.  The  whole  plant  is  hairy, 
of  a  pale  green  color,  one  or  two  feet  in  height.  Leaves  oppo- 
site linear-lanceolate.  Flowers  terminal.  Calyx  ribbed,  with 
five  long  linear-lanceolate  spreading  points.  Petals  half  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  obcordate  at  the  end.  Introduced  from  Europe  and 
found  in  cultivated  grounds. — July. — Annual. 

DECAGYNIA. 

208.    PHYTOLACCA. 
Phytolacca  Decandra.     L.  Poke. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  iii. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends;  flowers  with  ten 
stamens,  and  ten  styles. 

A  common  plant,  known  also  by  the  names  of  Garget,  Cocum^ 
Jalap,  &c.  The  root  is  of  large  size,  frequently  exceeding  a 
man's  leg  in  thickness ;  and  is  usually  divided  into  two  or  three 
principal  branches.  Its  substance  is  fleshy  and  fibrous,  and 
easily  cut  or  broken.  Internally  it  is  distinctly  marked  with 
concentric  rings  of  considerable  thickness,  while  its  outer  surface 
is  covered  with  a  very  thin,  brownish  bark,  which  seems  to  be 
little  more  than  a  cuticle.  The  stalks,  which  are  annual,  fre- 
quently grow  to  the  height  of  six,  and  even  nine  feet.  They 
are  round,  smooth,  and  very  much  branched.  When  young 
their  usual  color  is  green,  but  in  most  plants,  after  the  berries 

17^ 


X98  CLASS  XI.     ORDER  I. 

have  ripened,  they  are  of  a  fine  purple.  Leaves  scattered,  pe- 
tiolate,  ovate-oblong,  smooth  on  both  sides,  ribbed  underneath, 
entire,  acute.  The  flowers  grow  in  long  pedunculated  racemes 
opposite  to  leaves.  Peduncles  nearly  smooth,  angular,  ascend- 
ing. Pedicels  divaricated,  sometimes  branched,  green,  white 
or  purple,  furnished  with  a  small  linear  bractate  at  base,  and  two 
others  in  the  middle.  Calyx  none.  Corolla  resembling  a  calyx, 
whitish,  consisting  of  five  round-ovate,  concave,  incurving  petals. 
Stamens  ten,  rather  shorter  than  the  petals,  with  white,  round- 
ish, two  lobed  anthers.  Germ  greenish,  round,  depressed,  ten 
furrowed.  Styles  ten,  short,  recurved.  The  flowers  are  suc- 
ceeded by  long  clusters  of  dark  purple  berries,  almost  black, 
depressed  or  flattened,  and  marked  with  ten  furrows  on  the 
sides. — ^^Road  sides. — July,  August. — Perennial. 
The  root  is  a  violent  emetic. 


Class  XL         DODECANDRIA.         Tioehe  stamens. 
Order  T.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style. 

209.  AsARUM.  Calyx  three  cleft,  superior ;  corolla 
none  ;  capsule  six  celled. 

210.  PoRTULACA.  Calyx  two  cleft;  corolla  five 
petalled  ;  capsule  one  celled,  opening  transversely. 

211.  Lythrum.  Calyx  twelve  toothed;  petals  six, 
inserted  into  the  calyx;  capsule  two  celled,  many 
seeded. 

Order  II.     DIGYNIA.      Two  styles. 

212.  Agrimonia.  Calyx  five  toothed,  invested  with 
an  outer  one;  petals  five,  inserted  in  the  calyx;  seeds 
two  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 

Order  III.      TRIGYNIA.      Three  styles. 

213.  Euphorbia.  Calyx  inflated,  inferior;  petals 
or  nectaries  four  or  five,  standing  on  the  calyx ;  cap- 
sule three  lobed,  supported  by  a  pedicel. 


CLASS  XI.     ORDER  I.  X99 

DODECANDRTA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

209.     ASARUM. 
AsARUM  Canadense.     L.  Wild  Ginger, 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xv. 

Leaves  two,  reniform ;  calyx  woolly,  cleft  to  the 
base :  its  segments  spreading  at  top. 

A  low  plant  with  two  leaves  and  an  axillary  flower  growing 
close  to  the  ground.  The  root  is  creeping,  fleshy,  and  some- 
what jointed.  Leaves  kidney  shaped,  pubescent  on  both  sides, 
with  long,  round,  hairy  petioles.  Flower  solitary,  growing  from, 
the  fork  of  the  stem  on  a  pendulous,  hairy  peduncle,  and  some- 
times nearly  buried  in  the  ground.  Calyx  very  hairy  or  woolly, 
consisting  of  three  broad,  concave  leafets,  which  are  mostly  of  a 
brownish  or  dull  purple  on  the  inside  at  top  and  bottom,  and  ter- 
minated by  a  long,  spreading,  inflected  point,  with  reflexed  sides. 
The  color  varies  greatly,  according  to  the  amount  of  light 
which  the  plant  enjoys,  being  sometimes  nearly  green.  Sta- 
mens twelve,  inserted  on  the  germ  at  a  distance  from  the  ca- 
lyx, the  alternate  ones  longer.  Anthers  growing  to  the  filaments 
below  their  extremity.  Near  the  divisions  of  the  calyx  are 
three  short,  curved,  filamentary  substances,  which  may  perhaps 
be  called  nectaries.  Germ  inferior,  somewhat  hexagonal,  marked 
at  top  inside,  with  a  dark  red  line;  style  conical,  striate,  parted 
at  top  into  six  recurved,  radiating  stigmas. — Dry  woods,  in  the 
western  and  northern  parts  of  the  state. — May  to  July. — Per- 
ennial. 

The  root  has  an  agreeable,  aromatic  flavor,  not  unlike  that  of 
ginger. 

210.     PORTULACA. 

PoRTULACA  OLERACEA.     L.  Purslaue. 

Leaves  wedge  shaped  ;  flowers  sessile.     L. 

A  succulent,  annual  plant,  common  in  gardens,  cultivated  fields, 
and  waste  grounds.  Stems  procumbent,  spreading,  smooth,  fleshy. 
Leaves  wedge  shaped,  rounded  at  the  end,  fleshy,  smooth,  sessile.. 


200  CLASS  XL    ORDER  IL 

Flowers  sessile,  scattered,  yellow.    Capsule  opening  transversely. 
Flowers  all  summer. — Annual. 

2U.     LYTHRUM. 

Lythrum  vertigillatijm.     L.  Grass  Poly. 

Leaves   opposite   or   ternate,   lanceolate,   petioied; 
flowers  axillary,  forming  a  sort  of  whorls. 
Syn.     Decodon  verticellatus.     Ell.  Hooh. 

Stems  woody  at  base,  two  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite  or  in 
threes,  lanceolate,  entire.  Flowers  on  axillary,  subdivided  pe* 
duncles,  nearly  surrounding  the  stem.  Calyx  ending  in  tenor 
twelve  teeth,  accompanied  by  the  same  number  of  long  stamens. 
Petals  five  or  six,  of  a  fine  purple,  spreading,  inserted  on  the  ca- 
lyx, short  in  duration.  In  watery  places  near  Fresh  pond. — 
July,  August. 

Lythrum  hyssopifolium     L.  Dwarf  Grass  Poly. 

Leaves  alternate,  linear  lanceolate ;  flowers  axilla- 
ry, solitary,  hexandrous. 

Stem  slender,  six  to  ten  inches  high,  square  with  spreading 
branches,  which  are  mostly  opposite,  at  base.  Leaves  linear  ob- 
long, obtuse,  sessile,  the  lower  ones  deciduous.  Flowers  small, 
axillary,  sessile,  appressed  to  the  stalk,  with  three  minute  brac- 
tes.  Calyx  subcylindrical,  angular,  with  twelve  minute  seg- 
ments, the  alternate  ones  longer.  Corolla  small,  purple.  Sta- 
mens commonly  six,  rarely  five. — In  low  grounds  and  dried 
ponds. — August,  September. — Annual. 

This  plant  was  returned  to  me  by  the  late  Dr.  Muhlenberg  as 
L.  lineare  of  Michaux.    Are  the  two  plants  different  ? 

DIGYNIA. 

212.    AGRIMONIA. 
Agrimonia  Eupatoria.     L.  Agrimony. 

Stem  leaves  pinnate,  the  odd  one  petioled,  fruit 
hispid.     L. 

Rises  to  the  height  of  two  feet,  with  an  angular,  hairy  stem. 
Leaves  uninterruptedly  pinnate,  hairy.    Leafets  ovate,  serrate, 


CLASS  XI.    ORDER  HI.  201 

all  sessile  except  the  terminal  one.  Stipules  large,  semicircular, 
cut-serrate.  Spike  long,  erect,  hairy.  Flowers  thinly  scattered, 
on  short  stalks,  yellow.  Calyx  persistent  armed  with  liooked 
bristles.  The  plant  is  astringent  and  tonic. — By  fences  and 
thickets. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

TRIGYNIA. 

213.    EUPHORBIA. 
Euphorbia  helioscopia.     L.  Sun  Spurge. 

Umbel  five  rayed,  then  three  rayed   and  forked  ; 
involiicels  obovate ;  leaves  wedge  form,  serrate.     L. 

A  weed  in  rich  ground,  lactescent,  as  are  the  other  species. 
Stem  upright,  round.  Leaves  scattered,  obovate,  or  wedge 
shaped,  slightly  serrate  at  the  end.  Umbel  of  five  rays,  sup- 
ported by  a  large  involucre  like  the  leaves.  Rays  branching, 
first  into  three,  then  into  two  divisions.  Capsules  smooth. — 
Annual. 

Euphorbia  polygonifolia.     L.  Knot  Grass  Spurge, 

Leaves  opposite,  quite  entire,  lanceolate,  obtuse; 
flowers  solitary,  axillary  ;  stems  procumbent.     L. 

A  flat  spreading  plant,  abounding  with  milky  juice.  Stems 
smooth,  dichotomous.  Leaves  opposite,  oblong,  linear-lanceo- 
late, blunt,  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  small,  proceeding  from  the 
divisions  of  the  stem. — In  sandy  places^  near  the  sea  shore. — 
June,  July. — Annual. 

Euphorbia  maculata.     L,  Spotted  Spurge. 

Leaves  serrate,  oblong,  hairy ;  flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary ;  branches  spreading. 

A  flat  plant  like  the  last.  Stems  spreading  close  to  the  ground. 
Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  serrulate  on  the  upper  part, 
edged  with  hairs,  and  frequently  with  a  dark  spot  in  the  centre. 
Flowers  very  small,  capsule  hairy. — Found  in  sandy  soils. — June, 
July. — Annual. 

Euphorbia  hypericifolia.  Oval  leafed  Spurge. 

Smooth,  branching,  erect  and  spreading;  branches 


202  CLASS  XII.     ORDER  I. 

divaricate;   leaves  opposite,  serrate,  oval-oblong,  sub- 
falcate  ;  corymbs  terminal. 

Larger  than  the   last.     Leaves   unequally  ovate-oblong. — In 
rich  grounds. — July,  &c. — Annual. 


Class  XII.     ICOSANDRIA.      Twe7ity   or  more   sta- 
?nens,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.     One  style. 

214.  Cactus.  Calyx  superior,  one  leafed,  imbri- 
cate ;  petals  numerous  ;  stigma  many  cleft ;  berry  one 
celled,  many  seeded. 

215.  Prunus.  Calyx  inferior,  five  cleft;  corolla 
fivepetalled;  drupe  with  a  smooth  or  slightly  seamed 
stone. 

Order  \l.    DIGYNIA.      Two  sfijles. 

216.  Crat^gus.  Calyx  superior,  five  cleft;  petals 
five ;  berry  two  seeded. 

Or^^er  III.      TRIGYNIA.      Three  styles. 

217.  SoRBus.  Calyx  superior,  five  cleft;  petals 
five  ;  berry  three  seeded. 

Order  lY.     PENTAGYNIA.     Five  styles. 

218.  Pyrus.  Calyx  superior ;  five  cleft ;  corolla 
five  petalled  ;    pome  five  celled  ;    cells  two  seeded. 

219.  SpiRiEA.  Calyx  inferior,  five  cleft;  corolla 
five  petalled ;    capsules  two  valved,  many  seeded. 

Order  Y.     POLYGYNIA.     Many  styles, 

220.  Rosa.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  fleshy,  contracted 
at  the  orifice,  five  cleft ;  corolla  five  petalled ;  seeds 
numerous,  bristly,  fixed  to  the  inside  of  the  calyx. 


CLASS  XII.    ORDER  1.  203 

221.  RuBus.  Calyx  five  cleft;  corolla  five  petalled; 
berry  composed  of  several  one  seeded  graniilatiotis. 

222.  Dalibarda.    Calyx  spreading,  five  cleft;  petals 

five;  pistils  from  five  to  eight;  styles  deciduous;  fruit 
juiceless. 

223.  Fragaeia.  Calyx  ten  cleft ;  corolla  five  pe- 
talled ;  seeds  smooth,  fixed  to  a  deciduous,  berry-like 
receptacle. 

224.  Comarum.  Calyx  ten  cleft;  corolla  five  pe- 
talled ;  seeds  smooth,  fixed  to  an  ovate,  spongy,  per- 
manent receptacle. 

225.  PoTENTiLLA.  Calyx  ten  cleft  ;  corolla  five 
petalled ;  seeds  naked,  wrinkled,  afiixed  to  a  small, 
juiceless  receptacle. 

226.  Dr'^as.  Calyx  eight  or  ten  cleft;  segments 
equal ;  petals  from  five  to  eight ;  seeds  from  five  to 
eight  with  long  feathery  awns. 

227.  Geum.  Calyx  ten  cleft;  corolla  five  petalled; 
seeds  with  a  jointed,  bent  awn  ;   receptacle  columnar. 


ICOSANDRIA. 
MONOGYNIA. 

214.    CACTUS. 
Cactus  opuntia.     L.  Prickly  Pear. 

Proliferous  in  joints,  which  are  compressed,  ovate; 
spines  setaceous,  fruit  succulent,  smooth. 

A  fleshy  plant,  destitute  of  proper  leaves,  the  place  of  vrhich  is 
supplied  by  large  compressed  joints,  three  or  four  inches  long, 
prickly  with  small  spines.  Flowers  large,  yellow,  growing  from 
the  margins  of  the  joints.  Stamens  numerous.  Fruit  obovate, 
eatable.— Found  at  Nantucket. — June,  July. 


204  CLASS  XII.     ORDER  I. 

215.     PRUNUS. 
Prunus  Virginiana.     L.  Wild  Cherry. 

Racemes  erect,  elongated ;  leaves  deciduous,  oval- 
oblons:,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  smooth  on  both 
sides  ;  petioles  with  about  four  glands. 
Syn.     Cerasus  Virginiana.     Mich. 

The  wild  cherry  is  with  us  a  tree  of  middling  size,  although, 
further  to  the  south  and  west  it  attains  to  a  magnitude  of  the 
first  rate.  Michaux  mentions  trees  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio, 
which  are  from  eighty  to  a  hundred  feet  high,  and  their  trunks 
from  twelve  to  sixteen  feet  in  circumference.  The  wood  is  a 
well  known  material  in  cabinet  work,  approaching  mahogany  in 
its  color  and  qualities.  Leaves  alternate,  smooth,  oval-oblong, 
acuminate,  serrate,  with  commonly  two  pair  of  glands  at  the  top 
of  the  petiole  in  front.  Flowers  in  terminal  clusters,  white. 
Fruit  small,  black,  somewhat  bitter.  The  bark  has  a  strong, 
bitterish,  spicy  taste,  and  has  been  found  a  useful  tonic. — May, 
June. 
*  Prunus  obovata.  Dwarf  Choke  Cherry. 

P.  racemis  iiatentihus  ;  foliis  obovatis^  acutis,  acu- 
tissime  serratis,  glabris. 

Racemes  spreading  ;    leaves  obovate,   acute,  very 
sharply  serrate,  smooth. 
Syn.     Prunus  serotina.     Pursh.  ?  nee  Willd. 

A  shrub  common  about  fences  and  woods,  rarely  rising  to  the 
size  of  a  small  tree.  The  leaves  are  much  broader  than  those 
of  P.  Virginiana,  obovate,  acute,  generally  obtuse  at  base,  and 
sometimes  hearted  finely,  equally,  and  very  sharply  serrate,  serra- 
tures  not  glandular,  glabrous  on  both  sides  except  sometimes  a 
small  tuft  of  down  in  the  axils  of  the  lower  veins  beneath.  Pe- 
tioles commonly  furnished  with  two  glands  near  the  top.  Flow- 
ers white,  in  divergent,  smooth  racdfoes,  considerably  larger  and 
a  fortnight  earlier  than  those  of  P.  Virginiana.  Fruit  small,  red, 
bitter,  strong,  and  astringent. — May. 


CLASS  XII.     ORDER  I.  g05 

It  differs  from  P.  Virginiana,  and  P.  Serotina  of  Muhlenberg 
and  Willdenow,  in  its  obovate  and  sharply  serrated  leaves,  small 
size,  early  flowering  and  red  fruit. 

Prunus  borealis.     Pursh.  Northern  Wild  Cherry. 

Corymbs    with  elongated   pedicels  ;    leaves   oval- 
oblong,    acnminate,    slightly   eroded,    membranous, 
smooth  ;  fruit  subovate. 
Syn.     Cerasus  borealis.     Mx. 

A  small  tree,  with  very  thin,  delicate  leaves,  and  small,  red, 
astringent  fruit. — On  Blue  hills,   Milton.     Common  in  Maine, 
where  it  succeeds  to  pine  forests,  which  have  been  cut  down. — 
May. 
Prunus  depressa.     Pursh.  Sand  Cherry. 

Umbels  sessile,  aggregate,  few  flowered  ;  branches 
angular,   prostrate ;  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  slightly 
serrate,  smooth,  glaucous  underneath  ;  fruit  ovate. 
Syn.     Cerasus  pumila.     Mx. 

A  small,  trailing  shrub,  spreading  its  branches  close  to  the 
ground. — On  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain. — May. 

*  Prunus  littoralis.  Beach  Plum. 

P.  umhellis  conglomeratis^  pmicifloris  :  pedunculls 
calycihusqiie  siibpvbescentibus  ;  foliis  ovalibus  acutis, 
serralis,  venis  siibtus  pubescentibus. 

Umbels  crowded,  few  flowered ;  peduncles  and  ca- 
lyxes somewhat  pubescent ;    leaves  oval,  acute,  ser- 
rate, the  veins  pubescent  beneath. 
Syn.     Prunus  sPHiEROCARPA.     Mx.  ?  nee  Willd. 
Prunus  pubesceks.     Ph.  ? 

A  shrub  with  stout,  straggling  branches.  Leaves  scattered, 
crowded,  oval  or  obovate,  acute,  single  and  doubly  serrate, 
smooth  or  rugose  above,  slightly  pubescent  or  tomentose  beneath. 
Petioles  short,  pubescent,  and  biglandular.  The  flowers  appear 
before   the  leaves  on  the  sides  near  the  extremities  of  the  last 

18 


206  CLASS  XII.     ORDER  II. 

year's  branches,  in  numerous  umbels  of  from  two  to  five  flowers. 
Peduncles  short,  filiform,  pubescent  under  a  magnifier  as  well  as 
the  calyx.  Corolla  small,  white.  Fruit  large,  globular,  eatable, 
with  the  flavor  of  the  common  plum. — Always  near  the  salt 
water;  abundant  on  Plum  island. — May. — Fruit  ripe  in  August 
and  September. 

Variety  a.  Fruit  an  inch  in  diameter,  purple,  with  a  glaucous 
bloom. 

/$.  Fruit  similar,  but  smaller. 

y.  Fruit  crimson,  shining. 

This  is  our  common  Beach  plum,  much  prized  for  its  agreeable 
fruit,  and  deserving  attempts  at  cultivation.  I  do  not  find  it  cer- 
tainly described  by  any  author,  unless  possibly  by  Michaux, 
under  the  name  of  P.  sphasrocarpa,  a  name  previously  appropria- 
ted by  Swartz  to  a  West  Indian  species.  From  P.  maritima  of 
Pursh  it  appears  widely  different  in  its  inflorescence,  acumina- 
tion,  and  fruit.  Dr.  Torrey,  and  some  others,  consider  it  the 
P.  pubescens  of  Pursh,  from  whose  description  it  seems  to  me  to 
difier. 

DIGYNIA. 

216.     CRAT^GUS. 

CRATiEGUs  CRus  GALLi.     L.  CommoTi  Tliom  JBusJi. 

Thorny ;  leaves  obovate,  subsessile,  shining,  coria- 
ceous; leafetsof  calyx  lanceolate,  subserrate.  Ait.  abr. 

A  strong,  branching,  thorny  shrub.  Leaves  inversely  ovate, 
sharply  and  irregularly  serrate,  sometimes  cleft,  tough,  smooth. 
Thorns  two  or  three  inches  long,  rigid,  acute.  Flowers  white, 
in  terminal  corymbs.  Calyx  leaves  linear. — About  fences  and 
thickets. — May,  June.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this 
species. 

Crataegus  coccinea.     L.  Red  Thorn. 

Thorny;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ovate,  subcordate, 
acutely  lobed  and  serrate,  smooth ;  calyx  pubescent, 
glandular ;   styles  five. 

A  large  shrub  with  a  few  long  spines.  Flowers  in  corymbs, 
white.    Fruit  rather  large,  red,  eatable. — Sudbury. — May. 


CLASS  XII.     ORDER  III.,  IV.  207 

TRIGYNIA. 

217.  SORBUS. 

SoRBUS  Americana.     Muhl.  Mountain  Ash. 

Leaves  pinnate,  leafets  glabrous,  acute,  subequally 

serrate,  petioles  glabrous. 

Syn.     SoRBUs  aucuparia,  §.  Mx. 

PyRCJs  Americana.     De  Cand. 

A  small  tree,  common  in  mountain  woods  in  the  northern 
parts  of  New  England.  It  is  more  slender  and  irregular  in  its 
growth  than  the  cultivated  S.  aucuparia  of  Europe.  Leaves 
pinnate,  smooth ;  leafets  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  at  base, 
sharply  serrate,  pale  underneath.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal 
corymbs. — I  have  not  seen  it  nearer  to  Boston  than  Wachusett 
hill,  where  it  flowers  the  first  of  June. 

PENTAGYNIA. 

218.  PYRUS. 

Pyrus  arbutifolia.    Willd.  Choice  Berry. 

Leaves  obovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  downy  under- 
neath, the  midrib  glandular  above ;  flowers  in  co- 
rymbs. 

Syn.  Mespilus  arbutifolia.  Lin.  Mich. 
Aronia  arbutifolia.  Pers. 
A  slender  shrub.  Leaves  oblong,  oval,  or  obovate,  finely  ser- 
rate, the  midrib  spotted  on  the  upper  side,  with  small,  dark 
glands.  Flowers  white,  in  compound,  downy  corymbs.  Pedun- 
cles and  calyx  more  or  less  downy.  Petals  roundish,  concave. 
Filaments  white,  anthers  crimson.  Germ  woolly,  styles  five, 
straight;  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  with  five  cells  and  ten  seeds, 
of  the  size  of  large  whortleberries,  rough,  and  astringent  to  the 
taste. — Low  woods  and  thickets. — May,  June. 

Pyrus  ovalis.    Willd.  Swamj)  Pyrus. 

Leaves  oblong,  acute,  downy  when  young;  flowers 
racemed  ;  petals  obovate  ;  calyx  pubescent. 


208  CLASS  XII.     ORDER  IV. 

Syn.    Mespilus  Canadensis,  «.  Mx. 

Aronia  ovalis.     Pers. 

Amelanchier  ovalis.  De  Cand. 
This  species  and  the  two  following  were  considered  by  Mi- 
chaux  as  varieties  only.  But  though  closely  allied,  they  differ 
considerably  in  habit.  The  present  is  a  shrub  of  moderate  size, 
very  common  in  swamps,  and  conspicuous  for  its  white  flowers 
in  the  early  part  of  May.  Leaves  oblong,'serrate,  acute,  very 
downy  and  whitish  underneath  when  young,  but  glabrous  when 
old.  Flowers  in  long  racemes,  the  pedicels  and  germs  downy, 
the  tips  of  the  calyx  smooth.  Petals  oblong-obovate.  Fruit  dark 
blue,  of  the  size  of  whortleberries,  pleasant  to  the  taste,  ripe  in 
June. 

Pyrus  botryapium.    Willd.  Wood  Pyrus. 

Leaves   ovate,    sharply    serrate,    acute,    glabrous; 

flowers  racemed ;  petals  linear ;  calyx  mostly  smooth. 

Syn.     Mespilus  Canadensis,  (??     Mx. 

Mespilus  Arborea.     Mx.  f. 

Aronia  botryapium.     Pers. 

Amelanchier  botryapium.  De  Cand. 
This  is  a  small  tree  found  in  upland  woods.  Leaves  ovate, 
sometimes  cordate,  finely  and  acutely  toothed,  very  acute,  gla- 
brous both  sides.  The  racemes  are  shorter  and  more  spreading 
than  in  the  foregoing  species  with  from  four  to  seven  flowers. 
Peduncles  brownish,  smooth.  Calyx  smooth  with  the  segments 
downy  within.  Petals  white,  linear-obovate,  more  spreading 
than  in  P.  Ovalis. — Roxbury,  Brookline. — May. 

Pyrus  SANGuiNEA.  Pu?'sh.  Round  leaved  Pyrus. 

Leaves  oval,  obtuse,  finely  serrate,  subcordate  at 
base  ;  racemes  few  flowered  ;  calyx  glabrous ;  petals 
linear,  obtuse. 

Syn.     Amelanchier  sanguinea.     De  Cand. 

I  have  specimens  agreeing  with  the  above  character,  formerly 
collected  in  the  western  parts  of  the  state,  from  trees  of  middling 
height. — May. 


CLASS  XII.    ORDER  V.  209 

219.     SPIR^A. 
Spirjea  alba.  Ehr.  White  Sjnrcea.     Meadow  Siveet. 

Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous ;  flowers 
panicled. 

Syn.      SpiRiEA    SALICIFOLIA.      Midi. 

A  slender  shrub  three  or  four  feet  high,  bearing  large,  terminal 
bunches  of  white  flowers.  Stems  smooth,  reddish.  Leaves  broad 
lanceolate,  somewhat  obtuse,  smooth  and  thin,  acutely  serrate, 
tapering  at  base.  Panicle  terminal,  composed  of  small  flowering, 
branches  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  and  from  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  crowded. — Meadows  and  wet  pastures. 
— July,  August. 
Spir^a  tomentosa.  L.  Downy  Spirma.     Hardhaclc. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  downy  nii- 
derrHBath  ;  flowers  twice  racemed.      Willd. 

A  very  common  shrub  in  pastures  and  low  grounds,  about  the 
size  of  the  last.  Among  its  purple  flowers  the  dead  tops  of  the 
last  year's  fructification  are  conspicuous.  Leaves  nearly  oval, 
thick,  and  tough,  dark  green  above,  whitish  and  downy  under- 
neath. Flowers  small,  bhie  or  purple,  in  long  conical  bunches 
on  the  end  of  the  stems. — July,  August. — Very  astringent. 

POLYGYNIA. 

220.     ROSA. 
Rosa  rubiginosa.     L.  Sweet  Briar.     Eglantine. 

Fruit  obovate,  fruit  and  peduncles  hispid ;  prickles 
hooked;  leafets  oval,  with  reddish  glands  beneath. 

Stem  from  three  to  four  feet  high,  the  younger  ones  reclining 
at  top,  the  old  ones  much  branched,  armed  vvith  strong,  hooked 
prickles.  ^  Leaves  pinnate,  with  oval  serrate  leafets,  which  give 
out  an  agreeable,  strong  scent  on  being  rubbed.  The  under  sur- 
face in  most  plants  is  slightly  glandular,  though  less  so  than 
in  the  European  sweet  briar.  Flowers  red.  Fruit  scarlet, 
somewhat  obovate,  bristly  or  smooth. — Road  sides. — June. — lu" 
troduced. 

18# 


210  CLASS  XII.    ORDER  V. 

Rosa  micrantha.     Sm.  Small  flowered  Sweet  Briar. 

Fruit  ov^te  ;  fruit  and  peduncles  somewhat  hispid  ; 
prickles  hooked ;  leafets  ovate,  acute,  with  reddish 
glands  beneath. 

This  species  is  more  common  than  the  last,  which  it  resem- 
bles in  the  odor  of  its  leaves.  It  is  a  larger  bush,  being  fre- 
quently six  feet  high.  When  in  flower  its  appearance  is  quite 
different,  the  flowers  being  white,  and  hardly  more  than  half  the 
size  of  the  former.  Common  in  dry  soils,  road  sides  and  pas- 
tures.— June. 

Rosa  Caroliniana.     L.  Swamp  Rose. 

Germs  globular,  hispid ;  peduncles  some\\^hat  his- 
pid; stem  with  stipular  prickles;  petioles  prickly.  L. 

This  rose  grows  in  swamps  and  in  woods,  sometimes  form- 
ing thickets  of  itself.  The  stems  vary  greatly  in  the  number 
and  size  of  their  prickles,  even  those  which  spring  from  the 
same  root.  They  are  commonly  of  a  reddish  color,  and  their 
prickles  nearly  straight.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  fiv^e  or  seven 
oval  leafets,  sharply  serrate  and  paler  on  the  under  side.  Flow- 
ers red,  growing  in  a  sort  of  corymbs.  Fruit  spherical,  flattened 
at  the  ends. — June,  July. 

221.    RUBUS. 
RuBus  occiDENTALis.  L.  Blttch  Raspherry .    Thimhleberry . 

Leaves  trifoliate,  downy  underneath,  stem  prickly, 
petioles  round.     L. 

Frequent  about  fences,  thickets,  «fec.  The  stems  are  prickly, 
long  and  slender,  bending  over  in  the  form  of  an  arch,  and  cov- 
ered with  a  bluish  or  glaucous  powder,  which  readily  rubs  off, 
Leafets  in  threes,  oval,  loosely  serrate,  acuminate,  green  above, 
whitish  and  downy  underneath,  the  two  lateral  ones  nearly  ses- 
sile. Petioles  roundish,  prickly.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal 
lacemes.  Fruit  black,  sprightly,  and  pleasant  to  the  taste. — 
May. 

RuBUS  STRiGosus.     Micli.  Wild  Red  Rttspherry. 

Unarmed,  strongly  hispid,  leafets  in  threes,  or  five 


CLASS  XII.    ORDER  V.  211 

pinnate,  oval,  obtuse  at  base,  lined  and  white  downy 
underneath,  the  odd  one  sub-cordate.     Mich. 

A  more  delicate  fruit  than  the  last,  found  in  similar  places. 
The  stem  and  branches  are  without  prickles,  but  covered  with 
thick  stiff  bristles.  Petioles  hispid,  bearing  one  or  two  pairs  of 
lateral  leafets  and  a  terminal  one;  the  lateral  leafets  sessile. 
Flowers  white,  in  terminal  clusters  with  hispid  peduncles.  Fruit 
red,  richly  flavored. — May. 

*  RuBus  SETOstJS.  Bristly  Raspberry. 

R.  caide  erecto^  reclinato,  hispido ;  foliis  ternatis 
quinatisve^  utiinque  g-labris,  concoloribus. 

Stem  qiTBct,  reclining,  bristly;  leaves  ternate  or  qui- 
nate^  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides. 

•  '^.tem  woody,  erect  at  base,  reclining,  without  prickles,  but 
thickly  covered  with  strong  bristles.  Petioles  semicylindrical, 
channelled.  Leaves  ternate,  a  few  younger  ones  quinate  ;  leafets 
rhomboid-lanceolate,  acute  at  base,  smooth,  or  with  the  veins 
pubescent  underneath,  unequally  serrate,  the  odd  one  petioled. 
Stipules  long  and  linear.  Flowers  in  racemes  with  bristly  pedi- 
cels. Petals  white,  linear-obovate,  distant.  Fruit  red,  ripening 
late. — In  a  swamp  at  Sudbury. — June.  Received  also  from  Dr. 
Payne,  Montreal. 

RuBus  ViLLOsus.  Tall  Blackberry . 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxxviii. 

Pubescent,  bristly  and  prickly;  leaves  in  threes  or 
fives,  leafets  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  with  the  peti- 
oles prickly  ;  racemes  naked,  about  twenty  flowered  ; 
petals  lance-ovate. 

This  shrub  has  a  tall,  branching,  prickly  stem,  more  or  less 
furrowed  and  angular.  Leaves  mostly  in  threes,  on  a  channelled, 
hairy  petiole.  A  few  are  solitary  and  some  quinate.  Leafets 
ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  and  unequally  serrate,  covered  with 
scattered  hairs  above,  and  with  a  thick,  soft  pubescence  beneath. 
The  terminal  leafet  is  pedicelled,  the  two  side  ones  sessile. 
The  petiole  and  back  of  the  middle  rib  are  commonly  armed 


212  CLASS  XII.     ORDER  V. 

with  short  recurved  prickles.  The  flowers  grow  iu  erect  ra- 
cemes, with  a  hairy  prickly  stalk.  The  pedicels  are  slender, 
an  inch  or  two  in  length,  covered  with  glandular  pairs,  and  sup- 
ported by  lanceolate  bractes.  Calyx  divided  into  five  ovate, 
concave,  hairy  segments,  ending  in  an  acuminate  point  or  a  lan- 
ceolate leafet.  Petals  five,  white,  ovate  or  oblong,  concave, 
contracted  into  a  short  claw  at  base.  Stamens  very  numerous 
with  roundish  anthers  and  slender  white  filaments.  Germs  nu- 
merous, covering  a  conic  central  receptacle.  Styles  capillary, 
arising  from  the  sides  of  the  germs,  persistent.  Fruit  a  black, 
shining  compound  berry,  formed  of  pulpy  acini  attached  to  the 
receptacle,  each  containing  a  single  oblong  seed. — Road  sides. 
Flowers  in  June. — Fruit  very  pleasant,  ripe  in  August  and  Sep- 
tember.— Perennial.  "> 

*  RuBus  FRONDOsus.  J^^^fy  Raspberry. 

R.  caule  aciileato^  erecto  ;  foliis  teriiatis^  qvinatisve^ 
piibe  shnpUci ;  racemo  folioso^  suh-decemfioro^  petalis 
orhiculatis. 

Stem  prickly,  erect;  leaves  ternate  or  qninate  ;  pu- 
bescence simple  ;  racemes  leafy,  about  ten  flowered  5 
petals  orbicular. 

Stem  erect,  reddish,  armed  with  straightish  or  slightly  recurv- 
ed prickles.  Young  branches  covered  with  simple  pubescence, 
and  ending  in  leafy  racemes.  Leaves  on  short  peduncles,  mostly 
ternate,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  five  digitate,  and  upper  ones 
simple ;  leafets  ovate,  unequally  serrate,  pubescent  beneath, 
nearly  glabrous  above,  the  lateral  ones  sessile,  the  terminal  one 
on  a  short  stalk.  Racemes  leafy,  having  a  leaf  at  the  base  of 
most  of  the  pedicels,  about  ten  flowered,  the  upper  flowers  ex- 
panding first.  Calyx  segments  ovate,  acuminate.  Petals  orbic- 
ular, ovate,  large,  white.     Fruit  black,  agreeable. 

Approaches  R.  villosus,  and  has  perhaps  descended  from  it, 
but  differs  in  the  following  marks,  as  well  as  in  its  habit,  by 
which  it  may  be  distinguished  at  sight. 


Pubescence  glandular. 

Racemes  nearly  naked,  about 
twenty  flowered,  the  lower 
flowers  opening  first. 

Petals  lance-ovate  with  wide 
intervals  when  expanded. 


CLASS  XII.    ORDER  V.  213 

R.  villosus.  R.  frondosus. 

Pubescence  simple. 
Racemes  leafy,  about  ten  flow- 
ered, the  terminal  flowers 
opening  first. 
Petals  orbicular-ovate,  much 
larger,  and  nearly  in  contact 
with  each  other  when  ex- 
panded. 

Besides  the  above  marks,  R.  frondosus  is  smoother,  leaves 
more  flat,  and  the  terminal  leafet  on  a  longer  stalk. — Road  sides 
in  Roxbury. — May,  June. 

First  observed  by  my  pupil,  Mr.  H.  Little. 

RuBus  TRiviALis.     MicJi.        Low  OT  running  BlacTcberri/. 

Dewberry, 

Stems  procumbent ;  leafets  three  or  five,  oval,  ser- 
rate, nearly  smooth  ;  flower  stalks  mostly  solitary. 
Syn.     RuBUs  procumbens.     Muhl.  ^ 

Stems  prickly,  slender,  flexible,  running  severlil  yards  upon 
the  ground,  but  seldom  putting  out  roots,  unless  accidentally 
covered.  Leaves  nearly  smooth,  green  on  both  sides.  Pedun- 
cles long,  slender,  mostly  undivided,  furnished  with  minute 
prickles.  Flowers  solitary,  while  Fruit  large,  black,  sweet.- — 
Common  in  barren  sandy  soils. — May. 

*  RuBus  SEMPERViRENS.  Evergreen  Raspberry. 

Rubus  sarmentoso-procumbens ;  caiile  aculeolato  ; 
foUis  ternatis,  foliolis  obovatls,  ser rails,  nitidis,  sem- 
pervirentibus. 

Stem  procumbent,   covered  with  minute  prickles, 
leaves  ternate,  obovate,  serrate,  shining,  evergreen. 
Syn.     RuBus  obovatus.     Hooker. 

A  small,  trailing  species,  found  in  damp  woods  and  swamps. 
Stem  woody,  smooth,  commonly  covered  with  minute  reflexed 
prickles,  as  are  also  the  petioles.  Stipules  lanceolate.  Leaves 
of  the  size  of  the  strawberry,  of  a  dark  shining  green,  tapering 
and  retuse  at  base,  unequally  serrate.     They  last  through  the 


214  CLASS  XII.     ORDER  V. 

winter,  and  exhibit  a  dark  or  purplish  appearance  the  ensuing 
spring.  Flowers  few,  in  a  sort  of  raceme,  with  alternate,  slen- 
der stalks.  Calyx  leaves  ovate,  acute,  glabrous.  Petals  white, 
oblong,  distinct.     Berries  small,  black,  sour. — July. 

RuBus  ODORATus.     L.  FloiceHng  Raspberry. 

Leaves    simple,    palmate ;    stem   unarmed,    many 

leaved,  many  flowered.     L. 

A  superh,  flowering  shrub,  commonly  cultivated.  I  have  not 
seen  it  growing  wild  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Boston,  though 
it  is  plentiful  at  the  distance  of  thirty  or  forty  miles  to  the  west- 
ward. Leaves  simple,  large,  mostly  five  lobed,  serrate  ;  petioles 
and  peduncles  hairy.  Flowers  large,  purple,  forming  a  sort  of 
corymb.     Fruit  dry. — Flowers  in  June  and  after. 

RuBus  sAXATiLis.     Mx.  Stone  Raspberry. 

Herbaceous,    pubescent ;     leaves    ternate,    leafets 

rhomboidal,   acute,   cut-toothed,  naked,  the  odd  one 

petioled  ;  flowers  about  three,  with  elongated  pedicels. 

The  stems  of  this  species  are  annual,  whereas  those  of  most 
of  the  preceding  are  biennial,  not  flowering  till  the  second  year. 
About  a  foot  high,  with  white  flowers. — On  dry  hills,  Danvers. 
■ — White  mountains. — June. 

RuBus  ChamtEmgrus.     L.  Cloud  Beri^y. 

Herbaceous;  stem  erect,  unarmed,  one  flowered; 
leaves  simple,  somewhat  reniform,  roundish  lobed. 

A  small  and  pretty  alpine  species,  found  in  both  continents. 
Leaves  heart  shaped  at  base,  veined,  plaited.  Flower  on  a  long 
downy  stalk,  white,  handsome.  Berry  amber  colored,  pleasantly 
acid. — White  mountains.     Mr.  Tuckerman. 

222.     DALIBARDA. 
Dalibarda  repens.     PursJi.  Wliite  Dalibarda. 

Villous;  shoots  creeping;  leaves  simple,  cordate, 
crenate ;   peduncles  one-flowered. 

Syn.     Dalibarda  viol^oides,     Mxs 
RuBus  Dalibarda.     Willd. 


CLASS  XII.     ORDER  V.  215 

A  creeping  plant,  with  white  flowers.  Leaves  on  long  peti- 
oles, heart  shaped,  obtuse,  crenate,  covered  with  thin  hairs. 
Peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  terminating  in  a  single  flower. 
Calyx  segments  ovate,  ciliate,  somewhat  toothed.  Petals  oval, 
stamens  capillary ;  styles  few. — Among  the  decayed  leaves  in 
woods.     Princeton. — June. 

Dalibarda  fragarioides.     3fx.  Yelloio  Daliharda. 

Leaves  ternate,  leafets  wedge  shaped,  cut  serrate, 
ciliate  :  scapes  many  flowered ;  tube  of  the  calyx 
conical. 

Syn.     CoMAROPSis  fragarioides.     De  Cand. 

Considerably  larger  than  the  foregoing,  with  some  resem- 
blance to  the  strawberry.  Leaves  in  threes,  lobed  and  toothed, 
nearly  smooth,  ciliate.  Scapes  slender,  furnished  with  a  few 
simple  or  ternate,  lanceolate  bractes.  Panicle  few  flowered ; 
pedicels  elongated,  slightly  hairy.  Germs  acute  at  base;  calyx 
acute ;  petals  oblong,  yellow.  Filaments  numerous,  persistent 
after  the  anthers  have  fallen.  Woods,  Hanover,  New  Hamp- 
shire.— June. 

223.    FRAGARIA. 

Fragaria  Virginian  a.     Ehr.  Wild  Strawberry. 

Calyx  of  the  frnit  spreading ;  hairs  of  the  petioles 

erect,    of  the    peduncles   appressed ;    leaves   smooth 

above.      Willd. 

The  common  wild  strawberry  is  a  very  delicious  fruit,  and 
when  cultivated  is  inferior  to  few  imported  species.  The  ber- 
ries ripen  early,  are  of  a  light  scarlet  color,  exquisitely  flavored, 
but  more  soft  and  perishable  than  the  other  kinds.  The  herb- 
age is  more  smooth  and  even,  than  in  other  species,  the  pedun- 
cles shorter,  so  that  the  fruit  is  commonly  concealed  under  the 
leaves.     Flowers  white,  appearing  in  May. 

Wild  strawberries  are  frequently  sour  from  the  circumstance 
of  their  ripening  in  the  shade  among  the  high  grass. 


216  CLASS  XII.     ORDER  V. 

224.     COMARUM. 

Com  ARUM  TALUSTRE.     L.  Morsk  Cinqurfoil, 

A  genus  nearly  related  to  the  last,  with  only  one  species. 
Stem  round,  rising  from  one  to  two  feet.  Leafets  three,  five  or 
seven,  oblong,  serrate,  whitish  underneath.  Flowers  dark,  dull 
purple,  every  part  permanent.  Calyx  ten  cleft,  every  other  seg- 
ment Inrger.  Corolla  of  five  small  petals.  Fruit  enclosed  in  the 
flower,  resembling  a  strawberry,  but  spongy  and  permanent. — 
Found  in  Neponset  river  and  in  Brighton. — June. — Perennial. 

225.     POTENTILLA. 
PoTENTiLLA  FLORiBUNDA.     JPursIi.  BusJiy  PotentUla. 

Shrubby,  erect,  branching,  hairy;  stipules  ovate, 
entire  ;  leaves  five-pinnate,  leafets  linear-oblong,  revo- 
lute;  corymbs  terminal,  dichotomons,  dense-flowered, 
calyx-segments  subequal,  as  long  as  the  petals. 

Syn.       POTENTILLA    FRUTICOSA.       Auct. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending,  shrubby,  a  foot  high,  covered  with 
a  deciduous,  reddish  bark,  and  with  long  fine  hairs.  Stipules  at 
the  base  of  the  leaves  and  branches  ovate,  nerved,  scarious, 
clasping,  some  bifid.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  slender,  hairy  peti- 
oles ;  leafets  five,  in  a  sort  of  tuft,  sessile,  lanceolate,  revolute  at 
the  edges,  hairy,  paler  underneath.  Flowers  in  close,  compound 
corymbs  on  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Calyx  hairy,  its  segments 
subequal.  Petals  obovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx. — In  low  grounds, 
Danvers  ;  sent  by  Dr.  Nichols. 

On  comparison  with  specimens  of  P.  fruticosa,  it  has  smaller 
and  more  numerous  flowers.     Drs.  Hooker  and  Torrey  consider 
the  two  as  indentical. 
PoTENTiLLA  ANSERiNA.  Zi.     SUvcv  Weed.      Wild  Tansey. 

Leaves  interriiptedl3r  pinnate,  serrate,  silky  nnder- 
neath,  stem  creeping,  peduncles  one  flowered.     Sm. 

A  handsome  plant,  common  on  the  marshes  at  South  Boston 
and  Cambridge.  Stems  hairy  and  reddish,  creeping  extensively 
among  the  grass.  Leaves  pinnate,  the  large  leafets  alternating 
with  small  ones,  green  above  and  of  a  line  silvery  appearance 


i 


CLASS  XII.     ORDER  V_.  217 

beneath.   Flowers  yellow,  solitary,  on  long,  axillary  peduncles. 

June. — Perennial. — With  us  this  is  always  a  raaritime  plant. 
PoTENTiLLA  ARGSNTEA.     L.  Hoavy  CinquefoU. 

Leaves  qiiinate,   wedge  form,   cut,  downy  under- 
neath, stem  nearly  erect. 

A  small,  humble  species,  frequent  on  Boston  common  and 
elsewhere  in  dry  soils.  Stems  spreading,  half  erect,  white  and 
downy.  Leaves  alternate,  consisting  of  five  Avedge  form  or 
spatulate  leafets,  cut  into  a  few  lobes  or  large  teeth  at  the  end, 
white  and  downy  underneath.  Flowers  numerous,  on  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  small,  yellow. — From  June  to  September. — 
Perennial. 

PoTENTiLLA  SIMPLEX.     Mich.  CommoTi  CinqupfoU  or 

Fivefinger. 
Erect,  simple,  hairy;  leaves  five  digitate,  oblong, 
oval;  peduncles  lateral,  solitary,  elongated,  one  flow- 
ered.    Mich. 

Root  abrupt.  Stem  erect  at  base,  reclining  at  top,  rough,  hairy. 
Leafets  in  fives,  oval,  deeply  serrate,  the  nerves  hairy  underneath. 
Stipules  cut  into  lanceolate  lobes.  The  primary  leaves  are  nearly 
sessile  having  in  the  axil  of  each  a  petioled  leaf  or  two,  a  long 
filiform  peduncle,  and  sometimes  also  the  rudiment  of  a  branch. 
Flowers  yellow.  Petals  roundish,  inversely  heart-shaped,  longer 
than  the  calyx. — Pastures  and  woods. — May,  June. — Perennial. 
PoTENTiLLA  SARMENTOSA.     MuM.       Running  CinquefoU. 

Stem  sarmentose;  leaves  qurnate,  leafets  obovate, 
obtuse,  serrate,  glabrous  above,  hairy  beneath,  petals 
roundish,  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Syn.     PoTENTiLLA  CANADENSIS.     Hookev  ? 

A  very  delicate  species  extremely  common  in  dry  pastures, 
spangling  the  grass  with  its  yellow  flowers  from  April  till  the 
middle  of  May.  Root  somewhat  abrupt.  Stems  procumbent, 
very  short,  at  the  time  of  the  first  flowering,  but  extending  a  foot 
or  more  along  the  ground  during  the  summer.  Leaves  quinate 
19 


218  CLASS  XII.     ORDER  V. 

with  hairy  petioles.  Leafets  obovate,  obtuse,  their  upper  half 
deeply  serrate^,  glabrous  above,  paler  and  hairy  underneath. 
Stipules  hairy,  acute,  those  of  the  stem  about  six  cleft.  Pedun- 
cles solitary,  slender,  hairy, longer  than  the  petiole  whicb  springs 
from  the  same  joint.  Calyx  segments  hairy,  acute,  some  of  them 
furnished  with  a  small  tooth  or  two.  Petals  roundish,  retuse,  a 
little  longer  than  the  calyx.     Anthers  sagittate. 

During  the  summer  a  fleshy  thickening  often  takes  place  in 
various  parts  of  the  stem,  apparently  caused  by  insects.  The 
flowers  reappear  in  October. 

Very  distinct  from  P.  simplex,  though  quoted  by  Pursh  and 
Torry  as  synonymous.  It  is  much  smaller,  flowers  a  month 
earlier,  and  is  never  erect. 

PoTENTiLLA  NoRVEGicA.  L  Noricay  Clinquefoil. 

Leaves  ternate;  stem  dichotomous ;  peduncles  axil- 
lary. L. 

An  erect,  hairy  plant.  Stem  round,  straight,  forked  at  top. 
Leaves  in  threes,  oval,  cut-serrate,  their  petioles  and  veins  cov- 
ered with  long  hairs.  Stipules  ova»e,  acute,  somewhat  toothed. 
Flowers  numerous,  axillary  and  terminal,  somewhat  crowded. 
Petals  yellow,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — By  road  sides  and  thick- 
ets.— July. — Perennial. 

PoTENTiLLA  TRTDENTATA.  L.  Mountain  Potentilla. 

Leaves  ternate,  evergreen  ;  leafets  wedge-shaped, 
three  toothed  at  the  end  ;  peduncles  few  flowered. 

A  suffruticose  alpine  plant  of  all  our  northern  mountains. 
The  lower  part  of  the  stem  is  woody,  prostrate,  rooting,  with 
subulate  stipules  at  the  top,  below  the  leaves.  Petioles  short, 
slightly  hairy.  Leafets  three,  sessile,  smooth,  coriaceous,  ob- 
long-wedge shaped,  uniformly  ending  in  three  nearly  equal  teeth. 
Flowering  stalk  hairy,  with  several  small,  ternate,  lanceolate 
leafets.  Flowers  few.  in  a  sort  of  irregular  corymb.  Calyx  acute, 
the  narrow  segments  more  obtuse.  Petals  oblong,  white,  longer 
than  the  calyx. — Abundant  on  the  summit  of  Wachusett.  On 
the  White  mountains,  Moosehillock,  Sec.  In  the  college  yard  at 
Brunswick. — June. 


CLASS  XII.    ORDER  V.     .  219 

PoTENTiLLA  ARGUTA.  Puvsli  Suppl.        Croiochd  Pote.ntUla. 
Stem  erect,  lower  leaves  pinnate,  hairy  and  downy; 
flowers  in  small  <:orymbs,  nearly  sessile. 

Syn.     PoTENTiLLA  coNFERTiFLORA.      Tovrey. 
BooTiA  SYLVESTRis.     2d  edition. 

This  plant,  formerly  proposed  as  a  genus,  is  on  more  mature 
inspection,  withdrawn.  According  to  Dr.  Hooker  it  is  the  P.  ar- 
gutaof  Pursh,  by  Bradbury's  specimen. 

The  whole  herb  is  covered  with  hairy  down.  Root  leaves  and 
lower  stem  leaves  pinnate,  leafets  sessile,  oval,  acute,  doubly 
toothed  and  slightly  cut,  the  lower  ones  and  sometimes  the  inter- 
mediate ones  smaller.  Stem  two  feet  high,  rigid,  erect,  round, 
furrowed.  Stipules  half  ovate,  acuminate,  mostly  entire.  Upper 
leaves  ternate  or  simple.  Flowers  terminal,  in  small  crowded 
corymbs.  Calyx  segments  downy,  alternately  lanceolate  and 
ovate.  Petals  orbicular,  white,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Anthers 
compressed,  roundish.  Nectary  a  stellate  cavity  surrounding  the 
base  of  the  receptacle  of  the  germs,  having  pits  in  its  five  points 
opposite  the  narrow  segments  of  the  calyx,  distinct  in  the  young 
flower,  obliterated  in  fruit.  Seeds  oblong,  pointed,  awnless. 
Receptacle  hairy. 

Found  in  June  1816,  on  the  precipice  behind  Bellows'  Falls, 
N.  H.     Also  in  Deerfield,  Mass. 

226.     DRYAS. 
Dryas  integrifolia.    Vahl.  Mountain  Avens. 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  entire ;  calyx  segments  lin- 
ear. 

Syn.     Dryas  tenella.  Pursh. 

A  low,  csespitose,  suffruticose,  alpine  plant.  Leaves  alternate, 
petioled,  smooth,  evergreen,  wrinkled  above,  white-pubescent 
beneath,  re  volute  at  the  margin.  Flowers  large,  white,  on  soli- 
tary, elongated  peduncles.  Seeds  with  long,  plumose,  silkea 
awns.  I  have  seen  speciaiens  from  the  White  mountains,  but 
have  not  found  it  there  myself. 


220  CLASS  XII.    ORDER  V. 

227.     GEUM. 
Geum  rivale.  Ij.  Water  Avens. 

Radical  leaves  lyrate ;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  cut ; 
flowers  nodding,  awns  featliery,  twisted.     Sm. 

A  fine  plant  conspicuous  in  meadows  for  its  high,  nodding, 
dark  colored  flowers.  Stem  round,  erect,  drooping  at  top. 
Radical  leaves  lyrate  or  interruptedly  pinnate,  the  terminal 
leafet  large  and  lobed,  the  whole  serrate  and  hairy.  Flowers 
terminal,  two  or  three  on  a  stalk;  calyx  reddish  brown,  closed ; 
petals  erect,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  inversely  heart  shaped, 
veined  and  shaded  with  yellow  purple.  The  fruit  becomes  erect, 
and  is  crowned  with  long,  feathery,  contorted  awns. — May, 
June. — Perennial. 

Geum  Virginianum.     L.  Virginian  Avens. 

Leaves  trifoliate,  upper  ones  lanceolate  ;  petals 
shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  seeds  hairy,  with  naked  awns, 
twisted  at  top. 

Stem  erecj^,  one  or  two  feet  high,  branching,  hairy.  Lower 
leaves  in  threes,  sometimes  in  fives ;  the  upper  ones  simple, 
oval,  or  lanceolate,  the  whole  unequally  serrate.  Stipules  large, 
ovate,  few  toothed.  Flowers  nodding,  fruit  erect.  Petals  white, 
not  longer  than  the  calyx. — Thickets. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Geum  album.      Willd.  White  Avens 

Pubescent,  leaves  of  the  root  pinnate,  of  the  stem 

tern  ate  ;  stipules  cut;  flowers  erect;  petals  not  longer 

than  the  calyx.  ♦ 

Stem  erect,  hairy,  branching  at  top.  Leaves  variable,  those 
of  the  root  and  lower  part  of  the  stem  pinnate,  or  ternate,  or 
simple,  with  appendages  on  the  petiole,  all  of  them  hairy.  Sti- 
pules large,  toothed,  and  lobed.  Flowers  small.  Calyx  acute, 
hairy.  Petals  shorter  than  the  calyx,  entire,  whitish.  Seeds 
hairy.  Awns  reflected,  smooth,  geniculated  or  uncinate  and 
hairy  at  tip. — About  hedges. — July. — Perennial. 

Between  this  and  the  foregoing  there  are  intermediate  varieties. 


CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  I.  221 

Geum  strictum.      Willd.  Yellow  Avens. 

Hairy;  leaves  all  interruptedly  pinnate,  leafets 
ovate,  toothed,  the  terminal  one  largest ;  flowers  erect, 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx. 

A  tall,  hairy  species  with  yellow  flowers.  Terminal  leafet 
large.  Alternate  segments  of  the  calyx  linear.  Flowers  yel- 
low.— On  Prospect  hill,  Charlestown. — June. — Perennial. 

In  a  specimen  gathered  in  Bretton  woods,  near  the  White 
mountains,  the  stem  leaves  are  triiid  and  the  petals  hardly  longer 
than  the  calyx. — Perhaps  a  new  species. 

Gecjm  Peckii.     Pursh.  Peck's  Geum. 

Leaves  reni form,  the  petiole  pinnately  appendaged  ; 
flowers  several  on  a  stalk;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx. 

Root  leaves  large,  pinnate,  the  lateral  leafets  minute,  terminal 
one  very  large,  reniform,  cut  and  toothed,  glabrous,  slightly  cili- 
ate.  Petioles  long,  ending  in  broad  ciliate  stipules.  Stem  round, 
pubescent,  four  or  five  inches  high,  furnished  with  a  few  small, 
cut,  and  toothed  leafets,  and  bearing  from  one  to^ve  flowers. 
Calyx  segments  acute,  the  alternate  ones  minute  and  linear. 
Petals  orbicular,  yellow,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  slender,  yellow.  Styles  very  short.  Seeds 
hairy.    Awns  erect,  slightly  hooked  at  tip. 

Discovered  by  the  late  Professor  Peck  on  the  summit  of  the 
"White  mountains.  Very  distinct  from  Geum  montanum,  with 
which  I  have  compared  it.  Pursh,  probably  from  seeing  bad 
specimens,  represents  it  as  one  flowered,  and  with  petals  equal- 
ling the  calyx. — July. 


Class  XIII.   POLYANDRIA.     Many  stajneiis. 

Order  I.     MONOGYNIA.      One  style. 

228.   Chelidonium.    Calyx  two  leaved ;  petals  four 
19^ 


222  CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  X. 

siliqne  superior,  two  valved,  one  celled,  linear;  seeds 
crested. 

229.  AcT^A.  Calyx  four  leaved;  petals  four;  berry 
one  celled,  many  seeded ;  seeds  nearly  flat. 

230.  CisTus.  Calyx  five  leaved,  two  of  the  leaves 
smaller  :  capsule  superior,  three  valved,  opening  at  top. 

231.  HuDsoNiA.  Calyx  three  parted,  tubular;  petals 
five  ;  capsule  one  celled,  three  valved,  three  seeded. 

232.  Sarracenia.  Calyx  double ;  the  lower  three 
leaved,  the  upper  five  leaved ;  petals  five ;  stigma 
shield  like ;  capsule  five  celled. 

233.  TiLiA.  Calyx  five  parted ;  petals  five ;  cap- 
sule superior,  coriaceous,  five  celled,  five  valved,  open- 
ing at  the  base. 

234.  Sanguinaria.  Calyx  two  leaved  caducous ; 
corolla  eight  petalled ;  capsule  two  valved,  many 
seeded. 

235.  Podophyllum.  Calyx  three  leaved  caducous; 
corolla  from  six  to  nine  petalled ;  berry  one  celled, 
crowned  with  the  stigma. 

236.  NuPHAR.  Calyx  five  or  six  leaved ;  corolla 
many  petalled,  very  short ;  petals  and  stamens  trun- 
cated, inserted  in  the  receptacle ;  stigma  a  disc  mark- 
ed with  prominent  rays. 

237.  Nymfh^a.  Calyx  four  or  five  leaved;  corolla 
many  petalled,  petals  and  stamens  subacute,  mserted 
on  the  germ  ;  stigma  a  tubercle  surrounded  with  an- 
theroid  rays. 

Order  II.     DIGYNIA.      Tic o  styles. 

238.  Menispermum.  Calyx  none;  outer  petals  four, 
inner  petals  eight;  stamens  from  six  to  sixteen;  styles 
two  or  three;  berry  one  seeded;  dioecious. 


CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  I.  223 

Order  V.     PENTAGYNIA.     Five  styles. 

239.  Aquilegia.  Calyx  none;  petals  five;  nectaries 
five,  horn  shaped,  alternate  with  the  petals. 

240.  CiMiciFUGA.  Calyx  four  or  five  leaved  ;  petals 
four  to  eight,  cartilaginous;  capsules  several,  oblong, 
opening  by  a  lateral  suture,  many  seeded. 

Order  Yl.     POLYGYNIA.     Many  styles. 

241.  Clematis.  Calyx  none;  petals  from  four  to 
six;  seeds  with  tails;  receptacle  capitate. 

242.  Atragene.  Calyx  none  ;  corolla  from  four  to 
six  petalled ;  nectaries  four,  spatulate,  alternate  with 
the  petals ;  seeds  with  tails. 

243.  Thalictrum.  Calyx  none ;  petals  four  or  five  ; 
seeds  without  tails. 

244.  CoPTis.  Cal3''x  none  ;  petals  five  or  six,  ca- 
ducous ;  nectaries  five  or  six,  cucullate;  capsules  five 
or  six,  stipitate,  rostrate,  many  seeded. 

245.  Caltha.  Calyx  none ;  petals  five  ;  nectaries 
none,  capsules  many. 

246.  Hydropeltis.  Calyx  none  ;  petals  six,  three 
external  shortest ;  nectaries  none ;  capsules  several, 
one  celled,  two  seeded,  invested  with  the  permanent 
corolla. 

247.  Hepatica.  Calyx  three  leaved  ;  petals  from  six 
to  nine;  seeds  naked. 

248.  Anemone.  Calyx  none  ;  petals  from  five  to 
nine;  seeds  numerous. 

249.  Trollius.  Calyx  none  ;  petals  from  five  to 
eight,  deciduous;  nectaries  from  five  to  eight,  linear; 
capsules  many,  sessile,  many  seeded. 

250.  Ranunculus.     Calyx  five  leaved;  petals  from 


224  CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  I. 

five  to  eight,  with  a   pore  or   scale  bearing  honey  at 
the  base  of  each,  inside;  seeds  naked. 

251.  Magnolia.  Calyx  three  leaved;  petals  from 
six  to  nine  ;  capsules  two  valved,  clustered ;  seeds 
pendulous. 

252.  LiRioDENDRON.  Calyx  three  leaved  ;  petals 
six :  seeds  ending  in  a  scale,  imbricated  into  a  cone. 


POLYANDRIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

228.    CHELIDONIUM. 

Chelidonium  majus.     L.  Celandine. 

Peduncles  umbelled.     L. 

Found  among  rubbish,  under  fences,  &c.  attaining  the  height 
of  one  or  two  feet.  Leaves  pinnate,  spreading;  leafets  lobed, 
pale  green,  smooth,  their  stalks  winged  where  they  join  the 
main  petiole.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  remote  umbel,  proceeding 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  The  calyx,  petals,  and  stamens 
are  extremely  deciduous,  which  occasions  perplexity  in  exam- 
ining the  plant.  Every  part  of  this  vegetable  abounds  with  a 
bright  yellow,  or  saffron  colored  juice. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

229.     ACT^A. 
AcT^A  RUBRA.      Willd.  Red  Acfcea.     Cohush. 

Raceme  hemispherical ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
stamens,  acute;  pedicels  of  the  fruit  smaller  than  the 
peduncles. 

Syn.      AcTiEA    SPICATA.       Mt. 

ACTJEA    BRACHYPETALA.       De  Caud. 

AcT^A  Americana,  /9,  rubra.     Pursh. 

Stem  roundish,  glabrous,  covered  with  a  slight  glaucous  bloom. 
Leaves  several  times  ternate,  on  long  smooth  petioles,  with 
swelling  bases  partly  sheathing  the  stem.     The  extreme  divis- 


CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  I.  225 

ions  are  slightly  pubescent,  and  channelled  above.  Leafets  heart 
shaped,  cut  and  toothed,  the  odd  one  usually  three  lobed,  veined, 
glabrous,  the  veins  slightly  pubescent  underneath.  Raceme 
hemispherical,  or  half  ovate.  Peduncles  round,  smooth,  slightly- 
pubescent  at  top.  Pedicels  pubescent,  largest  at  the  extremities. 
Calyx  leaves  four,  oblong,  green,  striate,  concave,  caducous. 
Petals  often  eight  or  ten,  white,  oval,  acute,  unguiculated,  decid- 
uous. Stamens  numerous.  Filaments  twice  as  long  as  the 
petals,  filiform,  subclavate,  white.  Anihers,  before  bursting, 
cordate,  acute,  compressed,  white.  Pistil  smooth,  white.  Germ 
oval,  placed  obliquely,  with  a  furrow  on  one  sid,e.  Style  none. 
Stigma  oval,  two  lobed,  recurved  at  the  ends.  "Berries  shining, 
cherry  red,  about  sixteen  seeded,  on  long  filiform  pedicels,  a 
fourth  part  as  large  as  the  common  peduncle. — Woods. — May. — 
Perennial. 

*AcT^A  ALBA.  White  Aetata.      White  Cohush. 

A.  racenio  ohlongo ;  petalls  stamiiiibus  ceqitalibus, 
t7^U7icatis  ;  pediceUls  fiucius  pediincuU  instar. 

Raceme  oblong ;  petals  equal  to  the  stamens,  trun- 
cate; pedicels  of  the  fruit  as  large  as  the  peduncle. 

Syn.     AcT^A  spicata,  j^,  alba.     Mx. 

AcT^A  Americana,  «,  alba.     Pursh. 

ACTJEA    PACHYPODA.       ElUott. 

Stem  and  leaves  like  the  preceding,  but  somewhat  larger  and 
smoother.  Raceme  ob!ong,  twice  the  length  and  half  the 
breadth  of  the  preceding ;  the  pedicels  being  shorter  and  thicker. 
Calyx  leaves  four,  white,  oblong,  concave,  caducous.  Petals 
four  to  eight,  as  long  as  the  stamens,  white,  oval,  unguiculated, 
dilated  upwards,  and  truncated.  Stamens  white,  as  long  as  the 
petals,  filaments  as  in  the  last  but  shorter,  anthers  heart  shaped, 
obtuse,  white  or  yellowish.  Germ  and  stigma  as  in  the  preced- 
ing. Berries  milk-white,  tipt  with  red,  smaller  and  about  eight 
seeded,  on  short,  red,  incrassated  pedicels  as  large  as  the  com- 
mon peduncle. — Woods. — May. — A  week  or  two  later  than  the 
foregoing. — Perennial. 

'    First  published  as  a  distinct  species  in  my  name,  in  Eaton's 
Manual  of  Botany,  afterward  by  Mr.  Elliott  under  another  name. 


226  CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  I. 

It  is  rernarl^ably  distinct  in  its  truncated  petals,  large  pedicels, 
and  white,  few  seeded  fruit.  The  herbage  of  these  two  species 
and  of  A.  spicata  of  Europe  is  precisely  similar. 

230.     CISTUS. 

§  Suhgenua  Helianthemum.     Capsule  one  celled;  septa  in  the 
middle  of  the  valves. 
CisTus  Canadensis.     L.  Canadian  Cisius. 

Herbaceous,    without    stipules ;    leaves    alternate, 
lanceolate,  stern  ascending.     L. 
Syn.     Helianthemum  Canadense.     Mich. 

Stem  slender,  downy,  hardly  a  foot  high.  Leaves  small,  nearly 
sessile,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  downy,  white  underneath.  Flow- 
ers lateral,  solitary,  yellow.  Stamens  inclined  to  the  upper  side. 
Petals  very  tender  and  deciduous ;  after  they  have  fallen,  the 
plant  has  the  appearance  of  Lechea  major,  for  which  it  has  been 
mistaken. — Sandy  pastures  and  hills. — June. — Perennial. 

At  the  beginning  of  frosts,  the  bark  cracks  and  rolls  backward, 
at  w^hich  time  the  fragments  are  found  connected  by  a  mass  of 
fibrous,  icy  crytals. 

231.     HUDSONIA. 
HuDSONiA  tomentosa.     JVutt.  Downy  Hudsonia. 

Canescent,  tomentose;  leaves  ovate,  imbricated, 
shorter  than  the  intervals  of  the  stem ;  flowers  siib- 
sessile ;  calyx  obtuse. 

A  native  of  the  sandy  sea  shore  at  Nantucket,  Plum  island, 
and  other  places,  forming  dense,  clustered  thickets.  The  whole 
plant  is  covered  with  whitish  down.  Stems  ascending,  studded 
with  short  branches,  which  are  covered  with  minute,  acute,  im- 
bricated leaves.  Flowers  small,  on  short,  lateral,  leafy  stalks. 
Calyx  of  three  leaves,  two  of  which  are  bifid.  Petals  five,  obo- 
vate,  bright  yellow.  Stamens  about  twenty;  filaments  a  little 
contorted,  anthers  roundish.     Germ  ovate,  style  crooked. — July. 

232.     SARRACENIA. 

Sarracenia  purpurea.     L.  Sidesaddle  Floicer. 

Leaves  decumbent,  shorter  than  the  scape,  inflated ; 


CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  1.  227 

ventral  wing  arched  :  appendix  broad  heart  shaped, 
waved. 

The  whole  of  this  genus  are  plants  of  very  singular  structure. 
The  Sarracenia  purpurea  is  the  only  one  which  endures  our 
climate.  The  leaves,  which  are  all  radical,  are  formed  by  a 
large  hollow  tube,  swelling  in  the  middle,  curved  and  diminish- 
ing downward,  till  it  ends  in  a  stem,  contracted  at  the  mouth, 
furnished  with  a  large,  spreading,  heart  shaped  appendage  at 
top,  which  is  hairy  within,  the  hairs  pointing  downwards;  and 
a  broad,  wavy  wing  extending  the  whole  length  on  the  inside. 
The  full  grown  leaves  will  contain  a  wine  glass  of  water,  and 
are  rarely  found  empty.  The  scape  is  long,  smooth,  and  cylin- 
drical, supporting  a  large,  nodding  flower.  Exterior  calyx  of 
three  small  leaves;  interior  of  five  ovate,  obtuse  leaves,  shining, 
and  of  a  brownish  purple.  Petals  five,  panduriform,  obtuse,  re- 
peatedly curved  inward  and  outward,  and  finally  inflected  over 
the  stigma,  brownish  purple  above,  green  below,  deciduous. 
Stamens  numerous,  with  short  filaments  and  large  bilocular, 
oblong,  peltate,  yellow  anthers.  Style  short,  cylindrical  sup- 
porting the  broad,  spreading  stigma,  divided,  at  its  margin,  into 
five  bifid  lobes,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Properly  speaking, 
this  curious  plant  has  five  stigmas,  which  are  projecting  points 
with  moist  tops  situated  under  the  notches  of  the  lobes. — 
Swamps  and  meadows. — June. — Perennial. 

233.     TILIA. 
TiLiA  Americana      L.  Lime  Tree  or  Bass  Wood. 

Leaves  roundish  heart  shaped,  abruptly  acuminatej 
sharply  serrate,  smooth;  petals  truncated  at  top;  nut 
ovate.     Mich.  f. 

A  tree  of  the  middle  size,  remarkable  for  the  neatness  of  its 
foliage,  and  the  singularity  of  its  flowering.  The  leaves  are 
large,  roundish,  heart-shaped  at  base,  finely  serrated.  The  foot- 
stalk, supporting  a  bunch  of  flowers,  proceeds  from  the  centre  of 
an  oblong,  pale,  floral  leaf  or  bracte,  as  in  the  others  of  the  genus. 
Flowers  greenish  white,  succeeded  by  small,  hard,  greyish  cap- 
sules.    The  wood  of  this  tree  is  white,  smooth,  and  soft.     It  is 


228  CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  I. 

used  in  the  manufacture  of  certain  kinds  of  furniture,  and  of  the 
pannels  of  carriages.  The  bark  is  fibrous,  strong,  and  flexible, 
and  makes  tolerable  ropes. — July. 

234.     SANGUINARIA. 

Sanguinaria  Canadensis.     L.  Blood  Root. 

American  Medical  Botany,  Pi.  vii. 

This  is  one  of  our  earliest  spring  flowers.  The  flower  and 
leaf  proceed  from  the  end  of  a  horizontal,  fleshy,  abrupt  root, 
fed  by  numerous  radicles.  This  root  makes  offsets  from  its 
sides,  which  separate  as  the  old  root  decays,  acquiring  by  this 
separation  the  abrupt  or  premorse  form. 

Externally  the  color  of  the  root  is  a  brownish  red.  Inter- 
nally it  is  pale,  and  when  divided  emits  a  bright  orange  colored 
juice  from  numerous  points  of  its  surface.  The  bud  or  hyber- 
naculum,  which  terminates  the  root,  is  composed  of  successive 
scales  or  sheaths,  the  last  of  which  acquires  a  considerable  size, 
as  the  plant  springs  up.  By  dissecting  this  hybernaculum  in  the 
summer  or  autumn,  we  may  discover  the  embryo  leaf  and  flower 
of  the  succeeding  spring,  and  with  a  common  magnifier,  even 
the  stamens  may  be  counted. 

The  Sanguinaria  is  smooth  throughout.  The  leaves  grow  on 
long  channelled  petioles.  When  spread  out,  they  are  reniforra 
or  heart  shaped,  with  large,  roundish  lobes  separated  by  obtuse 
sinuses.  The  under  side  is  strongly  reticulated  with  veins,  it  is 
paler  than  the  upper,  and  at  length  becomes  glaucous.  The 
scape  is  round,  rises  in  front  of  the  petiole,  and  is  infolded  by 
the  young  leaf.  The  calyx  consists  of  two  concave,  ovate, 
obtuse  leaves,  which  are  perfect  in  the  bud,  but  fall  off  when 
the  corolla  expands.  Petals  eight,  spreading,  concave,  obtuse, 
the  alternate  or  external  ones  longer,  so  that  the  flower  has  a 
square  appearance.  This  is  its  natural  character,  although 
cultivation  sometimes  increases  the  number  of  petals.  Stamens 
nurnerous,  with  oblong  yellow  anthers.  Germ  oblong,  com- 
pressed; style  none;  stigma  thick,  somewhat  two  lobed.  Capsule 
oblong,  acute  at  both  extremities,  two  valved.  Seeds  numerous, 
roundish,  compressed,  dark  shining  red,  half  surrounded  with  a 
peculiar  white  vermiform  appendage,  which  projects  at  the  lower 
end. 


CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  I.  229 

After  the  flower  has  fallen,  the  leaves,  continue  to  grow,  and 
by  midsummer  have  acquired  so  large  a  size  as  to  appear  like  a 
different  plant. — Woods  and  thickets,  South  Boston  and  Cam- 
bridge.— April.     Perennial. 

The  root  is  a  violent  emetic. 

235.    PODOPHYLLUM. 
PoDOPHYLWJM  PELTATUM.  May  Apple. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxiii. 

Leaves  two,  peltate,  lobed. 

The  May  Apple  has  a  jointed  running  root  about  half  the  size 
of  the  finger,  by  which  it  spreads  extensively  in  rich  grounds, 
where  it  gets  introduced.     The  stem  is  about  a  foot  in  height, 
and  invested  at  its  base  by  the  sheaths  which  covered  it  when 
in  bud.     It  is  smooth,  round,  and  erect,  dividing  at  top  into  two 
round  petioles  from  three  to  six  inches  long.     Each  petiole  sup- 
ports a  large  peltate,  palmate  leaf,  smooth  above,  slightly  pubes- 
cent beneath,  deeply  divided  into  about  seven  lobes,  which  are 
wedge-shaped,  two  parted   and  toothed  at  the  extremity.     On 
the  inside  the  leaf  is  cleft  almost  to  the  petiole.    In  barren  stems 
which  support  but  one  leaf  this  does  not  take  place,  and  the  leaf 
is  very  perfectly  peltate.     In  the  fork  of  the  stem  is  a  solitary 
flower  on  a  round,  nodding  peduncle  one  or  two  inches  long. 
Calyx  of  three  oval,  obtuse,  concave  leaves,  cohering  in  the  bud 
by  their  scarious  margins,  and  breaking  off  at  base  when  the 
flower  expands.    Petals  from  six  to  nine.    Linnaeus  makes  them 
nine  in  his  generic  character,  but  in  this  climate  I  have  found 
them  more  frequently  seven  even  in  luxuriant  specimens  grow- 
ing in  very  rich   soil.      They    are   obovate,    obtuse,    concave, 
smooth,  white,  with  slight  transparent  veins.     Stamens  shorter 
than  the  petals,  curving  upwards ;  anthers  oblong,  twice  as  long 
as  their  filaments.     Germ  oval,  compressed,  obscurely  angular. 
Stigma  nearly  sessile,  convex,  its  surface  rendered  irregular  by 
numerous  convolutions  and  folds.     The  flower  is  succeeded  by 
a  large  acid,  ovate,  yellowish  fruit,  which  is  one  celled,  many 
seeded  and  crowned  with  the  stigma.     Its  early  period  of  ripen- 
ing has  given  it  the  trivial  name  of  May  Apple.     The  root  is 

20 


230  CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  I. 

medicinal,  answering  as  a  substitute  for  jalap. — It  is  found  native 
at  Med  way,  twenty-five  miles  from  Boston. — May. — Perennial. 

236.     NUPHAR. 
NuPHAR  ADVENA.     Ait.  Yellow  Water  Lily. 

Calyx  six  leaved;  petals   numerous;  capsule  fur- 
rowed ;  stigma  crenate ;  leaves  heart  shaped,  the  lobes 
divaricate. 
Syn.     Nymph^a  advena.     Ait.  Kew.  \st.  Edit. 

This  plant  is  usually  considered  distinct  from  the  Nuphar 
lutea  of  Europe,  though  there  is  still  some  confusion  in  the  dis- 
criminating marks  laid  down  by  authors.  The  present  species 
certainly  partakes  the  character  of  both.  Are  they  in  reality 
more  than  varieties  ? 

Roots  very  large,  creeping  and  irregular,  like  those  of  Nym- 
phsea.  Leaves  oblong-heart  shaped  with  rounded  lobes,  polished 
on  the  upper  surface,  always  floating  in  deep  water,  and  erect  in 
shallow.  Petioles  exactly  semicylindrical.  Scapes  round,  spongy, 
made  up  of  equal  longitudinal  tubes,  which  are  hairy  within,  as 
seen  by  a  magnifier.  Calyx  of  six  concave  leafets,  the  three  out- 
ermost green  and  roundish  or  ovate ;  the  three  inner  ones  resem- 
bling petals,  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  retuse,  yellow  shaded 
with  dull  crimson,  sometimes  with  green. 

Petals  ?  about  fourteen,  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
yellow,  wedge  shaped,  truncated,  fleshy,  impressed  by  the  sta- 
mens, but  without  any  thing  like  nectariferous  furrows.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  linear,  flat  topped,  erect  in  the  bud,  recurved  in 
the  flower,  inserted  into  the  sides  of  the  receptacle  below  the 
germ.  Anthers  of  two  longitudinal  cells  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
filaments.  Germ  large,  ovate,  furrowed  on  the  outside.  Stigma 
peltate,  sessile,  circular,  its  border  slightly  undulated  or  crenate, 
its  upper  surface  with  a  central  depression,  from  which  pro- 
ceed about  twenty  slightly  prominent  rays,  which,  by  their  ap- 
pearance, are  so  many  distinct  stigmas,  each  one  corresponding 
to  a  cell  in  the  germ. — Ponds  and  ditches. — May,  June. — Peren- 
nial. 

The  furrowing  of  the  petals  and  germ,  and  the  crenatures  of 


CLASS  XIII.    OEDER  I.  231 

the  stigma,  are  merely  produced  by  the  apposition  of  the  sta- 
mens in  the  bud.  The  petals  and  stamens  are  also  truncated,  in 
consequence  of  the  depressed  and  globular  form  of  the  bud ; 
which  is  one  of  the  best  generic  marks. 

In  the  number  of  its  calyx  leaves,  and  its  undulated  stigma, 
this  plant  is  N.  advena.  In  its  semicylindrical  petioles  and  num- 
ber of  rays  of  the  stigma,  it  is  N.  lutea.  In  northern  latitudes 
where  the  roots  can  only  exist  in  deep  water,  the  leaves  are  al- 
ways floating ;  in  southern,  where  they  can  live  in  shallow 
water,  the  leaves  are  erect. 

NuPHAR  KALMiANA.  Alt.  Kalm^ s  Water  Lily. 

Leaves  cordate ;  the  lobes  snbapproximate ;  calyx 
five  leaved ;  stigma  cut  with  from  eight  to  twelve 
rays. 

A  small  species  appearing  like  a  diminutive  offspring  of  the 
preceding.  Mr.  Eddy  has  observed  that  the  submersed  root  leaves 
are  very  large,  membranous  and  waved. — In  Sudbury  river.— Dr. 
Boott. — June. 

237.    NYMPHiEA. 
Nymp^ea  odorata.  Sweet  scented  Water  Lily, 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  Iv. 

Leaves  orbicular-cordate,  entire  ;  the  lobes  acumi- 
nate, and  veins  prominent  beneath ;  calyx  four  leaved, 
equal  to  the  petals. 

Few  plants  possess  a  more  exquisite  fragrance  than  the  com- 
mon white  water  lily.  It  is  found  only  in  deep  waters,  where  its 
roots  are  secured  from  the  frosts  in  winter  by  a  sort  of  natural 
hotbed  being  thus  provided  for  it.  The  roots  creep  through  the 
muddy  bottoms  of  ponds  to  a  great  extent.  They  are  very 
rough,  knotted,  blackish,  and  as  large  as  a  man's  arm.  The 
stalks,  both  of  leaves  and  flowers,  spring  directly  from  the  root. 
They  vary  in  length,  from  one  foot  to  five  or  six,  according  to 
the  depth  of  the  water.  Petioles  somewhat  semicircular,  scapes 
round.  Both  are  perforated  throughout  by  long  tubes,  or  air  ves- 
sels, which  serve  to  float  them.  The  leaves,  which  swim  on 
the  surface,  are  nearly  round  with  a  cleft  or  sinus  extending  to 


232  CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  II. 

the  centre,  at  which  the  petiole  is  inserted  in  a  peltate  manner. 
The  lobes  on  each  side  of  this  sinus  are  prolonged  into  an  acute 
point.  The  upper  surface  is  of  a  bright  glossy  green,  almost 
without  veins ;  the  lower  surface  is  reddish  and  marked  by  a 
multitude  of  strong  prominent  veins  diverging  from  the  centre. 
The  calyx  has  four  lanceolate  leaves,  green  without  and  white 
within.  Petals  numerous,  lanceolate,  of  a  delicate  whiteness, 
with  sometimes  a  tinge  of  red  on  the  outside.  Stamens  numer- 
ous, yellow,  in  several  rows,  inserted  on  the  germ ;  filaments 
dilated,  especially  the  outer  ones,  so  as  to  resemble  petals ;  an- 
thers in  two  longitudinal  cells  growing  to  the  filaments  and 
opening  inwardly.  The  stigma  is  surrounded  by  from  twelve  to 
twenty-four  rays,  resembling  abortive  anthers,  at  first  incurved, 
afterwards  spreading.  At  the  centre  is  a  solid,  moist,  hemis- 
pherical protuberance,  which  has  been  usually  called  a  nectary, 
but  which  appears  to  me  to  be  the  true  stigma. — Fruit  a  large, 
roundish,  many  celled  berry,  impressed  with  the  marks  of  the 
petals  and  stamens,  ripening  under  water.  Seeds  numerous, 
small. 

Common  in  deep  rivers  and  ponds. — July. — Perennial. 

DIGYNIA.      Two  Styles. 

238.     MENISPERMUM. 
Menispermum  Canadense.   Willd.  Moon  Seed 

Leaves  peltate,  heart  shaped,  ronndish-angular,  ra- 
cemes compound. 

A  climbing  plant  with  dioecious  flowers.  Leaves  broad  roundish 
with  about  five  angular  lobes.  Flowers  small,  greenish  yellow, 
in  compound  racemes  above  the  axils.  Calyx  of  the  barren  flow- 
ers about  four  or  five  leaved;  petals  smaller  than  these,  roundish. 
Stamens  numerous.  Drupe  black,  frosted,  gibbous  or  curved. — 
Amherst.    Professor  Hitchcock. — July. 

PENTAGYNIA. 

239.     AQUILEGIA. 
Aquilegia  Canadensis.     L.  Wild  Columbine. 

Nectaries  straight ;  stamens  longer  than  the  corolla. 
L. 


GLASS  XIII.    ORDER  VI.  233 

This  early  flower  is  more  delicate  in  its  habit  and  colors  than 
the  common  garden  species.  Root  somewhat  fusiform,  pene- 
trating the  clefts  of  rocks.  Stem  erect,  branching.  Leaves 
once  or  twice  ternate,  lobed.  Flowers  on  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  pendulous,  scarlet  without,  and  yellow  within.  The 
nectaries  resemble  straight  horns,  alternating  with  the  petals, 
which  are  oval  and  acute.  Stamens  numerous,  yellow,  pro- 
jecting. Filiments  filiform,  unequal;  anthers  oval.  Germs 
oblong,  acute,  pubescent,  appressed  together.  Styles  filiform. 
After  flowering  the  fruit  becomes  erect. — Dry  hills,  rocks,  and 
pastures. — ^April,  May. — Perennial. 

240.     CIMICIFUGA. 

CiMiciFUGA  RACEMOSA.     Ell.  Blttck  Snake  root. 

Racemes  very  long;  leafet^  ovate-oblong,  incisely 
toothed. 

Syn.     AcT^A  racemosa.     L. 

Macrotrys  racemosa.    Eat. 

ClMlCIFUGA    SERPENTARIA.       PuTSh. 

Three  feet  or  more  in  height.  Leaves  thrice  ternate.  Ra- 
ceme branching.  Flowers  fetid.  Caljrx  greenish  white  ;  petals 
from  four  to  eight.  Capsules  smooth,  round-ovate. — In  Vermont 
and  Rhode  Island.    Mr.  Eddy. 

POLYGYNIA. 

241.    CLEMATIS. 
Clematis  Virginiana.     L.      Traveller's    Joy.      Virgin's 

Bower. 

Leaves  trifoliate ;  leafets  heart-shaped,  sublobate- 
angular,  climbing  ;  flowers  dioecious.     L. 

A  climbing  hardy  vine.  The  stem  gives  oiTat  intervals  a  pair 
of  opposite  petioles,  which  twine  round  objects  of  support,  serv- 
ing the  purpose  of  tendrils ;  each  bears  three  heart-shaped  leaf- 
ets, which  are  variously  toothed  and  lobed.  Peduncles  axillary, 
bearing  cymes  of  white  flowers,  which  are  dioecious,  the  fertile 
flowers  having  imperfect  anthers.  The  most  remarkable  ap- 
pearance of  this  plant  is  when  in  fruit ;  the  long  feathery  tails  of 
20^ 


234  CLASS  XIII     ORDER  VI. 

the  seeds  appearing  like  tufts  of  wool.  Grows  in  low  ground.— 
Very  abundant  on  the  banks  of  the  Neponset  river,  Milton.— 
August. 

242.    ATRAGENE. 
Atragene  Americana.     Sims.  Atragene. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  fours,  ternate  ;  leafets  cordate, 
SLibentire ;  nectaries  acute. 
Syn.     Clematis  veeticillaris.     De  CandoUe. 

An  elegant  climbing  vine  with  large  flowers.  The  stem  gives 
off  opposite  axillary  buds,  out  of  each  of  which  proceed  two 
ternate  leaves  and  a  fine  purple  flower.  Petals  four,  oblong- 
ovate,  ciliate,  an  inch  or  more  in  length. — In  Brooklyn,  Connec- 
ticut, and  in  Vermont. — June. 

243.     THALICTRUM. 
Thalictrum  dioicum.     L.  Early  Thalictrum. 

Flowers  dioBcious ;  filaments  filiform ;  leafets  round- 
ish, with  obtuse  lobes. 

A  small  species,  flowering  in  woods  early  in  May.  Stem 
smooth,  very  slightly  furrowed,  jointed.  Leaves  compounded 
twice  or  more;  leafets  smooth,  thin,  roundish  or  reniform,  paler 
beneath,  with  rounded  lobes  and  teeth.  Flowers  panicled.  Co- 
rolla of  about  five  oval,  obtuse,  purplish  petals.  The  barren 
flowers  have  many  stamens  with  capillary  filaments,  and  oblong, 
brown  or  purplish,  and  sometimes  yellow  anthers.  The  fertile 
flowers  are  smaller  and  less  crowded.  Germs  from  four  to 
twelve,  with  curved  stigmas.  Seeds  oval,  furrowed,  tipt  with 
the  style. 

Thalictrum  corynellum.  De  Cand.  Meadow  Thalictrum. 

Flowers  polygamous;  filaments  clavate;  fruit  ses- 
sile, striate  ;  leafets  obtusely  three  lobed,  pale  under- 
neath. 
Syn.     Thalictrum  polyganum.     Muhl? 

A  tall  plant,  common  in  meadows.  Stem  erect  three  or  four 
feet  high,  smooth,  furrowed,  jointed.    Leaves  more  than  decom- 


CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  VI.  235 

pound,  with  jointed  petioles;  leafets  rounded,  obtuse  or  hearted 
at  base,  smooth,  green  above,  pale  underneath,  ending  in  several 
obtuse  lobes.  Flowers  panicled.  Corolla  of  four  or  five  white 
or  greenish  petals,  deciduous.  The  barren  plants  contain  about 
forty  stamens  in  each  flower  with  white,  club  shaped  filaments 
and  oblong  yellow  anthers.  The  fertile  plants  have  a  few  sta- 
mens of  the  same  kind,  surrounding  a  bunch  of  oval  greenish 
germs,  each  of  which  bears  a  white  recurved  stigma.  Seeds 
oval,  ribbed. — June,  July. 

244.     COPTIS. 

CoPTis  TRiFOLTA.  Gold  thread. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  v. 

Leaves  ternate  ;  scape  one  flowered. 

Syn.     Helleborus  trifolius.     L. 

The  roots  of  this  plant,  from  which  the  name  of  Gold  thread 
is  taken,  are  perennial,  and  creeping.  On  removing  the  moss 
and  decayed  leaves  from  the  surface  of  the  ground,  they  discover 
themselves  of  a  bright  yellow  color,  running  in  every  direction. 
The  bases  of  the  new  stems  are  invested  with  a  number  of  yel- 
lowish, ovate,  acuminate  stipules.  Leaves  ternate,  on  long, 
slender  petioles ;  leafets  roundish,  acute  at  base,  lobed  and  cre- 
nate,  the  crenatures  acuminate;  smooth,  firm,  veiny.  Scape 
slender,  round,  bearing  one  small,  starry,  white  flower,  and  a 
minute,  ovate,  acute  bracte  at  some  distance  below.  Calyx 
none.  Petals  five,  six  or  seven,  oblong,  concave,  white.  Nec- 
taries five  or  six,  inversely  conical,  hollow,  yellow  at  the  mouth. 
Stamens  numerous,  white,  with  capillary  filaments  and  roundish 
anthers.  Germs  from  five  to  seven,  stipitate,  oblong,  compress- 
ed ;  styles  recurved.  Capsules  pedicelled,  umbelled,  oblong, 
compressed,  beaked,  with  numerous  black,  oval  seeds  attached 
to  the  inner  side. — Woods,  Brookline. — Perennial. — The  root  is 
a  strong  bitter,  used  in  medicine. 

245.     CALTHA. 

Caltha  Palustris.  L.    Marsh  Marigold.  Meadow  Cowslip. 

Stem  erect ;  leaves  round,  heart  shaped.    Forster. 

Brought  to  market  in  the  spring  under  the  name  of  Cowslips. 


236  CLASS  xm.   order  vi. 

At  that  season  .its  bright  yellow  blossoms  are  very  common  and 
conspicuous  in  meadows  and  wet  situations.  Stem  upright,  fur- 
rowed. Leaves  smooth,  heart  or  kidney  shaped,  crenate,  the 
radical  ones  on  petioles,  those  of  the  stem  nearly  sessile.  Flow- 
ers on  axillary  stalks,  with  large,  roundish,  glossy  petals  of  a 
bright  yellow,  as  are  the  stamens.  The  young  buds  are  some- 
limes  substituted  for  capers. — Perennial. 

246.    HYDROPELTIS. 

Hydropeltis  purpurea.     Mich.  Wafer   Target. 

Syn.    IxoDiA  PALusTRis.     Solander. 

Brasenia  hydropeltis.     Muhl. 

An  aquatic  plant,  the  only  species  of  its  genus.  Its  leaves, 
which  can  hardly  be  mistaken  for  any  thing  else,  are  perfectly 
elliptical,  with  the  leaf  stalk  inserted  exactly  in  their  centre,  form- 
ing a  centro-peltate  leaf.  Their  upper  surface  is  smooth  and 
shining,  like  those  of  the  water  lilies,  among  which  they  float. 
Flowers  dark  purple ;  petals  six,  the  three  outermost  shortest. 
Stamens  numerous.  Germs  oblong  with  incurved  styles.  The 
immersed  portions  of  the  plant,  particularly  the  stalks  and  young 
leaves,  are  clothed  with  a  thick  gelatinous  substance,  transpa- 
rent, and  insipid  to  the  taste. — In  Fresh  pond,  and  other  stagnant 
waters. — July. — Perennial. 

247.     HEPATICA. 
Hepatica  triloba.  Willd.  enum.  Hepatica.  Early  Anemone. 

Leaves  mostly  three  lobed,  the  lobes  entire ;  scape 
one  flowered. 
Syn.     Anemone  hepatica.     L. 

This  delicate  little  plant  is  one  of  the  earliest  visitors  in  spring, 
flowering  in  sunny  spots  before  the  snow  has  left  the  ground. 
The  flowers  appear  before  the  leaves  on  hairy  scapes.  Calyx  of 
three  ovate,  obtuse,  hairy  leafets,  situated  on  the  scape  at  a  dis- 
tance below  the  petals.  Petals  oblong,  obtuse,  purple,  some- 
times white.  Seeds  numerous,  sessile,  ovate,  acute,  hairy,  sup- 
ported by  the  persistent  calyx.  The  leaves  are  heart  shaped  at 
base,  and  divided  into  three,  rarely  five,  entire  lobes. 


CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  VI.  237 

Variety  a.     Lobes   of  the  leaves   obtuse.      Mount    Auburn, 
Brookline. — April,  May. 
§.     Lobes  acute.     On  the  Ascutney  mountain. — May, 
June. 

248.    ANEMONE. 
Anemone  nemorosa.     3Iich.  Wood  Anemone. 

Seeds  pointed  ;  leaves  three ;  leafets  lobed  ;  stem 
one  flowered. 

This  species  and  the  next  are  among  the  earliest  flowers  of 
spring,  appearing  in  April,  and  continuing  through  the  month  of 
May.  In  this  the  root  is  creeping.  Stem  erect,  supporting  a 
single  flower  on  its  summit,  and  three  compound  leaves  given  off 
in  a  whorl  below.  Leafets  toothed  and  lobed,  paler  underneath. 
Flower  of  five  petals,  which  are  white,  shaded  with  purple  on 
the  outside.  The  whole  plant  is  acrimonious  to  the  taste. — In 
woods  and  about  fences,  very  common. — Perennial. 

Anemone  Thalictroides.     L.  Rue  leaved  Anemone. 

Flowers  umbelled ;   stem  leaves  simple,  whorled ; 
root  leaves  twice  ternate.     L. 
Syn.     Thalictrum  Anemonoides.     Mich. 

Readily  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  number  of  flowers. 
Root  tuberous.  Stem  upright,  simple,  divided  at  top  into  a  sort 
of  umbel,  of  several  flowers  accompanied  by  a  number  of  simple 
heart  shaped,  three  lobed  leaves,  the  petioles  of  which  coalesce 
so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  involucre.  The  leaves  which  proceed 
from  the  root  are  compound,  usually  three  times  ternate.  Flow- 
ers white,  petals  varying  in  number ;  the  largest  flowers  having 
eight  or  ten. — Woods  and  pastures. — April,  May. — Perennial. 

"  A  plant  of  doubtful  genus."     Hooker. 

Anemone  Virginiana.     L.  Tall  Anemone. 

Stem  branched  ;  petioles  three  leaved,  leafets  ciit- 
lobed,  serrate ;  flower  stalks  wand-like ;  seeds  in  an 
oblong  ovate  head,  woolly.     Mich. 

A  tall,  very  straight  plant,  unlike  in  its  habit  to  those  described. 
Stem  two  or  three  feet  high,  round,  hairy ;  leaves  ternate,  deeply 


238  CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  VI. 

cut  and  lobed,  hairy,  paler  underneath.  Peduncles  very  long, 
straight,  erect,  parallel.  Flowers  terminal,  green,  solitary.  Petals 
oblong,  acute,  covered  outside  with  silken  down.  Stamens  and 
styles  very  numerous.  The  seeds  form  an  oblong  cylindrical 
head.  Found  in  dry  woods,  road  sides,  &c. — June,  July. — Pe- 
rennial. 

249.     TROLLIUS. 
Trollius  laxus.     Salisb.  American  Trollius. 

Petals  five,  oblong,  spreading;  nectaries  shorter  than 
the  stamens. 

Syn.     Trollius  American  us.     Donn. 

This  plant  resembles  a  Ranunculus,  and  is  easily  passed  by  for 
one  of  the  common  species  of  that  genus.  Leaves  palmate, 
lobed,  cloven  almost  to  the  petiole  into  five  segments  or  leafets, 
the  middle  one  distinct,  all  of  them  smooth,  cut,  and  toothed. 
Petals  yellow,  round-obovate.  Capsules  about  six,  erect,  crowned 
with  the  persistent  styles.  Gathered  in  Hanover,  N.  H. — June. 
— Perennial. 

250.    RANUNCULUS. 
Ranunculus  flammula.     L.  Small  Spearwort. 

Smooth ;  stem  declining ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the 
lower  ones  petioled ;  peduncles  terminal  and  axillary, 
one  flowered;  calyx  somewhat  reflexed. 

Stem  somewhat  decumbent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire 
or  toothed,  smooth.  Flowers  small,  solitary,  yellow ;  half  an 
inch  in  diameter.  Peduncles  round.  Calyx  reflexed. — In  ditches, 
&c.  rare.     Introduced. — June  to  August. — Perennial. 

Ranunculus  filiformis.     Mx.  Filiform  Crowfoot, 

Smooth  and  very  small ;  stems  filiform,  creeping ; 
geniculate ;  joints  one  flowered ;  leaves  linear-subu- 
late, obtuse.     Mx. 

Syn.    Ranunculus  reptans.     §.     De  Cand. 
Ranunculus  flammula.     y.     Hooker. 
A  very  delicate,  creeping  species.     Stem  round,  filiform,  sar- 


CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  VI.  239 

mentose,  sending  out  roots  and  leaves  from  the  joints.  Leaves 
linear,  compressed,  fleshy,  obtuse.  Flowers  solitary.  Calyx 
leaves  roundish,  obtuse,  concave,  spreading.  Petals  obovate, 
emarginate.  Scale  of  the  nectary  elevated,  adnate  at  the  sides, 
forming  a  cavity  underneath  it. — Low  grounds,  Topsfield,  Bart- 
lett,  New  Hampshire. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Variety  §.  ovalis.  Leaves  oval  and  lanceolate.  Petals  from 
five  to  eight.     Sent  from  Dan  vers  by  Dr.  Nichols. 

Ranunculus  Cymbalaria.     Ph.  Sea  Crowfoot, 

Stem    sarmentose,   leaves   reniform -heart   shaped, 
smooth,  crenate  ;  petals  spatulate. 

Stem  sarmentose,  filiform,  round,  smooth,  putting  out  roots 
and  shoots  at  the  joints.  Leaves  radical,  on  long  compressed 
petioles,  reniform,  toothed  or  crenate,  very  smooth.  Scape  round, 
two  or  three  flowered,  with  spatulate,  obtuse  bractes.  Calyx 
leaves  smooth,  ovate,  acute,  yellowish,  spreading,  at  length  re- 
flexed.  Petals  spatulate,  bright  yellow.  Nectary  a  small  pit 
with  its  lower  margin  elevated.  Fruit  oblong.  Seeds  numerous, 
unequally  ovate  and  acute. — Salt  marshes,  Chelsea,  Cambridge. 
— Perennial. 

Ranunculus  abortivus.    L.        Small  flowered  Crowfoot. 
Radical  leaves  heart-shaped,  crenate;    stem  leaves 
ternate,  angular ;  stem  about  three  flowered.     L. 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  small  flowers,  and 
undivided,  radical  leaves.  The  leaves  which  grow  from  the  root 
are  heart  or  kidney  shaped,  crenate,  the  largest  ones  sometimes 
lobed.  Stem  leaves  in  threes  or  fives,  at  the  base  of  each  pe- 
duncle, nearly  sessile,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate.  Stems  erect, 
smooth,  few  flowered.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  Calyx  leaves 
obtuse,  concave,  a  little  shorter  than  the  petals.  Petals  yellow, 
lance-ovate ;  nectaries  tubular  and  emarginate,  or  funnel-shaped 
and  obliquely  truncate.  Seeds  in  a  globular  head,  roundish,  flat, 
tipt  with  the  recurved  style. — Woods. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus.     L.        Celery  leaved  Crowfoot. 

Lower  leaves  palmate;  uppermost  in  finger  like 
divisions ;  fruit  oblong. 


240  CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  VI. 

A  smooth,  branching  plant,  with  small  flowers.  Stem  thick, 
round  and  hollow.  Lower  leaves  divided  deeply,  but  not  so  far 
as  the  petiole,  the  segments  toothed  and  lobed.  Upper  leaves 
sessile,  divided  to  the  bottom.  Flowers  numerous,  on  petioles 
of  unequal  length.  Calyx  pubescent,  somewhat  deflected.  Pe- 
tals small,  concave,  yellow.  Seeds  small,  in  a  close,  cylindrical 
head. — Grows  in  watery  places. — June,  July. — Perennial. — It  is 
very  acrid,  when  fresh,  and  may  be  made  to  produce  blisters. 

Ranunculus  fascicularis.   Muhl.  Early  Crowfoot. 

Leaves  ternate,  subpinnate ;  root  fascicled. 

An  inhabitant  of  dry,  rocky  hills,  flowering  in  April  and  May. 
The  root  consists  of  numerous  fleshy  divisions,  among  which  are 
found  dead  portions  of  the  last  year's  root,  swollen  like  tubers, 
and  frequently  pierced  through  their  whole  length  by  the  new 
or  living  roots.  The  leaves  are  pubescent,  but  have  a  smooth 
appearance.  Those  of  the  root  grow  on  long  stalks,  and  are  ter- 
nate. Leafets  three  lobed,  remote,  the  terminal  one  deeply 
cleft,  appearing  like  three  distinct  leafets,  so  that  the  leaf  has  a 
pinnate  form.  Peduncles  a  little  angular,  hairy,  narrow.  Calyx 
spreading,  hairy  underneath,  yellow  inside.  Petals  longer  than 
the  calyx,  transparent  at  base.  Nectary  a  wedge  formed,  flat 
scale  as  wide  as  claw  of  the  petal.  Seeds  smooth  with  an  acumi- 
nate incurved  point. — Perennial. 

Ranunculus  bulbosus.  L.  JBulbous  Crowfoot.  Buttercups. 
Calyx  reflexed  ;    flower  stalks  furrowed  ;  stem  up- 
right, many  flowered  ;  leaves  compound.     L. 

Very  frequent  among  the  grass  in  pastures,  road  sides,  &c. 
The  root  is  solid,  and  fleshy,  acrimonious  and  almost  caustic. 
Stems  erect,  furnished  with  leaves,  somewhat  hairy.  Leaves 
hairy,  in  three  or  five  principal  divisions,  variously  toothed  and 
cut.  Flower  stalks  upright  and  furrowed.  Flowers  of  a  bright, 
glossy  yellow ;  calyx  leaves  bent  downward  against  the  flower 
stalk,  hairy.  Petals  roundish,  wedge  shaped.  Nectary  a  round- 
ish wedge  formed  scale,  convex  above  and  hollow  underneath. 
Fruit  in  globular  heads. — May  and  after. — Perennial. 

Ranunculus  acrts.     L.  Tall  Crowfoot. 

Calyx  spreading ;    flower  stalks  round  and  even ; 


CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  VI.  241 

leaves  in  three  divisions  with  many  segments,  the 
upper  ones  hnear. 

Distinguished  by  its  superior  height,  being  usually  about  two 
feet  high.  Root  fleshy,  resembling  the  last,  but  smaller  in  pro- 
portion to  the  plant.  Root  leaves  large,  hairy  divided  into 
three  or  five  diverging  lobes,  which  are  again  repeatedly  sub- 
divided, ending  in  acute  segments  and  teeth.  Petioles  hairy, 
especially  at  their  ends.  Uppermost  leaves  in  three  entire, 
linear  segments.  Stem  erect,  branching.  Flower  stalks  round, 
not  furrowed.  Calyx  spreading  under  the  petals,  not  reflexed. 
Petals  large,  shining,  yellow.  Seeds  in  globular  heads.  This 
plant  spreads  rapidly,  and  is  exceedingly  troublesome  in  mead- 
ows and  mowing  ground.  Being  cut  with  hay  it  would  no  doubt 
be  pernicious  to  cattle,  were  not  its  acrimony  lost  by  drying.  It 
flowers  all  summer. — Perennial. 

Hanunculus  repens.     L.  Creeping  Crowfoot. 

Calyx  spreading;  flower  stalks  furrowed;  scions 
creeping  ;  leaves  compound.     L. 

The  flowers  of  this  and  the  two  last  are  very  similar,  and  con- 
founded under  the  common  name  of  Buttercups.  An  attention 
to  the  calyx  and  flower  stalks  readily  distinguishes  them.  In 
this  the  leaves  are  mostly  ternate,  lobed  and  toothed,  often 
marked  with  a  light  spot  at  their  sinuses.  The  plant  sends  out 
long,  prostrate  stems  or  runners,  which  sufficiently  distinguish 
it  from  the  others.  Flower  stalks  furrowed  as  in  Ranunculus 
bulbosus,  calyx  spreading  as  in  Ranunculus  acris.  Petals  bright 
yellow,  often  emarginate. — Shady  places. — Flowering  all  sum- 
mer.— Perennial. 

Ranunculus  Pennsylvanicus.     L.        Bristly  Crowfoot. 
Rigidly  hispid;  stem  erect;  leaves  ternate,  trifid; 
cut  and  toothed  ;   calyx  reflexed ;  styles  of  the  fruit 
straight. 

A  large,  branching,  small  flowered  species,  covered  throughout 
with  stifi"  horizontal  bristles.     Petals  yellow,  not  longer  than  the 
calyx.     Fruit  in  oblong  heads. — In  woods  and  meadows. — June, 
21 


242  CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  VI. 

August.     The  plant,  intended  by  Pursh  under  this  name,  is  pro- 
bably a  different  species. 

Ranunculus  recurvatus.     Poir.  Iloohed  Crowfoot. 

Erect,  hairy;  leaves  three  parted,  segments  cut- 
toothed;  calyx  refiexed,  longer  than  the  petals;  style 
of  the  fruit  hooked. 

About  a  foot  high,  with  few,  small,  pale  yellow  flowers  with 
narrow  petals.  Fruit  roundish,  ovate,  with  short  hooked  styles. 
— Woods. — Oak  island,  &c. — June,  July. 

Ranunculus  aquatilis.    L.      White  Water  Ranunculus. 
Stem  floating;  submersed  leaves  filiform,  dissected, 
emersed  ones   three  parted,  lobes  .wedge-shaped  and 
toothed. 

A  floating  species  common  to  the  stagnant  waters  of  this  coun- 
try and  Europe.  The  leaves  above  water  are  somewhat  peltate 
in  their  appearance,  those  under  water  capillary  and  many  cleft. 
Flowers  white ;  petals  oblong-obovate.  Seeds  wrinkled. — In  a 
pond  at  Newton. — July.  Between  this  and  the  two  following 
aquatic  species  there  are  many  varieties  and  much  confusion. 

Ranunculus  fluviatilis.  River  Ranunculus. 

Stem  filiform,  floating ;  leaves  all  immersed  and 
capillary;  petals  five,  oblong,  remote. 

Stem  long,  slender,  round,  smooth,  jointed,  hardly  tubular, 
floating.  Each  joint  gives  off  a  leaf  which  is  petioled,  repeatedly 
ternate  and  capillaceo-multipartite.  There  are  usually  two 
roots,  one  on  each  side  the  petiole,  and  an  axillary  branch  or  leaf, 
or  peduncle.  Stipules  oblong,  clasping.  Peduncles  opposite  to 
leaves,  smooth,  compressed,  not  furrowed.  Calyx  of  five  con- 
cave striate  leaves.  Petals  five,  oblong- wedge  form,  narrow, 
with  spaces  between  them,  white  with  a  yellow  base.  Nectary 
a  truncated  tube. — In  deep  brooks. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

Hooker  and  some  other  botanists  consider  this  a  variety  of  R. 
aquatilis. 


CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  VI.  243 

Ranunculus  multifidus.     PursTi.         Yellow  Water  Ra- 
nunculus. 

Floating,  leaves  capillary,  many-cleft,  with  axillary 
leafets ;  peduncles  opposite   to  bractes ;   petals  from 
five  to  eight,  obovate-wedge  shaped. 
8yn.     Ranunculus  fluviatilis.     Flor.  Bost.  1st.  edit. 

Stem  floating,  three  or  four  feet  long,  round,  smooth,  tubular, 
a  little  branched  at  top,  and  sending  out  very  long  thread  shaped 
roots  from  the  lower  joints.  Leaves  immersed,  alternate,  with 
short  concave  petioles,  cleft  into  innumerable  capillary,  flattish 
segments,  at  first  ternately,  and  afterward  by  forks.  In  the  axil 
of  each  leaf  is  commonly  a  similar  leafet  on  a  long  petiole,  or 
sometimes  a  small  branch.  Stipules  thin,  oblong,  obtuse.  Brac- 
tes oblong,  sometimes  three  cleft,  and  now  and  then  subdivided 
into  linear  segments  like  the  leaves,  but  broader  and  shorter. 
Peduncles  opposite  to  bractes,  large,  slightly  furrowed.  Calyx 
of  five  yellowish,  obtuse,  concave,  caducous  leafets.  Petals  five, 
and  often  more,  obovate-wedge  shaped,  yellow,  shining,  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx  and  as  large  as  R.  bulbosus.  Nectary  ovate, 
concave,  with  erect  edges.  Seeds  smooth,  with  conical,  erect, 
recurved  points. — Found  in  stagnant  waters. — May,  June. — Pe- 
rennial. 

This  species  was  first  described  in  the  former  edition  of  this 
work  under  the  name  of  R.  fluviatilis,  of  which  it  was  then  con- 
sidered a  variety.  Mr.  Pursh  has  since  described  in  his  supple- 
ment, under  the  name  of  R.  multifidus,  a  plant  found  in  Upper 
Louisiana,  agreeing  in  most  respects  with  this,  and  which,  I  am 
informed,  on  comparison  of  specimens,  turns  out  the  same.  The 
R.  multifidus  of  Rees'  Cyclopedia  is  a  wholly  difierent,  Egyptian 
plant.  De  Candolle,  who  adopts  Pursh's  name  for  tlie  American 
plant,  applies  the  appellation,  R.  Forskoehlii,  to  the  Egyptian 
species.  Hooker  considers  our  plant  the  same  as  his  B.  Purshii, 
which  to  me  appears  dissimilar  in  size,  petiolation  and  habit,  by 
his  figure. 


244  CLASS  XIII.     ORDER  VI. 

251.     MAGNOLIA. 
Magnolia  Glauca.     L.  Small  Magnolia. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxvii. 

Leaves  oval,  glaucous  underneath;  petals  obovatC; 
narrowed  at  base. 

This  I  believe  is  the  only  species  of  its  superb  genus,  which 
has  been  found  native  in  New  England.  The  bark  of  the  young 
twigs  is  of  a  bright-smooth  green,  with  rings  at  the  insertion  and 
scars  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  scattered,  petioled,  regularly  ellip- 
tical, entire  and  glabrous.  Their  under  side,  except  the  midrib, 
is  of  a  beautifully  pale,  glaucous  color,  by  which  the  tree  may 
be  distinguished  at  a  distance.  When  young,  this  surface  is 
covered  with  a  silken  pubescence.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal, 
on  a  short,  incrassated  peduncle.  Calyx  of  three  spatulate,  ob- 
tuse, concave  segments.  Corolla  of  from  eight  to  fourteen  obo- 
vate,  obtuse,  concave  petals,  contracted  at  their  base.  The 
stamens  are  very  numerous  and  inserted  in  common  with  the 
petals  on  the  sides  of  a  conical  receptacle.  Filaments  very 
short;  anthers  linear, mucronated,  two-celled,  opening  inwardly. 
Germs  oval,  collected  into  a  cone,  each  one  divided  by  a  furrow, 
and  tipt  with  a  brownish  linear,  recurved  style.  The  fruit  is  a 
cone,  consisting  of  imbricated  cells,  which  open  longitudinally 
from  the  escape  of  the  seed.  Seeds  obovate,  scarlet,  connected 
to  the  cone  by  a  thread,  which  suspends  them  some  time  after 
they  have  fallen  out.  It  grows  plentifully  in  a  sheltered  swamp 
at  Gloucester,  twenty-five  miles  from  Boston,  which  is  perhaps 
its  northern  boundary. — Flowers  in  July. — Bark  aromatic  and 
bitter. 

252.     LIRIODENDRON. 
LiRioDENDRON  TuLiPiFERA.  TuUp  Tree.. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI  xxxi. 

Leaves  lobed  and  truncated. 

One  of  the  noblest  trees,  both  in  size  and  beauty,  of  the  Amer- 
ican forest.  The  branches  of  the  Tulip  tree  are  of  a  greyish 
color,  inclining  to  red.     The  buds,  which  terminate  them  in 


CLASS  XIII.    ORDER  VI.  245 

winter  are  obovate,  and  flattened  or  compressed  into  a  sharp 
edge  at  the  extremity.  These  buds  are  made  up  of  a  number 
of  concentric  sheaths,  each  of  which  contains  a  single  miniature 
leaf  between  it  and  the  next  interior  sheath,  which  is  folded  up 
and  bent  down  upon  one  side  of  it.  In  the  spring  the  sheaths 
swell  to  a  large  size  before  bursting,  and  then.Hberate  the  leaves 
one  at  a  time,  the  remains  of  each  sheath  becoming  converted 
into  a  stipule.  The  leaves  are  divided  into  four  pointed  lobes, 
and  terminated  by  a  shallow  notch,  the  extremity  being  nearly 
square,  and  the  middle  rib  ending  abruptly  as  if  cut  off.  In  the 
large  leaves  the  two  lower  lobes  are  furnished  with  a  tooth  or 
additional  lobe  on  their  outside.  They  are  attached  by  long 
peduncles,  and  have  a  beautifully  smooth  and  bright  green  sur- 
face. There  is  one  variety  of  this  tree  which  has  the  lobes  of 
its  leaves  not  pointed,  but  very  obtuse.  The  flowers  are  large, 
solitary,  and  terminal.  The  outer  calyx  has  two  triangular 
leaves  which  fall  ofi"  as  the  flower  expands.  The  inner  calyx 
consists  of  three  large,  oval,  concave,  veined  leaves,  of  a  pale 
green  color,  spreading  at  first,  but  afterwards  reflexed.  Petals 
six,  sometimes  more,  obtuse,  veined,  concave,  of  a  pale,  yellow- 
ish green,  marked  with  an  irregular,  indented  crescent  of  bright 
orange,  on  both  sides  towards  the  base.  Stamens  numerous, 
with  long  linear  anthers  opening  outwardly,  and  short  filaments. 
Pistil  a  large  conical,  acute  body,  its  upper  half  covered  with 
minute,  blackish,  recurved  stigmas ;  its  lower  furrowed,  being  a 
mass  of  coalescing  styles  and  germs.  The  fruit  is  a  cone  of  im- 
bricated seed  vessels,  which  are  woody  and  solid,  their  upper 
portion  formed  by  a  long  lanceolate  scale.  Seeds  two,  blackish, 
ovate,  one  or  both  often  abortive. — Cultivated  about  Boston  for 
ornament,  and  found  native  in  the  southern  parts  of  Massachu-^ 
setts  and  in  Connecticut. — June. — The  bark  is  aromatic. 


21=^ 


246  CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  I. 

Class  XIY.  DIDYNAMIA.         Four  stamens, 

two  long  and  tivo  short. 

Order  J.      GYBIN08PERMIA.     Seeds  naked. 

A.     Calyxes  mostly  five  cleft, 

253.  Glechoma.  Anthers  approaching  each  other 
in  pairs,  each  pair  forming  a  cross. 

254.  Mentha.  Corolla  nearly  equal,  four  cleft; 
the  broadest  segment  notched  ;  stamens  straight,  dis- 
tant. 

255.  Hyssopus.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  three 
parted,  its  middle  segment  crenate  ;  stamens  straight, 
distant. 

256.  Teucricum.  Corolla  without  any  upper  lip  ; 
stamens  projecting  through  a  fissure  in  the  upper  side 
of  the  tube  ;  sides  of  the  fissure  divaricate. 

257.  Lamium.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire, 
vaulted  ;  lower  lip  two  lobed  ;  throat  toothed  each  side. 

258.  Leonurus.  Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  erect, 
concave,  undivided,  hairy  ;  lower  lip  three  parted, 
with  the  middle  segment  undivided :  stamens  longer 
than  the  orifice. 

259.  Stachys.  Corolla  with  the  lateral  segments 
of  the  lower  lip  reflected  at  the  side ;  stamens  when 
old  bent  outwards. 

260.  Galeopsis.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  subcre- 
nate,  vaulted  ;  lower  lip  two  toothed  above. 

261.  Ballota.  Calyx  funnel  shaped,  ten  striate  ; 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla  concave. 

262.  Nepeta.  Corolla  with  the  lower  lip  crenate ; 
the  orifice  with  a  reflected  margin ;  stamens  approxi- 
mate. 


CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  I.  247 

263.  Brachystemum.  Tube  of  the  corolla  as  long 
as  the  calyx ;  orifice  without  hairs  ;  stamens  nearly- 
equal,  very  short,  included  in  the  corolla. 

264.  Pycnanthemum.  Tube  of  the  corolla  as  long 
as  the  calyx;  upper  lip  mostly  entire;  stamens  dis- 
tant, two  as  long  as  the  upper  lip,  two  shorter ;  heads 
with  many  bractes. 

265.  Yerbena.  Calyx  with  one  tooth  truncated  ; 
corolla  nearly  equal,  curved;  stamens  two  or  four; 
seeds  two  or  four. 

B.     Calyxes  iivo  lipped. 

266.  Clinopodium.  Involucrum  of  many  bristles, 
under  the  whorl ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  flat,  obcor- 
date,  straight. 

267.  Scutellaria.  Calyx  furnished  with  a  lid, 
which  closes  after  flowering, 

268.  Prunella.  Filaments  forked ;  one  point  of 
the  fork  bearing  the  anther  ;  stigma  cloven. 

269.  Trichostema.  Corolla  with  the  upper  lip 
falcated;  stamens  very  long. 

270.  Phryma.  Calyx  cylindrical,  the  upper  half 
longer  and  three  cleft,  lower  half  two  toothed  ;  upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  emarginate,  the  lower  lip  largest ; 
seed  one. 

Order  II.     ANGIOSPER3IIA.         Seeds  in  a  vessel 

271.  LiNN^A.  Calyx  double,  one  inferior,  two 
leaved;  the  other  superior,  five  leaved;  corolla  cam- 
panulate ;  berry  dry,  three  celled. 

272.  Melampyrum.  Calyx  four  cleft;  corolla  per- 
sonate, compressed  at  top ;  capsule  two  celled ;  seeds 
double,  gibbous,  smooth. 


248  CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  I. 

273.  ScHWALBEA.  Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  four- 
cleft,  its  upper  segmeut  short,  its  lower  large,  emar- 
ginate  ;  capsule  two  celled,  two  valved,  with  a  double 
dissepiment;  seeds  chaffy. 

274.  LiMosELLA.  Calyx  five  cleft ;  corolla  four  or 
five  lobed,  equal;  stamens  approximating  by  pairs; 
capsule  two  valved,  mostly  two  celled,  many  seeded. 

275.  RmNANTHUs.  Calyx  ventricose,  four  cleft ; 
corolla  ringent,  the  upper  lip  compressed ;  capsule 
two  celled,  compressed,  obtuse. 

276.  ScROPHULARiA.  Calyx  five  cleft ;  corolla 
somewhat  globular,  reversed  ;  the  middle  segment  of 
the  lip  placed  internally;  capsule  two  celled. 

277.  Antirrhinum.  Calyx  five  parted,  corolla  per- 
sonate, with  a  prominent  nectary  underneath  ;  capsule 
two  celled. 

278.  Bartsia.  Calyx  two  lobed,  emaginate,  color- 
ed ;  corolla  smaller  than  the  calyx,  its  upper  lip  long- 
est; capsule  two  celled  ;  seeds  angular. 

279.  Orobanche.  Corolla  ringent;  capsule  one 
celled,  two  valved,  many  seeded;  a  gland  under  the 
base  of  the  germ. 

280.  Pedicularis.  C alyx'^fesF©: .-cleft ;  corolla  with 
the  upper  lip  compressed  and  emarginate  ;  capsule 
two  celled,  oblique,  pointed ;  seeds  few. 

281..  Gerardia.  Calyx  five  leaved;  corolla  some- 
what salver-shaped,  two  lipped  ;  lower  lip  three  lobed, 
lobes  emarginate,  middle  one  two  parted;  capsule 
two  celled,  bursting  at  base. 

282.  MiMULus.  Calyx  prismatic ;  corolla  with  the 
upper  lip  reflected  at  the  sides ;  capsule  two  celled, 
many  seeded. 

283. 1515H.ONE.     Calyx  five  leaved,  corolla  inflated. 


CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  I.  249 

the  lips  closed  ;  rudiment  of  a  fifth  glabrous,  filament 
between  the  upper  stamens. 


DIDYNAMIA/ 
GY3INOSPER3IIA. 

253.     GLECHOMA. 

Glechoma  hederacea.     L.  Ground  Ivy.     Gill. 

Leaves  reniform,  crenate. 

A  creeping  plant,  usually  found  about  fences  or  in  shady 
places.  Stems  square,  procumbent.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled, 
heart  or  kidney  shaped,  crenate,^  hairy.  Flowers  in  whorls,  a 
few  together.  Calyx  striated,  ending  in  five  unequal,  pointed 
segments.  Corolla  blue,  the  upper  lip  straight,  the  lower  ex- 
panded, three  lobed,  the  middle  lobe  emarginate.  Each  pair  of 
anthers  meet,  forming  a  cross.  Ground  ivy  has  a  peculiar 
strong  taste  and  smell,  and  possesses  some  medicinal  reputa- 
tion.— May,  June. — Perennial. 

254.     MENTHA. 
Mentha  borealis.     3Iich.  Horsemint. 

Ascending,  low,  pubescent ;  leaves  petioled,  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends;  flowers  in  whorls, 
stamens  projecting.     Mich. 

Inhabits  the  banks  of  rivulets  and  ditches.  Stem  square,  hairy 
backwards.  Leaves  opposite,  on  downy  petioles,  oval,  acute, 
serrate,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  regular,  axillary 
whorls,  on  short  peduncles.  Corolla  pale  purple.  Stamens 
twice  as  long  as  the  corolla. — June,  July.— Perennial.  The 
taste  and  properties  resemble  those  of  Pennyroyal. 

Mentha  viridis.     L.  Spearmint. 

Spikes  interrupted;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute, 
naked ;  bractes  setaceous,  and,  with  the  calyx  teeth, 
somewhat  hairy.     Sm, 


250  CLASS  XIV.    ORDER  1. 

This  well  known  mint  spreads  rapidly  by  its  creeping  roots 
in  moist  places.  Stems  erect,  smooth,  acute-angled.  Leaves 
sessile,  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  smooth.  Spikes  long,  acute, 
consisting  of  distinct,  remote  whorls.  Pedicels  glabrous.  Flow- 
ers purple.  The  whole  plant  has  a  pleasant,  aromatic  flavor, 
well  known. — Flowers  in  August. — Perennial. 

255.  HYSSOPUS. 

Hyssopus  nepetoides.     L.  Tall  Hyssop. 

Spikes  formed  of  whorls,  cylindrical,  leaves  subcor- 
date,  ovate,  dentate,  acuminate. 

One  of  our  tallest  labiate  plants.  Stem  large,  square,  smooth, 
three  to  six  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite,  with  large  teeth.  Co- 
rollas small,  pale  purple,  with  exserted  stamens  and  styles. — 
Woods,  Chelsea  beach  island. — July. — Perennial.  The  charac- 
ters of  H.  scrophularifolius  and  H.  nepetoides  are  blended  in  this 
plant;  and  I  am  convinced,  with  Mr.  Eaton,  that  they  are  pro- 
bably varieties. 

256.  TEUCRIUM. 

Teucrium  Canadense.  Wild  Germander. 

Stem  herbaceous,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate  serrate, 
whitish  underneath  ;  spike  crowded,  many  flowered, 
long.     Mich. 

Stem  erect,  square,  downy,  a  foot  or  more  in  height.  Leaves 
opposite,  soft  with  fine  down,  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate.  Spike 
formed  of  small  whorls  of  flowers,  furnished  with  short  bractes. 
Calyx  downy,  its  segments  rather  blunt.  Corolla  pale  red,  the 
stamens  issuing  from  a  fissure  in  the  upper  side. — Road  side, 
Cambridgeport. — July. — Perennial. 

257.    LAMIUM. 

Lamium  amplexicaule.     L.  Henbit. 

Floral  leaves  sessile,  clasping,  obtuse. 

Not  larger  than  Glechoma  hederacea.  Leaves  opposite, 
roundish,  heart  shaped  or  reniform,  crenate  and  cut,  the  upper 
ones  clasping.  Calyx  hairy.  Corolla  red,  or  white. — Natural- 
ized in  cultivated  ground.— May.— Annual. 


CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  I.  251 

258.     LEONURUS. 

Leonurus  cardiaca.     L.  31otherivort. 

Upper  leaves  lanceolate,  three  lobed  or  entire.  Sm. 

A  common  plant  among  rubbish  and  about  walls.  Stem  two 
or  three  feet  high,  large,  square,  downy.  Lower  leaves  lobed 
and  broad,  the  upper  ones  narrower,  the  highest  of  these  lanceo- 
late, entire ;  all  of  them  spreading  or  bent  downwards,  downy 
underneath.  Flowers  in  many  whorls.  Calyx  teeth  rigid  and 
prickly;  corolla  hairy  without,  variegated  with  white  and  red 
within.  The  herb  has  a  strong,  pungent  odor,  and  is  a  popular 
remedy  in  considerable  request. — July. — Perennial. 

259.  STACHYS. 
Stachys  aspera.  3Iich.  Hedge  Nettle.  IVoiindioort, 
Stem  erect,  hairy  backward  ;  leaves  somewhat  pe- 
tioled,  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate;  spike  of  whorls, 
which  are  about  six,  flowered ;  calyx  with  firm 
prickles.     Mich. 

Stem  square,  a  foot  high,  the  angles  furnished  with  reflexed 
hairs.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  somewhat  heart  shaped  at 
base,  the  upper  surface  and  nerves  underneath  covered  with 
hairs.  Flowers  in  whorls,  constituting  a  leafy,  terminal  spike, 
red.  Calyx  teeth  prickly.  Stamens  in  the  old  flowers  bent 
outward,  forming  an  angle  over  the  edge  of  the  corolla.  —Road 
sides,  Chelsea,  Brighton. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Stachys  hyssopifolia.     3Ix.  Slender  Hedge  Nettle. 

Smooth,  slender,  erect ;  leaves  sessile,  linear-lance- 
olate, shghtly  few-toothed ;  whorls  about  four  flow- 
ered. 

Stem  erect,  square,  simple,  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, from  one  to  two  inches  long,  narrow-lanceolate,  a  little  ob- 
tuse. Flowers  in  a  few  small  sessile  whorls  at  top.  Calyx 
teeth  very  acute.  Corolla  blue  ? — Found  at  Plymouth.  Messrs. 
Tuckerman  and  Russell. — Perennial. 


252  CLASS  XIV.    ORDER  I. 

260.     GALEOPSIS. 
Galeopsis  tetraiiit.     X.  Common  Hemp  Nettle. 

Stem  hispid,  internodes  thickened  at  top;  corolla 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  upper  lip  straight. 

Stem  square,  a  foot  or  more  high,  swelling  below  the  joints, 
bristly.  Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  hispid.  Calyx  hispid  and 
prickly.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  concave,  extended,  purple, 
lower  lip  trifid,  variegated. — Naturalized  in  waste  grounds. — 
July,  August. — Annual. 

Galeopsis  ladanum.     X.  Red  Hemp  Nettle. 

Stem  hairy,  internodes  equal ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
subserrate,  hairy ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  obsoletely 
ere  n  ate. 

Smaller  than  the  preceding.  Stem  branched  and  of  uniform 
thickness.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  serrate,  marked 
with  deep  veins.  Calyx  hairy  with  prickly  teeth.  Corolla  vari- 
able, red,  white,  or  variegated. — On  Chelsea  beach. — July. — 
Annual. 

261.     BALLOTA. 
Ballota  nigra.     L.  Black  Horehound. 

Leaves  ovate,  undivided,  serrate  ;  calyx  dilated 
above,  subtruncate,  with  spreading  teeth. 

Two  or  three  feet  high  and  universally  pubescent.  Leaves 
ovate,  a  little  cordate.  Whorls  axillary.  Calyx  infundibuli- 
form,  ten  ribbed.  Corolla  purple  or  white. — At  Hull. — July. — 
Perennial. 

262.    NEPETA. 
Nepeta  cataria.  L.  Catmint  or  Catnep. 

Flowers  spiked;  the  whorls  slightly  pedunculated. 
Leaves   on  footstalks,   heart  shaped,  tooth  serrated. 

This  well  known  plant  grows  every  where  in  dry  soils,  about 


CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  I.  253 

fences  and  buildings.  Its  name  is  derived  from  the  great  par- 
tiality of  cats  for  the  odor  of  the  plant.  Stem  two  or  three  feet 
high,  square  and  downy.  Leaves  long-heart  shaped,  serrate,  pale 
underneath,  covered  with  soft  down.  Calyx  ribbed.  Corolla 
tubular,  upper  lip  straight,  lower  lip  with  the  middle  lobe  spread- 
ing, crenate,  elegantly  dotted. — July.— Perennial. 

263.  BRACHYSTEMUM. 
Brachystemum  Virginicum.     31icli.  Virginia  Thyme. 

Stem  erect;  somewhat  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  linear,  entire,  smooth ;  heads  somewhat  fascicled. 
Mich  abr. 
Syn.     Thymus  Virginicus.  L. 

An  erect  plant  with  fastigiate  branches.  Stem  square,  downy 
at  the  angles.  Leaves  opposite,  rigid,  very  narrow,  rounded  at 
base,  and  tapering  to  a  long,  acute  point.  Under  a  magnifier 
they  appear  covered  with  fine,  black  dots.  Flowers  in  numer- 
ous small  heads,  mostly  terminal.  Calyxes  downy.  Corollas 
white,  dotted  with  purple.  Taste  like  pennyroyal, — By  fences 
and  woods. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

264.  PYCNANTHEMUM. 
Pycnanthemum  incanum.  Mich.  Wild  Basil. 

Stem  pubescent ;  leaves  petioled,  oval,  acuminate, 
serrate,  white-downy;  heads  componnd,  terminal  and 
lateral ;  bractes  setaceous.     Mich.  abr. 
Syn.     Clinopodium  incanum.     L. 

A  white  looking  plant,  covered  with  soft  down.  Stem  one  or 
two  feet  high,  covered  with  soft  down,  especially  toward  the  top. 
Leaves  oval,  pointed,  with  a  few  remote  serratures  on  the  sides, 
soft  and  velvet-like,  white  underneath.  Flowers  on  white, 
branching  footstalks,  in  lateral  and  terminal  whorls  or  heads. 
Bractes  numerous,  white,  the  inner  ones  setaceous.  Corollas 
projecting,  pale,  spotted  with  purple. — Woods  and  mountains. — 
July,  August. — Perennial. 
22 


254  CLASS  XIV.    ORDER  L 

Pycnantiiemum  aristatum.  Mich.  Wild  Basil. 

Whitish  ;  leaves  lance-oval,  somewhat  serrate,  on 
short  petioles  ;  whorls  and  terminal  head  sessile ; 
bractes  linear,  awned.     Mich.  abr. 

Sljn.      NePETA  ViRGINICA.     L. 

Stem  erect,  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  downy.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  serrate,  dotted  under  a  magnifier, 
the  upper  ones  hoary  with  white  down.  Each  branch  has  one 
or  two  downy,  sessile  whorls,  and  a  terminal  head.  Bractes  acu- 
minated with  a  sort  of  awn.  Flowers  small.  Both  these  species 
have  a  strong,  pungent  taste,  much  like  pennyroyal. — Chelsea, 
road  side.— July,  August.— Perennial. 

265.    VERBENA. 
Verbena  hastata.    L  Common  blue  Vervain. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  acuminate,  the  lower 
ones  lobed  ;  spikes  erect,  filiform,  panicled  ;  stamens 
four. 

A  tall,  shewy  plant,  common  by  road  sides  in  low  ground. 
Stem  three  or  four  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite,  rough,  sharply 
serrate,  tapering  to  a  long  point ;  the  lower  ones  broader,  with 
commonly  a  lobe  on  each  side  at  base,  giving  them  somewhat  a 
hastate  form.  Spikes  numerous,  erect,  slender.  The  flowering 
commences  at  their  base,  and  is  long  in  reaching  their  summit. 
Flowers  close,  of  a  dark  purplish  hue,  with  four  stamens. — July, 
September. — Perennial. 

Verbena  urticifolia.     L.  Nettle  leaved  Vervain. 

Leaves  oval,  serrate,  acute,  petioled ;  spikes  diverg- 
ent, filiform,  panicled  ;  stamens  four. 

Common  among  rubbish,  about  fences  and  buildings.  Stem 
erect,  two  or  three  feet  in  height.  Leaves  broad,  oval  or  ovate, 
rough,  undivided.  Panicles  of  long,  very  slender,  flexile  spikes, 
diverging  or  divaricated,  with  distinct,  somewhat  remote  flowers, 
not  imbricate  like  the  last.  Flowers  small,  white.  A  weed  of 
no  beauty. — July,  August. — Perennial. 


CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  I.  255 

266.  CLINOPODIUM. 
Clinopodium  vulgare.     L.  Wild  Basil. 

Whorls  hispid;  bractes  setaceous;  pedicels  branch- 
ed; leaves  obsoletely  serrate. 

Stem  hairy,  obtusely  quadrangular.  Leaves  ovate,  rather 
obtuse,  slightly  serrate  and  hairy.  Flowers  in  terminal  and  ax- 
illary whorls  with  hairy  stalks  and  narrow  hairy  involucres. 
Calyx  nerved,  hairy ;  corolla  purplish.— Woods,  Windsor,  Vt. — 
July. — Perennial. 

267.  SCUTELLARIA. 
Scutellaria  lateriflora.  L.       Side  jioicering  Scullcap. 

Leaves  smooth,  rough  on  the  keel ;  racemes  lateral, 
leafy.     L. 

Stem  square,  branching.  Leaves  on  petioles  of  considerable 
length,  ovate,  acute,  toothed,  mostly  smooth.  Racemes  on  long, 
axillary  stalks.  Flowers  small,  blue,  numerous,  interspersed 
with  small  leaves.  The  singularity  of  this  genus  consists  in  the 
form  of  the  calyx,  which  is  furnished  with  a  ridge  on  the  upper 
side,  the  part  beyond  this  serving  as  a  lid.  After  the  corolla  falls 
this  lid  shuts  down  against  the  opposite  side,  so  as  perfectly  to 
inclose  the  seeds.  By  lateral  pressure  the  lid  opens,  discovering 
the  four  seeds  within. — Meadows. — July. — Perennial. 

Scutellaria  galericulata.     L.  Common  Scullcap. 

Leaves  cordate-lanceolate,  crenate,  wrinkled ;  flow- 
ers axillary. 

A  foot  high  with  a  square,  branching  stem.  Leaves  slightly 
petioled.  Flowers  larger  than  in  the  preceding,  blue,  projecting 
in  pairs,  one  from  each  axil  of  the  opposite  leaves.  Calyx  closed 
like  the  foregoing. — Meadows. — July. 

268.     PRUNELLA. 
Prunella  vulgaris.     L.  Self  Heal. 

Leaves  petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed ;  upper 
lip  of  the  calyx  truncated,  three  awned;  stem  ascend- 
ing. 


256  CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  I. 

Syn,     Prunella  Pennsylvanica.     1st  Edit. 

A  handsome  plant,  native  of  meadows  and  moist  pastures. 
Stem  nine  or  ten  inches  in  height,  hairy.  Leaves  opposite, 
broad-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed,  their  nerves  and  petioles  hairy, 
the  upper  pair  close  to  the  spike  and  sessile.  Spike  short,  ovate. 
Bractes  reniform,  ciliate,  acuminate.  Flowers  ringent,  purplish. 
Calyx  two  lipped,  the  upper  lip  broad  and  abrupt,  with  three 
straight,  short  bristles  or  awns  ;  the  lower  lip  ending  in  two 
acute  teeth.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arched,  lower  lip  three 
lobed,  the  middle  lobe  fringed. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

This  plant  agrees  exactly  with  European  specimens,  and  I  am 
now  doubtful  whether  P.  Pennsylvanica  of  Willdenow  be  any 
more  than  a  variety. 

269.     TRICHOSTEMA. 

Trichostema  dichotoma.     L.  TricJiostcma. 

Stamens  very  long,  exserted.    L. 

An  annual  plant,  remarkable  for  its  long,  arching  stamens. 
Stem  round,  somewhat  four  sided,  hairy.  Branches  opposite, 
subdivided  in  a  brachiate  manner,  their  last  divisions  commonly, 
though  not  always,  dichotomous.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
entire.  Flowers  numerous,  terminal.  Calyx  swelling,  its  upper 
lip  of  two  short,  acute  teeth  ;  lower  lip  twice  as  long,  three 
toothed.  Corolla  purple,  with  two  long,  slender  stamens  pro- 
jecting from  one  side  and  arching  over  to  meet  the  other. 
Seeds  with  an  indented  surface.  In  sandy  pastures  and  hills. — 
August. — Annual. 

270.    PHRYMA. 
Phryma  leptostachya.     L.  Lopseed. 

Leaves    ovate,  toothed,  petioled ;  spikes  terminal, 
slender ;  flowers  opposite. 

Remarkable  for  its  slender  spikes  of  reflexed  fruit.  Stem  two 
or  three  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  ovate,  acute,  largely  toothed. 
Spikes  virgated,  on  long  slender  stalks.  Flowers  small,  oppo- 
site, nearly  sessile,  purplish.  Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  with  three 
very  long,  subulate  teeth  with  the  tips  at  length  reflexed.     In 


CLASS  XIV.    ORDER  II.  257 

fruit  the  calyx  shuts  up  and  bends  backward  into  close  contact 
with  the  peduncle. — Chelsea  beach  Island. — July. — Perennial. 

ANGIOSPERMIA. 

271.    LINN^A. 
LiNN^A  BOREALis.  LiuncBa. 

Stem  prostrate ;  flowering  branches  erect,  two  flow- 
ered ;  leaves  roundish,  crenate. 

Stem  creeping,  woody  with  a  brownish,  pubescent  bark,  giv- 
ing off  roots  and  branches  at  regular  intervals.  Leaves  opposite, 
petioled,  hairy  with  a  glabrous  appearance,  suborbicular,  acute 
at  base,  with  about  five  obtuse  teeth.  Peduncles  filiform,  cov- 
ered with  very  minute,  glandular  hairs,  two  flowered.  Bractes 
two,  linear,  opposite.  Flowers  very  fragrant,  drooping,  with 
two  calyxes,  one  inferior,  four  leaved,  two  of  the  leaves  minute; 
the  other  superior,  five  parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  five  cleft, 
red,  tinged  with  white,  the  inside  red  and  hairy.  Stamens 
shorter  than  the  corolla.     Style  declined. 

This  interesting  and  delicate  plant  is  common  to  the  northern 
parts  of  both  hemispheres. — Woods,  Lynn. — Often  met  with  in 
New  Hampshire  and  Vermont. — June. 

272.  MELAMPYRUM. 

Melampyrum  Americanum.     Mich.  Cow-TVheat. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  uppermost  with  a  few 

setaceous  teeth  at  base ;  flowers  axillary. 

Pretty  common  in  woods.  Stem  erect,  branching,  less  than 
a  foot  in  height.  Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  smooth, 
entire,  with  a  long  obtuse  point,  the  upper  ones  furnished  with 
several  bristle-like  teeth  at  base.  Flowers  axillary,  w^hitish, 
slender,  the  lower  lip  yellow  on  the  inside.  Capsules,  flat, 
acute,  pointing  downward,  containing  four  seeds. — June,  July. — 
Annual. 

22^ 


258  CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  II. 

273.     SCHWALBEA. 
ScHWALBEA  Americana.      WlUcI.  Clioff  secd. 

Simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate;  raceme  ter- 
minal, with  alternate  flowers. 

Stems  simple,  clothed  with  numerous  lanceolate  entire  leaves. 
Flowers  an  inch  long.  Calyx  ventricose,  the  lower  lip  eraargi- 
naie,  or  bidentate.  Corolla  yellowish  brown,  upper  lip  entire, 
arched,  lower  lip  three  lobed.  Seeds  winged. — Plymouth,  Mr. 
Greene. — July. — Perennial. 

274.     LIMOSELLA. 

LiMOSELLA    TENUIFOLIA.       Nutt.  Mudwort. 

Leaves  linear  and  very  narrow,  scarcely  dilated  at  the 
points:  scape  one  flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

A  small  plant  of  the  marshes.  Flower  solitary,  white,  bluish 
outside. — Sea  shore. — Plymouth. — August. 

275.  RHINANTHUS. 
Rhinanthus  CRISTA  GALLi.  Yellow  Rattle. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  vaulted;  calyx  smooth; 
leaves  lanceolate,  serrate. 

About  a  foot  high,  branching  and  smooth.  Leaves  opposite, 
cordate,  lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  rough.  Calyx  large,  infla- 
ted, compressed,  nerved  and  reticulated,  contracted  at  the  mouth. 
Corolla  yellow,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip 
curved,  the  lower  three  cleft.  In  meadows,  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
abundant. — July. — Annual. 

276.  SCROPHULARIA. 
ScROPHULARiA  Marilandaca.     L.  Figwort. 

Leaves  cordate,  serrate,  acute,,  rounded  at  base; 
stem  obtuse-angled.     L. 

A  tall,  erect  plant  with  flowers  resembling  capsules.  Stem 
square  with  bluntish  corners,  smooth  except  at  the  joints,  where 
there  is  a  slight  pubescence  between  the  petioles.     Leaves  op- 


CLASS  XIV.    ORDER  11.  259 

posite,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  at  base,  tapering  to  an  acute  point, 
serrate.  Panicle  erect,  with  opposite  branches.  Flowers  small, 
somewhat  globular.  Calyx  teeth  obtuse,  appressed.  Corolla 
greenish  outside,  of  a  dark  brown  within,  divided  into  five  une- 
qual, rounded  segments,  the  shortest  of  which  is  reflexed.  Sta- 
mens declined.  Style  bending  over  the  short  segment  of  the 
corolla.  Between  the  two  upper  segments  is  a  small,  internal 
prominence  which  may  be  mistaken  for  a  fifth  stamen,  at  the 
base  of  which  the  honey  is  situated.  Capsule  globular,  tipped 
with  a  style. — Chelsea  beach  island. — August. — Perennial. 

277.     ANTIRRHINUM. 
Antirrhinum  Linaria.     L.  Toad  Flax. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolale,  crowded ;  stem  erect ; 
spikes  terminal,  sessile  ;  flowers  imbricate.     L. 

The  yellow  spikes  of  this  plant  are  very  common  by  road- 
sides, though  it  is  not  probable,  that  the  species  is  indigenous. 
Stem  one  or  two  feet  high,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  numerous, 
narrow,  and  pointed,  smooth.  Branches  numerous,  axillary, 
bearing  tufts  of  leaves.  Spike  long,  crowded  with  yellow  flow- 
ers, the  corolla  furnished  with  a  long,  hollow  spur  below.  The 
mouth  is  closed  with  a  protuberant  palate  from  the  under  lip, 
and  gapes  open  upon  lateral  pressure,  a  character  which  has 
given  the  genus  the  name  of  Snap  dragon. — July. — August. — 
Perennial. 

Antirrhinum  Canadense.     L.       Canada  Snap  Dragon. 
Leaves  alternate,  linear,  remote,  glabrous ;  flowers 
racemed  ;  stem  simple:  scions  procumbent.    Willd. 

A  slender,  annual  plant,  seldom  exceeding  a  foot  in  height. 
Stem  erect,  smooth.  Leaves  small,  scattered,  erect,  linear,  ob- 
tuse. Flowers  in  a  loose,  terminal  raceme,  small,  blue.  Upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  reflexed,  the  lower  much  larger,  spreading, 
with  a  white  centre  and  three  roundish,  blue  lobes.  Spur  fili- 
form, acute.  Some  leafy,  procumbent  scions  occasionally  pro- 
ceed from  the  root. — Road  sides.— July,  August. 


260  CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  II. 

278.     BARTSIA. 
Bartsia  pallida.     L.  Pale  Bartsia. 

Leaves  alternate,  linear,  undivided,  the  upper  ones 
lanceolate,  the  floral  ones  subovate,  slightly  toothed 
at   the   end,    all   three   nerved ;    calyx   teeth   acute. 
Willd. 
Syn.     Castilleja  septenteionalis.     Hooker. 

Stem  ascending,  furrowed,  pubescent.  Leaves  alternate,  ses- 
sile, lanceolate,  three  or  five  nerved,  nearly  smooth.  Bractes 
straw  colored,  oblong-ovate,  five  nerved,  with  a  tooth  or  two  at 
the  end.  Flowers  straw  colored.  Calyx  two  cleft,  the  divisions 
emarginate.  Corolla  pubescent,  its  upper  lip  long  and  tapering, 
entire;  lower  lip  short,  three  cleft.  Style  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens.— On  the  barren  summits  of  the  White  mountains. — Au- 
gust.— Perennial.     It  also  inhabits  Siberia. 

Bartsia  coccinea.     L.  Painted  Cup. 

Leaves  alternate,  linear,  cut-pinnatifid  with  linear 

segments  ;  bractes  dilated,  mostly  three  cleft,  longer 

than  the  flowers ;  calyx  teeth  obtuse. 

Syn.     EucHROMA  coccinea.     Nutt. 

Castilleja  coccinea.     Kunth. 

Stem  reddish,  pubescent,  angular.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile, 
pinnatifid  with  a  few  long,  linear  segments.  Flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal spike.  The  bractes,  which  constitute  the  chief  beauty  of 
this  plant,  are  three  or  five  cleft,  the  segments  oblong,  obtuse, 
and  of  a  bright  scarlet  color  at  top.  Calyx  tubular,  two  cleft, 
the  segments  truncate,  slightly  emarginate,  yellowish,  tipt  with 
scarlet.  Corolla  dull  yellow,  tubular,  with  two  oblong  lateral 
pits  at  base  ;  its  lower  lip  very  short,  curved,  with  three  small 
ovate  lobes ;  upper  lip  straight,  somewhat  truncate.  Stamens 
as  long  as  the  upper  lip.  Germ  ovate,  style  filiform,  projecting, 
incurved  ;  stigma  capitate. — Wet  meadows  near  Fresh  pond. — 
June. 


CLASS  XIV.    ORDER  II.  261 

279.     OROBANCHE. 
Orobanche  uniflora.     L.       Single  jloivered  Broomrape. 
Scapes  in  pairs,  naked,  one  flowered. 

8yn.     Oe-obanche  biflora.     Nutt. 

As  the  part  of  this  plant  which  appears  at  sight  is  one  flow- 
ered, I  have  preferred  retaining  the  Linusean  name.  At  the  top 
of  the  root  is  a  short  stem  or  caudex,  sometimes  nearly  wanting 
and  sometimes  several  together^  clothed  with  a  few  obtuse 
scales,  and  producing  each  two  scapes.  These  are  simple,  erect, 
hairy,  leafless.  Calyx  hairy,  erect,  one  leafed,  parted  half  way 
down  into  fi.ve  acute  segments.  Corolla  tubular,  striated,  hairy, 
incurvated,  of  a  purplish  white  color,  its  mouth  divided  into  five 
roundish  segments,  its  tube  furnished  on  the  under  side  with  two 
yellow  lines  which  are  prominent  and  hairy  within.  Stamens 
crossing.  Germ  oval,  surrounded  with  a  gland  or  flat  ring  at 
base.  Style  straight ;  stigma  reflexed. — Woods,  Waltham ;  par- 
asytic  ? — June,  July. 

§  Subgenus  Eeifagus.  Flowers  polygamoics,  capsule  opening  on 
one  side. 

Orobanche  Virginiana.  L.  Beech  Drops. 

Stem  branching ;  flowers  alternate^  remote  ;  corol- 
las deciduous,  four  toothed. 

Syji.     Epifagus  Americanus.     Nutt. 

A  parasitic  plant,  said  only  to  be  found  attached  to  the  roots 
of  the  Beech  tree.  Root  fleshy  and  scaly.  Stem  a  foot  high, 
branched,  leafless,  with  small  ovate  scales.  Flowers  alternate, 
remote,  small.  The  fertile  corollas,  according  to  Mr.  Nuttall, 
are  deciduous  in  consequence  of  the  obliquity  and  rapid  enlarge- 
ment of  the  germ  ;  the  barren  ones  larger,  white  striped  with 
purple. — In  Beech  woods,  Maine.  I  have  not  seen  it  near  Bos- 
ton.— August. 

280.     PEDICULARIS. 
Pedicularis  Canadensis.    L.  Lousewort. 

Stem  simple,  spike  somewhat  leafy;  helmet  of  the 


262  CLASS  XIV.     ORDER  II. 

corolla   with    two  setaceous  teeth ;  calyx  truncated 
downward.     L. 

Stem  erect,  under  a  foot  in  height,  downy  at  top.  Leaves 
dark  green,  lanceolate,  with  crenate  lobes,  obtuse.  Spike  ter- 
minal, short,  crowded,  leafy.  Calyx  cut  off  in  an  oblique  direc- 
tion downward.  Corolla  yellowish,  the  upper  lip  forming  a 
long  helmet,  its  point  square,  with  a  small  acute  tooth  on  each 
side;  lower  lip  three  lobed.  The  flowers  turn  to  the  right,  so 
that  the  spike  has  a  twisted  appearance. — Pastures. — May.- — 
Perennial. 

'  281.    GERARDIA. 
Gerardia  flava.     Zr.  Yellow  Gerardia, 

Pubescent ;  stem  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  sessile,  lan- 
ceolate, entire  or  toothed  and  cut  ;  flowers  subsessile. 

One  of  the  most  showy  of  our  wild  wood  flowers.  Stem  erect, 
one  or  two  feet  in  height,  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite,  the  lower 
ones  more  or  less  pinnatifid  and  cut,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate, 
entire  or  serrate,  obtusely  pointed.  Spike  terminal,  few  flow- 
ered. Flowers  opposite,  trumpet  shaped,  large,  yellow.  Pe- 
duncles short,  downy.  Stamens  somewhat  woolly ;  anthers  with 
two  points  at  the  base.  Style  slender,  longer  than  the  stamens. 
The  whole  plant  turns  black  in  drying. — Woods. — August. — Pe- 
rennial. 
Gerardia  glauca.     Eddy.  Tall  Gerardia. 

Glabrous  ;   stem  panicled  ;  leaves  petioled,  pinnati- 
fid, paler  beneath,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate;  flowers 
pedicelled. 
Syn.     Gerardia  quercifolia.     Pursh. 

A.  taller  and  handsomer  plant  than  the  last,  which  it  gready 
resembles,  so  that  it  might  pass  for  a  cultivated  variety.  The 
stem  is  smooth  and  more  branched,  leaves  petioled  and  pinnati- 
fid, flowers  pedunculate.  In  other  respects  it  resembles  the  last 
species. — Woods. — August. — Perennial. 


CLASS  XIV.    ORDER  II.  263 

Gerardia  Pedicularia.  L.  Bushy  Gerardia. 

Leaves  oblong,  twice  serrate ;  stem  panicledj  ca- 
lyxes crenate.  L. 

A  tall,  bushy  plant,  which  would  be  oae  of  the  most  ornamen- 
tal, were  not  its  flowers  very  perishable,  and  deciduous.  Stem 
erect,  with  numerous,  opposite  branches.  Leaves  pinnatifid, 
with  serrate  lobes.  Peduncles  hairy.  The  structure  of  the 
flowers  is  very  elegant.  The  calyx  ends  in  five  spreading  leaf- 
ets,  indented  on  their  margin.  Corolla  yellow,  downy  without, 
trumpet  shaped,  with  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  crossing,  the 
two  longer  filaments  with  loose  hairs  on  their  inner  side.  An- 
thers hairy,  dependent,  two  lobed,  the  lobes  ending  in  seta- 
ceous points.  Style  longer  than  the  stamens.  The  leaves  and 
flowers  turn  black  in  drying. — Dry  woods. — Very  common  at 
Mount  Auburn,  Cambridge.— August. — Perennial. 

Gerardia  PURPUREA.     L.  Purple  Gerardia. 

Stem  with  many  opposite  branches ;  leaves  narrow- 
linear;  flowers  scattered,  purple,  sub-sessile.     Mich. 

An  annual  species,  much  smaller  than  the  preceding.  Stem 
erect,  smooth,  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  linear,  entire,  rough- 
ish,  curling  when  the  plant  droops.  Flowers  purple,  opposite, 
on  very  short  peduncles.  Calyx  teeth  acute  and  separated  by 
acute  sinuses.  Corolla  purple,  usually  without  spots  on  the  in- 
side. Stamens  woolly ;  anthers  sagittate. — Common  in  pastures 
and  road  sides  in  moist  ground. — August. — Annual. 

Gerardia  maritima.     Nutt..  Salt  Marsh  Gerardia. 

Leaves  linear,  fleshy  ,■  calyx  truncate,  upper  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  fringed. 

^yn.     Gerardia  purpurea,  ^.  crassifolia.     Pursh. 

Stem  smooth,  with  opposite  branches.  Leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, obtuse,  fleshy,  veinless,  dotted  under  a  magnifier.  Flow- 
ers axillary  and  terminal  on  elevated  peduncles.  Calyx  smooth, 
its  segments  ending  abruptly  as  if  cut  off".  Corolla  purple,  dot- 
ted inside  toward  the  base,  its  two  larger  segments  cihate. 
Stamens  hairy;  anthers  sagittate.     Capsule  globose.— On  salt 


264  CLASS  XIV.    ORDER  II. 

marshes. — July,  August. — Perennial.— Resembles  G.  purpurea, 
but  is  smaller  and  more  fleshy.  The  truncate  calyx  is  an  un- 
failing mark  of  distinction. 

Gerardia  tenuifolia.  Stalked  Gerardia. 

Branching,  leaves  linear,,  flowers  axillary  on  stalks 

longer  than  themselves. 

Stem  erect,  smooth  with  opposite  branches.  Leaves  linear, 
entire,  rough,  curled  in  drying.  Flowers  opposite  on  long  fili- 
form peduncles.  Calyx  teeth  short,  acute,  separated  by  obtuse 
sinuses.  Corolla  subcampanulate,  purple,  spotted  inside.  Sta- 
mens woolly,  anthers  sagittate. — Lo>v  grounds,  Cambridgeport. 
— August,  September. — Annual. — Resembles  G.  purpurea. 

282.     MIMULUS. 
MiMULus  RiNGENS.     L.  Moukey  Floioer. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  sessile  ; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  flower.      Wllld. 

A  handsome  plant,  fond  of  wet  soils,  where  it  attains  the 
height  of  two  feet  and  upward.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  angular. 
Leavqs  opposite,  closely  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  acute. 
Pedu^les  aiillary,  quadrangular,  curving  upward.  Calyx  tu- 
bular, with  five  acute  angles  and  as  many  pointed  teeth.  Co- 
rolla twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  pale  purple  with  the  palate 
yellow,  upper  lip  reflexed  at  the  sides,  lower  lip  much  larger, 
irregularly  three  lobed.  Lower  stamens  longer  than  the  upper. 
Style  clavate;  stigma  bifid,  membranous. — July,  August. — Pe- 
rennial. 

283.     CHELONE. 
Chelone  Glabra.     L.  Snake-Head. 

Glabrous  ;  leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  unequally  ser- 
rate; flowers  spiked.     Mich. 

Found  in  brooks  and  wet  ground,  where  it  forms  bunches,  and 
rises  two  or  three  feet.  Stem  smooth,  bluntly  four  cornered. 
Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  dark  green  and  polished 
above.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  a  few  only  expanding  at 


CLASS  XV.     ORDER  I.  265 

once.  Calyx  nearly  sessile,  with  five  short,  rounded  segments 
calyculated  with  three  similar  scales  at  base.  Corolla  large 
white,  inflated,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  not  unlike  the  head  of 
a  serpent;  the  lower  lip  in  three  small  segments,  with  two 
woolly  stripes  within.  Filaments  hairy  below.  Anthers  en- 
tangled together  by  a  woolly  covering.  A  short,  smooth  rudi- 
ment of  a  fifth  filament  is  found  between  the  two  upper  stamens. 

Style  long,  slender,  curving  downward. — Roxbury,  Cambridge. 

August,  September. — Perennial. 


Class  XV.    TETRAD YNAMIA.     Six  stamens,  four 
long  and  two  short. 

Order  I,     SILICULOSA.     Seeds  in  a  silicle. 

284.  Draba.  Silicle  entire,  OA?-al -oblong,  the  valves 
flat,  parallel  to  the  dissepiment. 

285.  Lepidium.  Silicle  elliptic,  emarginate,  the 
valves  carinate,  but  not  margined. 

286.  Thlapsi.  Silicle  inversely  heart  shaped,  the 
valves  carinate  and  margined. 

287.  BuNiAs.  Silicle  deciduous  without  opening, 
somewhat  four  sided,  two  of  its  angles  more  acute. 

288.  CocHLEARiA.  Sillcle  turgid,  wrinkled,  many 
seeded,  valves  gibbous,  obtuse, 

289.  Camelina.  Silicle  obovate  or  subglobose, 
valves  swelling,  opening  with  a  part  of  the  style,  cells 
many  seeded,  seeds  oblong,  not  bordered ;  style  fili- 
form. 

Order  II.     SILIQUOSA.     Seeds  in  a  silique. 

290.  Arabis.  Silique  compressed.  Four  nectarife- 
rous glands  like  scales,  reflected  between  the  leaves 
of  the  calyx. 

23 


266  CLASS  XV.     ORDER  I. 

291.  Raphanus.     Silique   cylindrical,   swelling    at 
the  seeds,  somewhat  jointed. 

292.  Cardamine.     SiHque  bursting  elastically,  the 
valves  revohite,  and  equal  to  the  partition. 

293.  Sisymbrium.    Silique  cylindrical,  opening  with 
nearly  straight  valves  ;  valves  equalling  the  partition. 

294.  Erysimum.     Calyx  closed ;    stigma  capitate ; 
silique  columnar,  square. 

295.  SiNAPis.     Calyx  spreading;    silique  cylindri- 
cal, with  the  partition  longer  than  the  valves. 

296.  Dentaria.      Silique   opening   elastically,    the 

valves  revolute ;  stigma  emarginate ;  calyx  connivent. 

297.  Cleome.     Petals  all  ascending;  glands  three, 

one  at  each  sinus  of  the  calyx  except  the  lowest ;  germ 
stipitate  ;  silique  one  celled,  two  valved. 


TETRADYNAMIA, 

SILICULOSA. 

284.    DRABA. 
Draba  verna.    L,  Whitlow  Grass. 

Scape  naked;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  subserrate, 
hairy;  petals  bifid  ;    stigma  sessile. 

A  small,  very  early,  white  flowering  plant.  Leaves  all  radical. 
Scape  two  or  three  inches  high  with  a  raceme  of  small  flowers. 
Calyx  spreading ;  petals  half  cleft.  Pod  oval,  flat. — Among  the 
grass  in  fields,  &:c.  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  state.  Not  seen 
near  Boston. — April,  May. 

285.    LEPIDIUM, 
Lepidium  Virginicum.     L.       Wild  Cress  or  Peppe/rgrass. 

Radical  leaves  pinnatifid ;  stem  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, serrate;  flowers  with  four  petals  and  two  stamens; 
silicic  lenticular.    Mich.  ahr. 


CLASS  XV.    ORDER  I.  267 

Syn,    Thlaspi  Virginianum.    Poir. 

Frequent  by  road  sides,  flowering  during  most  of  the  sum- 
mer and  autumn.  Stem  woody  and  branching,  round,  smooth. 
"Branches  numerous,  alternate.  Leaves  of  the  root  pinnatifid,  of 
the  stem  lanceolate,  glabrous,  furnished  with  a  remote  tooth  or 
two.  Racemes  terminal,  long,  naked.  Pedicels  capillary.  Flow- 
ers very  small,  diandrous,  white.  Silicles  flat,  orbicular,  with  a 
deep  notch  in  the  end.  Taste  like  common  Garden  cress  or 
peppergrass. 

286.  THLASPI. 

Thlaspi  Bursa  pastoris.    L.     Common  Shepherds  Purse. 

Hairy,  silicle  inversely  heart  shaped,  somewhat  tri- 
angular;   radical  leaves  pinnatifid.    S^n. 

Equally  common  with  the  last,  in  pastures  and  road  sides  con- 
tinuing to  flower  during  most  of  the  vegetating  season.  Stem 
branching,  round.  Root  leaves  numerous,  spreading,  pinnatifid, 
toothed,  somewhat  hairy.  Stem  leaves  oblong,  toothed,  arrow 
shaped  at  base,  closely  sessile.  Flowers  small,  white.  Silicle 
smooth,  inversely  heart  shaped,  crowned  with  the  short  style. — 
Annual. 

287.  BUNIAS. 

*  BuNiAs  EDENTULA.  Flor.  Bost.  Ist  Edit.     American  Sea 

Rochet. 

Bunias  foliis  obovatis,  simiatis  ;  siliculis  glabris, 
articidis  binis,  mo7iospermis,  edentulis. 

Leaves  obovate,  sinuate ;  silicles  with  two  smooth, 
one-seeded,  toothless  joints. 
Syn.     Cakile  Americana.     Nutt. 

A  fleshy,  maritime  plant,  found  on  various  parts  of  the  sea 
coast.  Stem  glabrous,  flexuous,  deeply  and  irregularly  furrowed, 
very  much  branched.  Leaves  fleshy,  smooth,  obovate,  toothed 
and  sinuated,  caducous.  Branches  axillary,  leafy.  Spikes  or 
racemes  terminal.  Flowers  on  short,  fleshy  peduncles.  Calyx 
gf  four  erect,  fleshy  segments.    Petals  spreading,  rounded  at  the 


268  CLASS  XV.     ORDER  II. 

end.  Stamens  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stigma 
concave.  Silicles  smooth,  roundish,  consisting  of  two  one-seed- 
ed joints,  the  lower  one  somewhat  globular,  without  teeth  or 
prominences,  marked  on  each  side  with  a  longitudinal,  depressed' 
line,  sometimes  abortive.  Upper  joint  ovate,  round,  marked  on 
each  side  with  an  elevated  line,  terminating  in  a  flat,  emargin- 
ate,  or  three  toothed  beak.  Seeds  facing  different  waj'^s.  The 
silicle  is  drupaceous,  and  in  drying  becomes  quadrangular.  The 
plant  is  succulent  and  heavy. — Grows  abundantly  at  Cape  Ann. 
Found  also  at  South  Boston. — July. — Annual. 

288.     COCHLEARIA. 
CocHLEARiA  ARMORAciA.     L.  Horse  radisJi. 

Root  leaves  roundish,  stern  leaves  oblong,  somewhat 
sinuated ;  silicles  globose. 

Common  horse  radish  is  naturalized  in  various  places,  about 
roads  and  old  gardens.  The  root  leaves  are  on  long  petioles, 
those  of  the  stem  sessile.  The  stalks  are  in  corymbs  of  numer- 
ous white  flowers. — May,  June. 

289.     CAMELINA. 

Camelina  sativa.     Crantz.  Common  Camelina. 

Syn,    Myagrum  sativum.     X.        • 
Allyssum  sativum.     Smith. 

Stem  herbaceous;  leaves  lanceolate,  sagittate, 
clasping ;  corymbs  terminal,  racemose  ;  silicle  obo- 
vate. 

An  annual  plant,  introduced  from  Europe.  Stem  a  foot  and  a 
half  high,  round,  leafy.  Leaves  alternate  lanceolate,  obsoletely 
toothed,  roughish,  arrow  shaped  at  base.  Corymb  made  up  of 
long  racemes,  with  numerous  small  yellow  flowers.  Calyx 
spreading.  Petals  obtuse.  Silicles  erect,  obovate,  inflated, 
smooth,  crowned  with  the  style,  which  is  about  half  as  long  as 
the  silicle, — Roads  and  cultivated  grounds. — June,  July. 


CLASS  XV.    ORDER  II.  269 

SILIQUOSA. 

290.    ARABIS. 
Arabis  falcata.     Mx.  Sickle  Pod. 

Leaves  lanceolate,    remotely  toothed,  sessile ;    si- 
liques  pendulous,  two  edged,  falcate. 

Stem  two  or  three  feet  high,  round,  smooth.  Leaves  sessile, 
mostly  lanceolate  with  a  few  remote  teeth;  the  lower  ones 
sometimes  sagittate  and  clasping.  Raceme  terminal.  Flowers 
very  small,  white.  Pods  long  and  curved,  resemhling  a  crooked 
sword  blade,  articulated  to  a  knob  at  the  end  of  the  pedicel, 
acute,  fiat,  pendulous. — Woods,  Chelsea  beach  island. — August. 

Arabis  rhomboidea.  Khomhoidal  Arabis. 

Leaves  smooth,   rhomboidal,  repand.  or  obsoletely 

toothed,  the  lower  ones  on  long  petioles  ;  root  tuberous. 

Root  tuberous  and  farinaceous.  The  leaves  which  spring 
from  the  root  are  generally  heart  shaped,  the  lower  stem  leaves 
oblong  or  ovate,  repand,  obtuse,  smooth  ;  the  upper  ones  becom- 
ing quite  narrow.  Flowers  white,  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Pe- 
duncles smooth,  slender.  Calyx  of  four  erect,  obtuse  leaves. 
Petals  roundish,  unguiculate.  Anthers  sagittate  with  microsco- 
pic glands  at  the  base  of  the  filaments. — Wet  meadows,  Roxbu- 
ry. — May. — Perennial. 

291.     RAPHANUS. 

Raphanus  Raphanistrum.     L.  Wild  Radish. 

Pods  round,  jointed,  smooth,  of  one  cell.     L. 

A  hardy  weed,  frequent  in  the  gravel  by  road  sides,  but  most 
troublesome  in  cultivated  fields.  Stem  branching,  round,  bristly, 
glaucous.  Leaves  rough,  lower  ones  lyrate,  upper  ones  toothed. 
Calyx  bristly.  Petals  spreading,  yellow,  turning  white  as  they 
grow  old,  not  unfrequently  of  a  light  blue.  Pods  erect,  knobbed, 
tapering,  smooth,  ending  in  a  long  beak.  When  dry,  they  are 
striated,  and  abruptly  contracted  between  the  cells,  which  are 
hard  and  somewhat  bonv.  On  cutting  the  pod  across  between 
23^ 


270  CLASS  XV.    ORDER  II. 

the  seeds,  it  appears  two  celled.     The  seeds. however  are  con- 
tained between  the  laminae  of  the  apparent  partition. 

292.     CARDAMINE. 
Cardamine  BELLiDiFOLiA.    L.     Round  leaved  Cardamine. 
Leaves  simple,  fleshy,  subovate,  entire ;  stems  sim- 
ple, weak,  procumbent,  pedicels  filiform. 

Syn.     Cardamine  eotundifolia.    2d  Edit. 

Cgespitose.  Stems  ascending,  branched.  Leaves  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, submucronated,  smooth,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  fasci- 
cled or  corymbed.  Calyx  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  spreading.  Pe- 
tals oval,  subacute.  Filaments  subulate,  hollow  above.  Capsule 
linear. — On  the  highest  summit  of  the  White  mountains. — July. 

Cardamine  Pennsylvanica.     Muhl,        American  Water 

Cress. 

Smooth,  branching;  leaves  pinnate,  leafets  round- 
ish-oblong, obtuse,  angular,  toothed;  siliques  erect. 

Found  in  brooks  and  ponds,  growing  under  water,  except  its 
upper  leaves  and  flowers.  Leaves  alternate,  smooth,  pinnate  ; 
leafets  oblong,  rounded  at  the  end,  with  a  few  large  teeth  on 
each  side,  the  terminal  leafet  much  exceeding  the  rest  in  size. 
The  leafets  in  the  upper  leaves  are  entire.  Flowers  small, 
white.  Pods  narrow,  erect,  an  inch  or  more  in  length. — 
Brighton. — May. 

Cardamine  Virginica  ?     i.  Virginian  Cress. 

Smoot?!  erect ;  leaves  pinnate,  leafets  spatulate, 
obtuse;  siliques  erect. 

Found  on  dry  hills,  much  smaller  than  the  preceding.  Leafets 
oblanceolate,  lower  ones  obovate,  some  of  them  with  a  tooth  on 
one  side  ;  ciliate  under  a  magnifier.     Flowers  white. — May. 

293.     SYSYMBRIUM. 
Sisymbrium  amphibium.     L.  Amphibious  Cress. 

Siliques  declined,  oblong-ovate  ;  leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate or  pinnatifid,  serrate ;  petals  larger  than  the 
calyx. 


CLASS  XV.    ORDER  II.  271 

Stem  erect,  furrowed,  hairy  when  out  of  water.  Leaves  hairy 
clasping  at  base,  lyrate  or  pinnatifid,  toothed.  Flowers  in  ter- 
minal racemes,  small,  yellow.  Fruit  oblong-oval,  swelling, 
compressed,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  tipt  with  the  style,  supported 
by  slender,  spreading  pedicels. — Ponds  and  wet  places,  the  lower 
leaves  sometimes  capillary. — July. — Perennial. 

294.    ERYSIMUM. 
Erysimum  officinale.     L.  Hedge  Mustard. 

Pods  pressed  close  to  the  main  stalk ;  leaves  runci- 
nate.     L. 

The  whole  plant  is  more  or  less  hairy,  and  attains  the  height 
of  about  two  feet.  Stem  round ;  branches  given  off  at  a  large 
angle,  and  curving.  Leaves  lyrate-runcinate.  The  fruitful 
branches  are  long  and  slender,  covered  with  close,  sessile  pods, 
and  ending  in  yellow  flowers. — About  rubbish  and  cultivated 
ground. — All  summer. — Annual. 

295.     SINAPIS. 

SiNAPis  NIGRA.     L.  Common  Mustard. 

Pods  smooth,  four  cornered,  pressed  close  to  the 

raceme;  upper  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  smooth. 

Sm. 

Very  common  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds ;  usually  re- 
garded as  a  weed,  though  its  seeds  furnish  the  common  table 
mustard.  Stem  round,  striated,  smooth,  three  or  four  feet  high, 
branching.  Leaves  variously  lobed  and  toothed,  the  lower  ones 
rough,  upper  ones  smooth,  deflexed,  the  highest  narrow,  small, 
entire.  Flowers  numerous  and  showy.  Calyx  and  corolla  yel- 
low. Pods  erect,  close  to  the  stalk,  quadrangular,  ending  in  a 
short  beak. — June,  July. — Annual. 

296.     DENTARIA. 
Dentaria  l  acini  at  A.      Willd.  Toothwort. 

Leaves  three,  three  parted,  the  divisions  linear-ob- 
long, cut-toothed ;  root  moniliform. 


272  CLASS  XVI.    ORDER  I. 

Syn.     Dentaria  concatenata.     Mx. 

Root  formed  of  a  string  of  tubers.  Stem  about  a  foot  high, 
giving  off  three  leaves  near  together  at  its  upper  part.  These 
are  deeply  divided  into  three  segments  or  leafets  which  are  ob- 
long, divergent,  cut  and  toothed.  Flowers  large,  purplish,  in  a 
terminal  raceme.     Woods,  Hampshire. — June. — Perennial. 

Dentaria  diphylla.     3Ix.  Pepper  root. 

Leaves  of  the  stem  two,  each  ternately  divided ; 
leafets  ovate-oblong,  unequally  cut  and  toothed ;  root 
toothed. 

Root  (rhizoma)  creeping,  branched,  and  covered  with  project- 
ing teeth,  acrid  to  the  taste.  Flowers  purplish  white. — Amherst, 
Prof.  Hitchcock. — Perennial. 

297.     CLEOME. 
Cleome  dodecandra.      L.  Cleome. 

Leaves  ternate,  elliptical ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary, 
dodecandrous. 

A  viscid,  strong  scented  plant.  Stem,  branching,  pubescent 
and  glutinous.  Leaves  petioled,  ternate ;  leafets  oblong-spatu- 
late,  smooth.  Flowers  racemed,  white,  with  ten  or  a  dozen 
stamens.  Pods  lanceolate,  turgid,  hairy  and  viscid,  two  valved 
without  a  dissepiment. — On  the  shores  of  lake  Champlain,  near 
Burlington. — July. — Annual. 


Class  XYL     MONADELPHIA.     Stamens  united  by 
their  filaments  into  one  'parcel. 

Order  I.      TRIANDRIA.      Three  stamens. 

298.  SisYRiNCHiuM.     Spathe  two  leaved;  petals  six, 
nearly  equal;  capsule  inferior,  three  celled. 

Order  V.     DECANDRIA.     Ten  stamens. 

299.  Geranium.     Calyx   five  leaved ;    petals    five, 


CLASS  XVI.    ORDER  I.  273 

regular;  nectary  five  glands  on  the  base  of  the  longer 
filaments;  fruit  beaked,  separating  into  five  one  seed- 
ed capsules. 

300.  OxALis.  Calyx  five  leaved ;  petals  five,  con- 
nected at  base;  capsules  superior,  five  celled,  five  an- 
gled, opening  at  the  angles. 

Or^er  VIII.     POLYANDRIA,     Many  stamens. 

301.  SiDA.  Calyx  simple,  angular;  style  many 
cleft;  capsules  many,  one  seeded. 

302.  Malva.  Calyx  double,  the  outermost  two  or 
three  leaved;  capsules  numerous,  one  seeded,  disposed 
in  a  flat  ring. 

303.  Alth^a.  Calyx  double,  the  outermost  from 
six  to  nine  cleft ;  capsules  numerous,  one  seeded,  in  a 
flat  ring. 

304.  Hibiscus.  Calyx  double,  the  outermost  many 
leaved ;  capsule  five  celled,  many  seeded. 


MONADELPHIA. 
TRIANDRIA. 

298.     SISYRINCHIUM. 
SiSYRiNCHiuM  anceps.  Blue  eyed  Grass. 

Stem  two  edged,  spathe  longer  than  the  flowers, 
petals  mucronated,  germs  glabrous. 

Syn.       SlSYRINCHIUM    GRAMINEUM.       Cuvt. 

The  small,  delicate,  blue  flowers  of  this  plant  are  not  unfre- 
quent  among  the  grass  in  moist  ground.  Stem  two  edged,  the 
edges  extending  into  a  wide  margin ;  smooth,  with  one  or  two 
branches,  often  a  foot  high.  Leaves  linear,  grass  like,  sheathing 
at  base.  Spathes  swelling,  pointed,  the  outermost  inclosing 
several  others,  each  producing  a  flower.     Peduncles  filiform. 


274  CLASS  XVI.    ORDER  V. 

Flowers  shorter  than  the  spathe,  purple.  Germs  smooth  or  a 
little  villous.  Petals  six,  spreading,  terminated  by  a  point. — 
June,  July. — Perennial. 

DECANDRIA. 

299.     GERANIUM. 
Geranium  maculatum.  L.  Spotted  Geranium  or  Craneshill. 

Peduncles  two  flowered;  stem  forked,  erect ;  leaves 
five  parted  and  cut,  the  upper  ones  sessile.     L. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  viii. 

No  family  of  plants  is  more  extensively  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment than  the  Linnsean  genus  Geranium,  since  divided  by  L'He- 
ritier  into  three  genera,  Erodium,  Pelargonium,  and  Geranium. 
It  must  be  confessed  that  a  great  number  of  exotic  species  are 
carefully  propagated  in  green  houses  and  parlors,  which  are 
altogether  inferior  to  the  present  very  beautiful  native.  It  is 
very  common  about  fences  and  the  edges  of  woods,  preferring  a 
soil  that  is  somewhat  moist.  Stems  erect,  hairy,  dividing  by 
forks,  or  more  numerous  branches,  one  or  two  feet  high.  Leaves 
large,  spreading,  hairy,  divided  in  a  palmate  manner  into  five  or 
seven  lobes,  which  are  variously  cut  and  toothed  at  their  ex- 
tremities, the  lower  ones  petioled,  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile. 
As  the  leaves  grow  old,  they  are  usually  marked  with  pale  spots 
about  the  sinuses.  Peduncles  long,  hairy,  supporting  about  two 
flowers.  Calyx  five  leaved,  those  edges,  which  are  outermost  in 
the  bud,  k^iry.  Petals  rounded,  purple.  Fruit  ending  in  a  long 
beak,  containing  five  awns,  which  spring  out  and  scatter  the  seeds 
when  ripe.  The  root  is  perennial,  very  astringent,  and  useful 
for  its  medicinal  properties. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

Geranium  Robertianum.     L.  Herb  Robert. 

Peduncles  two  flowered;  leaves  somewhat  pedate, 
pinnatifid,  five  angled  ;  calyx  ten  angled,  capsules 
rugged.     Sm. 

A  branching  plant,  much  smaller  in  its  flowers  and  leaves  than 
the  preceding.  Stem  spreading,  fragile,  commonly  of  a  reddish 
cast.     Leaves  somewhat  hairy,  petioled,  ternate  or  quinate,  the 


CLASS  XVI.     ORDER  V.  275 

divisions  mostly  pinnatifid.  Peduncles  long,  somewhat  hairy, 
with  two  terminal  flowers.  Calyx  hairy.  Petals  rounded,  pale 
purple.  The  whole  plant  has  a  peculiar,  strong  smell. — Road 
sides.  Maiden. — Flowering  most  of  the  summer  and  autumn. — 
Annual. 

Geranium  dissectum.      WiUd.  Wood  Geranium. 

Diffuse,  pubescent,  leaves  opposite,  five  parted,  the 
lobes  three  cleft  and  cut ;  peduncles  two  flowered, 
elongated  ;  petals  emarginate,  as  long  as  the  awned 
calyx ;  beak  hairy. 

A  delicate  plant  with  small  flowers.  Stem  a  foot  high,  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  cut  almost  to  the  base  into  about  five  segments, 
these  again  subdivided  and  variously  cleft.  Petioles  hairy.  Pe- 
duncles axillary,  forked,  with  four  minute  linear  bractes  at  the 
bifurcation.  Calyx  hairy,  awned.  Petals  short,  pale  red.  Beak 
hairy,  a  part  of  the  hairs  glandulai*;-  On  Medford  hills,  near  the 
Andover  turnpike. — June,  July. — Annual. 

300.     OXALIS. 

OxALis  ACETOCELLA.     L.        ^  CommoYi  JVood  Sorrel. 

Stemless ;  scape  one  flowered,  longer  than  the 
leaves  ;  leaves  ternate,  broad-obcordate  with  rounded 
lobes  ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens ;  root  den- 
tate.     Wilid.  ^ 

Root  dentate,  with  truncated  projections.  Petioles  semicylin- 
drical.  Peduncles  roundish,  pubescent,  with  two  opposite,  acute 
bractes.  Segments  of  the  calyx  oblong,  acute.  Petals  oblong, 
obliquely  imarginate,  white,  striate,  with  purple,  yellow  at  base. 
Stamens  alternately  long  and  short.  Styles  equal  to  the  longer 
stamens. — Woods. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

Not  found  about  Boston,  but  very  abundant  in  woods  from  fifty 
to  one  hundred  miles  to  the  north  and  west.  The  American 
plant  has  the  petals  oblong  and  unequally  bilobate,  a  character 
which  might  be  considered  specific,  did  not  the  European  plant, 
as  I  find  from  specimens,  sometimes  present  the  same  figure. 


276  CLASS  XVI.    ORDER  VIII. 

OxALis  vioLACEA.     L.  VioUt  Wood  Sovvel. 

Stemless ;  scape  umbelliferous,  pedicels  somewhat 
pubescent;  flowers  nodding;  leaves  ternate,  smooth; 
tips  of  the  calyx  fleshy  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  outer 
stamens. 

A  handsome  species  with  red  or  purplish  flowers.  Leaves 
inversely  heart  shaped  as  in  the  other  species. — Brookline  and 
elsewhere. — May. — Perennial. 

OxALis  STRICTA.     L.  Upright  Wood  Sorrel. 

Peduncles  umbelliferous  ;  stem  branching,  erect ; 
leaves  ternate,  obcordate  ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner 
stamens.     L. 

This  plant  is  pretty  common  about  the  borders  of  fields  and 
cultivated  grounds.  Stem  erect,  varying  greatly  in  height,  ac- 
cording to  the  soil  in  which  the  plant  grows.  Leaves  ternate 
inversely  heart  shaped,  very  thin  and  delicate ;  their  common 
petiole  long  and  slender,  without  stipules.  Peduncles  axillary, 
generally  longer  than  the  petioles,  (in  which  respect  the  plant 
differs  from  that  of  Willdenow,)  supporting  small,  terminal 
umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  Fruit  beaked,  erect. — Flowers  all 
summer. 

POLYANDRIA. 

301.     SIDA. 

SiDA  ABUTiLON.     L.  India  Malloics. 

Leaves  roundish-heart    shaped,   toothed,    downy; 
peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  shorter  than  the  petioles ; 
capsules    spherical,    of   numerous,    abrupt,    double 
beaked  cells. 
Syn.     Abutilon  AvicENNiE. 

Originally  introduced  from  India,  but  now  become  a  weed  in 
gardens.  Stem  one  or  two  feet  high,  branched.  Leaves  pubes- 
cent, pointed.  Flowers  yellow,  half  an  inch  or  more  in  width, 
followed  by  larger  roundish  capsules,  with  radiated  tops. — Flow- 
ers from  June  to  September. — Annual. 


CLASS  XVI.     ORDER  VIII.  277 

302.     MALVA. 
Malva  ROTUNDiFOLiA.     L.  Round  lecwed  3Ialloiv. 

Stern  prostrate ;  leaves  roundish,  heart  shaped,  ob- 
tusely five  lobed.     Fruit  stalks  bent  downward.    L. 

Hoot  fusiform.  Stems  lying  upon  the  ground,  branching. 
Leaves  roundish,  somewhat  reniform,  crenate,  with  five  or  seven 
imperfect  lobes.  Petioles  long,  hairy.  Stipules  lanceolate, 
ciliate.  Flower  stalks  axillary,  shorter  than  the  petioles,  several 
together,  hairy.  Outer  leaves  of  the  calyx  linear,  inner  ones 
ovate.  Petals  purplish  white,  deeply  emarginate.  Fruit  flat, 
with  numerous  capsules  forming  its  circumference,  the  stalks 
commonly  deflexed. — In  cultivated  ground,  about  houses  and 
side  walks. — All  summer. 

303.  ALTHiEA. 

Althaea  officinalis.     L.  Marsh  Blallow. 

Leaves  downy,  oblong,  ovate,  obtusely  three  lobed, 
toothed.      Willd. 

This  plant  grows  spontaneously  on  the  marshes  at  South  Bos- 
ton, and  is  said  to  be  found  at  other  places  on  the  sea  coast.  It 
is  probably  not  originally  native,  but  imported  from  Europe. 
Root  perennial,  long,  white.  Stem  erect,  firm,  covered  with 
thick,  woolly  down.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate,  with  three  or 
more  imperfect  lobes,  toothed,  exceedingly  dov/ny  and  velvet- 
like to  the  touch.  Flowers  large,  axillary  and  terminal.  Calyx 
downy.  Petals  light,  purple,  inversely  heart  shaped.  The 
whole  plant,  especially  the  root,  abounds  in  mucilage,  and  is 
much  used  as  a  demulcent  remedy. — August,  September. — 
Perennial. 

304.  HIBISCUS. 

Hibiscus  palustris.     L.  Marsh  Hibiscus. 

Stem  herbaceous,  simple ;  leaves  ovate,  somewhat 
three  lobed,  downy  underneath ;  flowers  axillary. 
Willd. 

A  tall,  handsome  plant.     Stem  erect,  four  or  five  feet  high, 
somewhat  downy.     Leaves  ovate  or  three  lobed,  green  above, 
24 


278  CLASS  XVII.     ORDER  II. 

whitish  and  soft  with  down  underneath,  obtusely  serrate,  acumi- 
nate. Flowers  nearly  as  large  as  the  hollyhock,  showy,  pale 
purple.  The  peduncles  are  long,  axillary  and  someiirnes  con- 
nected with  the  petioles,  geniculated  toward  the  top.  Outer 
segments  of  the  calyx  about  twelve,  downy,  linear;  inner  seg- 
ments five,  half  ovate.  Petals  very  large. — Found  in  Newton, 
near  the  banks  of  Charles  river. — August. — Perennial. 

The  bark  is  fibrous  and  very  strong,  and  is  capable  of  affording 
a  tolerable  substitute  for  hemp. 


Class  XVII.  DIADELPHIA.       Stamens  united 

in  ttvo  distinct  sets. 

Order  II.     HEXANDRIA.     Six  stamens. 

305.  FuMARiA.  Calyx  two  leaved;  corolla  irregu- 
lar, spurred  at  base ;  filaments  two,  each  with  three 
anthers ;  capsule  one  celled,  without  valves,  one 
seeded. 

306.  CoRYDAUs.  Calyx  two  leaved;  corolla  rin- 
gent ;  filaments  two,  membranous,  each  with  three 
anthers;  capsule  siliquose,  many  seeded. 

Order  III.     OCTANDRIA.     Eight  stamens. 

-  -  307.  PoLYGALA.  Calyx  five  leaved,  two  of  the 
leaves  wing  shaped  and  colored  ;  corolla  with  a  cylin- 
drical banner ;  legume  inversely  heart  shaped,  two 
celled. 

Order  IV,     DECANDRTA.      Ten  stamens. 

308.  Genista.  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  two 
toothed,  the  lower  three  toothed  ;  banner  oblong,  re- 
flected back  by  the  pistil  and  stamens ;  stigma  invo- 
lute; stamens  all  united. 


CLASS  XVII.    ORDER  II.  279 

309.  LupiNus.  Stamens  all  united ;  anthers  alter- 
nately rounded  and  oblong;  legume  coriaceous,  swell- 
ing at  the  seeds. 

310.  Crotalaria.  Banner  cordate,  large  ;  keel  acu- 
minate ;  filaments  connate,  with  a  dorsal  fissure;  le- 
gume pedicell«^,  turgid. 

311.  PhaseoiSw^  Keel  with  the  stamens  and  style 
spirally  twisted.     %^,  ' 

312.  Lathyrus.  Style  flat,  villous  above,  broader 
upward  ;    two  upper  segments  of  the  calyx  shorter. 

313.  VicTA.  Calyx  with  two  teeth  above  and  three 
longer  straight  teeth  below;  banner  emarginate  ;  stig- 
ma transversely  bearded  on  the 'under  side, 

314.  Trifolium.  Legume  hardly  longer  than  the 
calyx,  falling  off  entire ;  flowers  mord'or  less  in  heads. 

315.  Lespedeza.  Calyx  five  parted?;  keel  of  the 
corolla  obtuse ;  legume  lenticular,  ufiarmed,  one 
seeded. 

316.  Hedysarum.  Calyx  five  cleft;  keel  of  the 
corolla  obtuse ;  loment  jointed,  the  joints  compressed 
and  one  seeded. 

317.  Glycine.  Calyx  two  lipped  ;  keel  of \the  co- 
rolla turning  back  the  banner  at  the  tip;  legume 
many  seeded. 

318.  RoBiNiA.  Calyx  four  cleft,  the  upper  segment 
two  parted ;  banner  roundish  ;  legume  compressed  ; 
elongated. 

319.  Tephrosia.  Calyx  teeth  subulate,  subequal ; 
stamens  monadelphous  ;  legume  compressed,  coriace- 
ous. 

320.  Medicago.  Legume  spiral,  compressed,  push- 
ing the  keel  from  the  banner. 


280  CLASS  XVII.     ORDER  11. 

DIADELPHIA. 
HEXANDRIA. 

305.    FUMARIA. 
FuMARiA  OFFICINALIS.     L.  Common  Fumitory. 

Spikes  loose  ;  capsules  globose,  emarginate  ;  stem 
spreading;  leafets  wedge  lanceolate. 

A  small  glaucous  plant  not  uncommon  about  gardens  and  cul- 
tivated grounds.  Leaves  twice  pinnate,  the  leafets  dilated  up- 
ward. Flowers  rose  colored  with  crimson  lips.  Pod  one  seeded. 
— Flowers  all  summer. — Probably  introduced. — Annual. 

306.     CORYDALIS. 
CoRYDALis  GLAUCA.     PuTsJi.  Glaucous  Corydolis. 

Stem  erect,  branching,  leaves  glaucous,  those  of  the 
stern  biternate ;  bract^s  minute;  nectary  single;  si- 
liques  linear,  three  times  as  long  as  their  stalk. 

Byn.      FUMARIA    SEMPERVIVENS.       L. 

This  delicate  plant  is  found  upon  rocky  hills  in  Roxbury  and 
Brookline,  beginning  to  flower  in  the  early  part  of  May.  The 
whole  plant  has  a  smooth,  glaucous  appearance.  Root  fusiform. 
Stem  erect,  hollow,  minutely  dotted  with  purple  and  green,  and 
covered  with  fine  glaucous  bloom.  Leaves  from  the  root  and 
stem,  subdivided  in  a  pinnate  manner;  the  leafets  smooth,  and 
variously  cut,  often  tipped  with  purple.  Flowers  in  a  panicle 
or  compound  raceme,  beautifully  shaded  with  flesh  color  and 
yellow.  Calyx  of  two  serrate,  ovate,  acuminate  leaves.  Corolla 
placed  transversely,  its  base  a  single  rounded  spur,  its  mouth 
closed  and  consisting  of  four  lips,  the  two  lateral  ones  cohering 
at  their  tips.  Stamens  in  two  bundles  of  three  each.  Germ 
long,  linear,  curved  upward.    Siliques  linear,  slender. — Biennial  ? 

CoRYDALis  FUNGOSA.     Pers.  CUmhing  Corydcdis. 

Stem   climbing;    leaves    furnished    with   tendrils;. 


CLASS  XVII.    ORDER  II.  281 

racemes  axillary;  corymbs  nodding,  corollas  monope- 
talous,  bigibbous  at  base. 
Syn.     FuMARiA  fungosa.    Willd. 

FUMAE-IA  RECTA.     Mx. 

Adlumia  cirrhosa.   De  Cand. 

Stem  smooth,  striated,  climbing.  Leaves  decompound-pin- 
nate, the  segments  twice  ternate,  the  leafets  obtusely  three 
lobed,  smooth,  paler  beneath  ;  the  partial  petioles  reflexed,  and 
serving  the  purpose  of  tendrils.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes, 
pale  flesh  colored.  Peduncles  clavate.  Calyx  of  two  minute 
deciduous  leaves.  Corolla  flesh  colored,  oblong  ovate,  com- 
pressed, slightly  hearted  at  base,  fungus  or  cellular  with  two 
internal  cavities,  tapering  to  a  nec'k  and  ending  in  two  cordate 
lips,  and  two  smaller  lateral  spatulate  lips  cohering  at  top,  with 
two  bundles  of  three  or  four  stamens  each  inside.  Germ  linear, 
with  a  bifid,  four  toothed,  flabelliform  stigma.  Silique  many 
seeded.  Brought  to  the  Botanic  garden  from  the  state  of  Maine* 
It  flowers  all  summer,  forming  handsome  festoons  and  bowers. — 
Perennial. 

CoRYDALis  cucuLLARiA.     Pevs.  Dutchman' s  Breeches, 

Scape  naked;  raceme  simple,  one  sided;    nectaries 
two,  di\raricatej.  as  long  as  the  corolla  ;  style  included  ; 
root  tuberous. 
Syn.     FuMARiA  cucullaria.   L. 

DiELYTRA  CUCULLARIA.  De   Caud. 

A  delicate,  fine  leaved  plant.  Root  solid,  being  a  collection  of 
small,  solid  bulbs  or  tubers,  of  different  sizes  inclosed  in  a  com- 
mon scaly  sheath.  Leaves  radical,  somewhat  glaucous,  ternate, 
the  divisions  bipinnate,  the  last  subdivisions  linear-oblong.  Flow- 
ers in  a  short,  unilateral  raceme,  white  with  yellowish  tips. 
Calyx  small,  of  two  linear  and  two  ovate  leaves.  Nectaries 
two,  obtuse,  diverging  sacs,  longer  than  the  peduncle,  united  to 
form  the  corolla  above.  Petals  or  lips  of  the  corolla  two,  each 
giving  rise  to  three  stamens.  Capsule  narrow-ovate. — Woods. — 
Jafirey,  New  Hampshire. — June — PerenniaL 
24^ 


282  CLASS  XVII.    ORDER  flT. 

CoRYDALis  FORMOSA.    PIi.  Red fioioevecl  CorydaUs. 

Scape  naked  ;  raceme  nodding,  many  flowered,  nec- 
taries two,  short,  incurved,  style  exserted  ;  root  tuber- 
ous. 

Syn.     DiELYTRA  FORMOSA.     De  Cand. 

An  exceedingly  beautiful  plant,  somewhat  larger  than  the  pre- 
ceding. Leaves  divided  as  in  the  foregoing  species,  very  glau- 
cous underneath.  Scape  and  peduncles  of  a  fine  purplish  red. 
Corolla  rose  colored,  somewhat  resembling  that  of  the  last,  but 
larger,  and  with  the  nectaries  very  obtuse,  and  much  shorter 
than  the  peduncles.  On  the  sides  of  Ascutney  mountain,  Ver- 
mont.    In  Hanover,  New  Hampshire. — July. — Perennial.  ^ 

OCTANDRIA. 

307.     POLYGALA. 
PoLYGALA  SANGUINEA     L.  Caducous  Polygala. 

Stem  branching  at  top;  leaves  alternate,  linear; 
spikes  headed  ;  flov/ers  beardless.    Mich.  abr. 

The  purple,  or  rose  colored  heads  of  this  plant  are  very  ob- 
servable in  moist  ground,  during  the  months  of  August  and 
September.  Stem  erect,  angular,  its  branches  exceeding  the 
main  stem  in  height.  Leaves  alternate,  smooth,  linear-lanceo- 
late. Flowers  in  terminal,  cylindrical  heads.  As  these  heads 
increase  at  their  summit,  the  lower  flowers  fall  off,  leaving  a 
ragged  or  squarrous  peduncle,  on  which  Linnseus  founded  his 
specific  character. 

Polygala  rubella.     Muhl.  Bitter  Polygala. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PL  liv. 

Stem  simple,  leaves  linear-oblong,  mucronate ;  flow- 
ers racemed,  those  of  the  stem  winged,  those  of  the 
root  apterous. 
8yn.     Polygala  polygama.     Hooker. 

Root  somewhat  fusiform,  perennial,  branching.  Stems  nume- 
rous, ascending,  smooth,    angular,  simple.      Leaves    scattered, 


s 


CLASS  XVII.    ORDER  III.  283 

smooth;  the  lower  ones  obovate,  smaller;  the  upper  ones  linear- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  mucronated,  sessile.  Flowers  purple,  short, 
crested,  in  terminal  racemes.  Bractes  small,  ovate-lanceolate, 
caducous.  Wings  of  the  calyx  rhomboid-oval,  obtuse,  with  a 
slight  middle  nerve.  Corolla  small,  closed,  of  three  segments, 
the  middle  one  largest  and  crested  by  the  division  of  its  sides 
and  extremity.  Anthers  eight,  forming  a  double  row,  the  fila- 
ments coalescing.  Germ  compressed,  inversely  heart  shaped ; 
style  deflexed ;  stigma  bearded  inside  with  a  prominence  below 
it.  Capsule  inversely  heart  shaped,  nearly  smooth  and  invested 
with  the  wings  of  the  calyx.  Seeds  two,  obovate,  hairy,  with  a 
transparent  appendage  or  strophiole  on  the  inside.  From  the 
base  of  the  stem  proceed  a  number  of  prostrate  shoots  situated 
upon,  and  sometimes  nearly  under  the  ground,  bearing  a  row  of 
incomplete,  fertile  flowers.  These  flowers  have  a  calyx  without 
wings,  a  minute  corolla  and  stamens  and  a  short  style.  The 
germ  and  fruit  precisely  resemble  those  of  the  more  perfect 
flowers. — Dry  fields,  Salem. — June,  July.— Perennial. 
The  whole  plant  is  strongly  bitter  and  used  in  medicine- 

PoLYGALA  SENEGA.  Seueca  Snake  Koot. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PL  xxx. 

Stems  erect,  smooth,  simple.  Leaves  alternate, 
lanceolate,  broadest  at  base.    Flowers  slightly  crested. 

The  Polygala  senega  has  a  firm,  hard,  branching,  perennial 
root,  consisting  of  a  moderately  solid  wood,  and  a  thick  bark. 
This  root  sends  up  a  number  of  annual  stems,  which  are  simple, 
smooth,  occasionally  tinged  with  red.  The  leaves  are  scattered, 
nearly  or  quite  sessile,  lanceolate,  with  a  subacute  point,  smooth, 
paler  underneath.  Flowers  white,  in  a  close  terminal  spike. 
The  calyx,  which  in  this  genus  is  the  most  conspicuous  part  af 
the  flower,  consists  of  five  leafets,  the  two  largest  of  which,  or 
wings,  are  roundish-ovate,  white  and  slightly  veined.  Corolla 
small,  closed,  having  two  obtuse,  lateral  segments,  and  a  short 
crested  extremity.  Capsules  obcordate,  invested  by  the  per- 
sistent calyx,  compressed,  two  celled,  two  valved.  Seeds  two, 
oblong-obovate,  acute  at  one  end,  slightly  hairy,  curved,  black- 
ish, with  a  longitudinal,  bifid,  white  appendage  on  the  concave 


284  CLASS  xvir.   order  hi. 

side.  The  spike  opens  gradually,  so  that  the  lower  flowers  are 
in  fruit  while  the  upper  ones  are  in  blossom.  On  the  banks  of 
Lake  Champlain. — July.— Perennial. 

The  root  of  this  species  is  extensively  used  in  medicine. 

PoLYGALA  CRUGiATA.     L.  Cross  Icavccl  Polygola. 

Stem  erect,  branching,  winged  at  the  angles ;  leaves 
in  fours,  linear-lanceolate;  heads  spiked,  sessile. 

Stem  short,  with  four  membranous  angles,  and  opposite 
branches.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  four,  sessile,  smooth,  lanceolate-, 
very  obtuse,  slightly  raucronated.  Flowers  in  a  terminal,  oblong 
head.  The  two  I'onger  leaves  of  the  calyx  heart  shaped,  acute, 
purple.  In  low  grounds,  rare,  flowering  in  the  latter  part  of 
summer. — Annual. 

PoLYGALA  VERTiciLLATA.     L.         Whorl  lettvcd  Polygttla. 

Stem  erect,  branched;  leaves  verticillate,  linear; 
spikes  pedunculated,  linear;  flowers  alternate,  approx- 
imate. 

A  very  slender  species.  Stem  erect,  quadrangular,  branched, 
the  branches  usually  exceeding  the  main  stem  in  height.  Leaves 
liaear-lanceolate,  in  whorls  of  five  or  six.  Spikes  slender ;  flow- 
ers small,  whitish,  the  lower  ones  usually  scattered.^ — On  dry 
hills,  Roxbury. — July. — Annual. 

"PoLYGALA  PAuciFOLiA.      Willd.  Fringed  Polygola. 

Stem  simple,  erect,  naked  below ;  leaves  ovate^ 
acute,  glabrous;  terminal  flowers  large,  pencilled; 
radical  flowers  apterous. 

A  beautiful  low  plant  with  purple  flowers,  larger  than  in  most 
other  native  species  of  this  genus.  The  leaves  grow  mostly  at  the 
top  of  the  stem,  and  immediately  above  them  are  three  or  four  very 
handsome,  crested,  purple  flowers.  Calyx  leaves  flve,  the  upper- 
most gibbous  at  base  and  somewhat  acute,  the  two  next  longer 
than  the  corolla,  narrow  at  base,  wider  and  obtuse  at  top,  the 
two  remaining  ones  small,  acute  and  white.  Corolla  purple,  the 
middle  lobe  white  with  a  purple  crest. 


CLASS  XVII.     ORDER  IV.  285 

This  plant  likewise  produces  horizontal,  radical  shoots  with 
small  greenish  flowers  like  those  in  P.  rubella,  which  see.— 
Woods,  Brookline,  rare. — May. — Perennial. 

DECANDRIA. 

308.  GENISTA. 

Genista  tinctoria.  L.  Wood  Waxen.    Dyer^s  Weed. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  smooth  ;  branches  round,  stri- 
ate, erect,  unarmed.     S7n. 

Root  woody,  tough,  creeping  extensively.  Stems  or  branches 
numerous,  erect  or  ascending,  round  furrowed,  smooth.  Leaves 
alternate,  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute.  Flowers  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  branches,  axillary,  solitary,  nearly  sessile,  bright  yellow. 
This  plant  has  overrun  the  hills  on  the  south  side  of  Salera,  so 
as  to  give  them,  in  the  month  of  July,  an  uniformly  yellow  ap- 
pearance at  a  distance.  It  was  probably  imported  originally 
from  Europe.  The  whole  plant  is  said  to  dye  a  fine  yellow 
color, 

309.  LUPINUS. 

LupiNus  PERENNis.     L.  Common  Lupine. 

Calyxes  alternate  without  appendages,  upper  lip 
emarginate,  lower  entire.     L. 

This  elegant  flower  grows  wild  very  plentifully  in  the  woods 
at  Watertown.  Stems  erect,  somewhat  hairy.  Leaves  digi- 
tate, consisting  of  about  eight  or  ten  lanceolate-wedge  shaped 
leaves,  arranged  like  rays  around  the  end  of  the  petiole.  They 
are  somewhat  hairy  and  pale  underneath.  Flowers  blue,  in  a 
terminal  spike  or  raceme. — Perennial. 

310.     CROTALARIA. 
Crotalaria  sagittalis.     L.  Rattle  Pod. 

Hairy,  erect,  branching ;  leaves  simple,  lanceolate  ; 
stipules  opposite,  acuminate,  decurrent;  racemes  op- 
posite to  leaves,  about  three  flowered;  corollas  smaller 
than  the  calyx. 


2S6  CLASS  XVII.    ORDER  IV. 

A  small,  hairy  plant  with  turgid  pods.  Stem  from  four  to 
eight  inches  high,  branching.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  oblong 
or  lanceolate.  Stipules  opposite  and  decurrent,  so  that  the  pair 
appear  inversely  sagittate.  Calyx  segments  long,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  hairy.  Corolla  small,  yellow.  Legume  shortly  stip- 
itate,  oblong,  inflated,  few  seeded. — Dry  grounds. — Cambridge. 
— July. — Annual. 

311.     PHASEOLUS. 
Phaseolus  trilobus     Mx.  Three  lobed  Bean  Vine. 

Twining,  pubescent,  lower  leafets  rhomboid-oval, 
upper  ones  three  lobed;  heads  on  long  stalks;  legumes 
linear. 

Stem  twining,  angular.  Stipules  oblong.  Leaves  ternate, 
the  leafets  broad,  ovate,  entire,  the  upper  ones,  especially  the 
terminal  one,  three  lobed.  Peduncles  longer  and  larger  than 
the  petioles,  with  a  head  of  flowers.  Banner  spreading,  white 
tinged  with  red ;  wings  small,  whitish  ;  keel  slightly  twisted, 
tipt  with  purple.  Legumes  linear. — South  Boston. — July. — 
Annual. 

S12.    LATHYRUS. 
Lathyrus  maritimus.  Reach  Pea, 

L.  caule  compressor  tetragono  ;  stipulis  sagittatis ; 
foliolis  numerosis,  siibalteniis,  obovatis ;  pedunculis 
folio  brevioribus,  subse/jlernjloris. 

Stem  compressed,  four  angled;  stipules  sagittate; 

leafets   numerous,   subalternate,   obovate ;    peduncles 

shorter  than  the  leaves,  about  seven  flowered. 

Syn.     Pisuivt  maritimxjm.     Pursh. 

Lathyrus  pisiformis.     Hooker. 

This  plant,  which  has  very  much  the  habit  and  aspect  of  a 
pea,  is  only  found  on  the  borders  of  the  beach  and  salt  marsh, 
whence  it  has  been  usually  taken  for  the  Pisum  maritimum  of 
Europe,  with  which  it  may  be  identical.  It  is,  however,  decid- 
edly a  Lathyrus.     The  whole  plant  has  a  glaucous  aspect. 


CLASS  XVII.     ORDER  IV.  287 

Stems  rigid,  compressed,  four  angled.  Stipules  arrow  shaped, 
meeting  each  other  round  the  stem,  a  little  toothed  at  base. 
Petioles  with  a  double  channel  above,  and  ending  in  a  branched 
tendril.  Leafets  about  ten,  nearly  oval,  mucronated,  reticulated 
with  transparent  veins.  Flowers  large  and  showy.  Racemes 
six  to  eight  flowered  with  a  long,  angular  peduncle.  Calyx 
ventricose,  the  two  upper  segments  broadest  and  shortest.  Ban- 
ner reflexed,  obcordate,  purple.  Wings  paler,  with  a  large  tooth 
above.  Keel  also  pale  and  toothed  above.  Stamens  united  into 
a  tube.  Germ  oblong-lanceolate,  compressed.  Style  ascending, 
flat,  never  carinated,  pubescent  above  for  about  half  its  upper 
side.  Legumes  oblong,  subfalcated,  turgid.  Seeds  globular, 
as  large  as  pepper,  turning  dark  when  dry. — Beach,  Dorchester, 
Chelsea. — May,  July. — Perennial. 

Lathyrus  palustris.     L.  Marsh  Lathy r us. 

Stem  winged;  stipules  semisagittate,  lanceolate; 
leafets  six,  lanceolate;  peduncles  about  three  flow- 
ered. 

Stem  slender,  broadly  winged,  supported  by  the  tall  meadow 
grass  among  which  it  grows.  Leaves  pinnate,  the  leafets  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute  or  slightly  obtuse  and  mucronated,  the 
common  petiole  ending  in  a  branched  tendril.  Peduncles  much 
longer  than  the  leaves,  with  a  few  drooping,  purple  flowers. 
Wings  of  the  corolla  with  a  tooth  at  base.  Wet  meadows, 
South  Boston,  Brighton. — June. — Perennial. 

313.     VICIA. 
ViciA  CRACCA.     L.  Tufted  Vetch. 

Peduncles  many  flowered;  flowers  imbricate,  leaf- 
ets lanceolate,  pubescent;  stipules  semisagittate, 
mostly  entire. 

Stem  square,  slender,  somewhat  downy.  Leaves  of  many 
pairs,  the  leafets  often  alternate,  linear  lanceolate,  mucronate, 
downy  or  villous,  the  petiole  terminating  in  a  branched  tendril. 
Peduncles  about  twenty  flowered ;  the  flowers  purple ;  forming 
long,  crowded,  recurved,  unilateral  racemes.  In  fences,  &c. 
Cambridge,  Maiden. — July. — Perennial. 


28S  CLASS  XVII.    ORDER  IV. 

ViciA  sATivA.     L.  '  Common  Vetch. 

Flowers  two,  subsessile ;  stipules  toothed,  marked 
with  a  spot ;  leafets  oblong-ovate,  retuse,  mucronated; 
legumes  erect,  roundish,  glabrous. 

Stem  slender,  quadrangular.  Petioles  bearing  five  or  six  pairs 
of  lanceolate,  truncated,  mucronate  leafets.  Stipules  semisagit- 
tate,  toothed,  with  a  remarkable  scar  on  the  outside.  Flowers 
two  or  three,  axillary,  purple.  Calyx  prismatic  with  five  long 
teeth.  Banner  straight,  keel  very  short.  Legume  rough,  com- 
pressed. About  cultivated  grounds,  probably  introduced. — June 
— Annual. 
ViciA  pusiLLA.      Willd.  Slender  Vetch. 

Peduncles  solitary,  capillary,  one  flowered.  Stipules 
semisagittate,  entire;  leafets  about  six,  linear  lanceo- 
late, obtuse  ;  legumes  small,  oblong,  toothed. 

A  small  and  very  slender  species.  Stem  square,  supported  by 
the  tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  petioles.  Leafets  small,  linear, 
very  obtuse.  Flowers  very  small,  whitish,  solitary,  on  slender, 
axillary  peduncles.  Legumes  oblong,  with  four  or  five  roundish 
seeds. — About  fences.  South  Boston. — July. — Annual. 

314.     TRIFOLIUM. 
Trifolium  arvense.     L.  Field  Trefoil. 

Heads  very  hairy,  C3dindrical :  teeth  of  the  calyx 
bristle  shaped,  longer  than  the  corolla ;  leafets  nar- 
rov/-obovate.     Sm. 

This  annual  species  of  trefoil  is  exceedingly  common  in  roads 
and  dry  fields,  flourishing  in  the  most  barren  and  gravelly  soils^ 
Stem  erect,  round,  hairy,  branching.  Leaves  on  short  footstalks, 
consisting  of  three  narrow,  inversely  ovate,  hairy  leafets.  The 
floAvers  grow  in  long,  cylindrical  heads,  or  spikes;  the  calyx 
teeth  ending  in  feathery  hairs,  which  project  beyond  the  corolla, 
give  the  heads  a  downy  and  grayish  appearance.  Pod  very  small, 
one  seeded. — July. — August. 


CLASS  XVII.     ORDER  IV.  289 

Trifolium  repens.    L.         White  Clover,  or  Honeysuckle, 
Heads  like   umbels ;    legumes  four  seeded ;  stems 
creeping.     L. 

Common  in  pastures,  flowering  from  May  to  September.  Root 
perennial.  Stems  spreading,  leafy,  smooth.  Leaves  on  long 
petioles  ;  leafets  roundish,  acute  at  their  base,  finely  serrate, 
commonly  marked  with  a  white,  semicircular  spot.  Flowers 
white,  in  a  dense  umbel,  resembling  a  head  ;  corollas  persistent, 
enclosing  the  pod,  which  contains  three  or  four  seeds. — White 
clover  increases  rapidly,  and  resists  drought.  Cattle  are  very 
fond  of  it,  and  it  forms  one  of  the  best  materials  for  feed  in 
pastures. 

Trifolium  procumbens.     L.  Yellow  Clover. 

Spikes  oval,  imbricate;  banner  furrowed,  reflexed, 
persistent ;  stem  procumbent,  leafets  obovate. 

Stem  spreading.  Leafets  smooth,  obovate,  denticulate.  Heads 
of  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  pedunculated,  roundish  or  oval. 
Calyx  hairy;  corolla  yellow,  turning  dull  with  age.  Dry  fields, 
Waltham. — July. — Annual. 

Trifolium  pratense.    L.         Red  Clover.     Honey sucMe. 

Spikes  dense;  stems  ascending;  corollas  unequal ; 
four  of  the  calyx  teeth  equal ;  stipules  awned.    Sm. 

Stem  oblique,  somewhat  branching,  hairy  toward  the  top. 
Leafets  ovate,  with  usually  a  white  spot  on  the  upper  side,  some- 
what hairy  underneath.  Stipules  broad,  membranous,  ribbed, 
ending  in  a  point  or  awn.  Flowers  red,  in  large  ovate  spikes 
resembling  heads,  somewhat  sweet  scented.  Calyx  of  five  seg- 
ments, the  lowest  longest.  Banner  of  the  corolla  longer  than 
the  wings  and  keel.  The  excellence  of  red  clover  for  hay  is 
well  known.  It  is  extensively  cultivated  here,  alone,  or  in  com- 
bination with  herds  grass,  (Phleum  pratense.)  In  its  wild  state 
it  grows  every  where,  and  flowers  from  May  to  September. — Pe- 
rennial. 

Trifolium  medium.     L.  Zigzag  Clover. 

Spike  lax  ;  stem  flexuous,  branched ;  corolla  mono- 
25 


290  CLASS  XVII.     ORDER  IV. 

petaloiis,  nearly  equal ;  two  upper  calyx  teeth  short- 
est ;  stipules  linear. 

This  is  an  inferior  kind  of  clover,  distinguished  by  its  zigzag 
stem,  long  narrow  stipules,  loose  spikes  and  fringed  oval  leafets, 
somewhat  glaucous  beneath. — On  dry  hills.  Naturalized. — Dan- 
vers. — Mr.  Oakes. 

§  Subgenus  Melilotus.  Legumes  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  flow- 
ers racemed. 

Trifolium  officinale.     X.  Melilot. 

Legumes  in  racemes,  naked,  two  seeded,  wrinkled, 
acute,  stem  erect.     L. 
Syn.     Melilotus  officinalis.     Pursh. 

Stem  upright,  furrowed,  two  feet  high.  Leafets  oblong  or 
lance-obovate,  serrate,  smooth.  Spikes  axillary  and  terminal, 
on  footstalks,  many  flowered.  Flowers  nodding,  mostly  to  one 
side,  yellow.  Calyx  and  pedicels  hairy.  Pods  pendulous,  oval, 
tapering  at  both  ends,  hairy.  This  trefoil  in  drying  exhales  an 
agreeable  scent,  similar  to  the  sweet  scented  vernal  grass. 
Horses  are  said  to  be  very  fond  of  it. — June,  July. — It  grows  in 
great  plenty  on  the  borders  of  the  marsh  at  South  Boston,  where 
it  was  probably  introduced  from  Europe.  Flowers  sometimes 
while. 

315.    LESPEDEZA. 

Lespedeza  capitata.     Mx.  Shruhhy  Lespedeza. 

Leaves  ternate,  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  silky  beneath ; 
stipules  subulate ;    racemes   axillary,   ovate,   shorter 
than  the  leaves  ;   legumes   hairy,   shorter    than    the 
calyx.      Willd. 
Syn.     Hedysarum  frutescens.     Willd. 

A  slender,  whitish,  woody  plant,  found  in  dry  woods  at  Brigh- 
ton and  elsewhere.  Stems  erect,  covered  with  soft  hair,  very 
leafy.  Leaves  on  very  short  petioles  ;  leafets  oblong,  blunt, 
miucronated,  their  upper  surface  smooth,  under  surface  covered 
with  silken  down,  especially  the  edges  and  midrib.     Racemes 


CLASS  XVII.    ORDER  IV.  291 

ovate,  hardly  so  long  as  the  leaves,  but  projecting  beyond  them, 
on  axillary  footstalks.  Calyx  leaves  long,  lanceolate,  pointed, 
hairy  enclosing  the  pods. — September. 

Lespedeza  polystachya.     3Ix.  Hairy  Lespedeza. 

Leaves  ternate,  round-elliptic;  stipules  subulate; 
racemes  axillary,  oblong,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  le- 
gumes hairy.      Willd. 

Syn.     Hedysarum  hirtum.     Willd. 

More  frequent  in  woods  than  the  last ;  resembling  it  in  color 
and  habit.  Stems  simple,  shrub  like,  whitish,  hairy,  two  or 
three  feet  high.  Leaves  on  very  short,  scattered  stalks;  leafets 
oval,  obtuse,  whitish  and  hairy  underneath.  Racemes  ovate, 
exceeding  the  leaves,  on  hairy  stalks  which  considerably  exceed 
their  own  length.  Calyx  shorter  than  in  the  last  species,  about 
equal  to  the  corolla,  or  to  the  pods,  which  are  ovate,  hairy,  and 
pointed. — September. 

Lespedeza  sessiliflora.     Mx.       Reticulated  Lespedeza* 
Leaves  ternate,  linear,  hairy  underneath ;  racemes 
axillary ;  legumes  ovate,  reticulated,  longer  than  the 
calyx.      Willd. 
Syn.    Hedysarum  reticulatum.     Willd. 

Stem  erect,  slightly  pubescent.  Petioles  slender,  somewhat 
hairy.  Leafets  small,  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  mucronated, 
pubescent  underneath.  Flowers  small,  violet  colored,  in  axillary 
bunches.  Pods  ovate  or  obovate,  acute,  reticulated  with  promi- 
nent lines. — Woods. — August. 

Lespedeza  violacea.     JPers.  Violet  Lespedeza. 

Leaves   ternate,  elliptical,  obtuse ;  racemes  umbel- 
led,  as  long  as  the  petiole  ;  flowers  in  pairs  ;  legumes 
rhomboidal,  reticulated,  glabrous.      Willd. 
Syn.     Hedysarum  violaceum.     Willd. 

Stem  erect.  Leafets  small,  oval,  mucronated,  nearly  smooth. 
Flowers  numerous,  violet  colored,  growing  mostly  in  pairs,  form- 
ing racemes  which  are  somewhat  urabelled.  Pods  one  seeded, 
flat,  smooth,  rhomboide^l. — Woods. — Brighton. — August. 


292  CLASS  XVII.     ORDER  IV. 

Lespedeza  divergens.     Pers.  Spreading  Lespedeza. 

Leaves   ternate,   oblong,    obtuse ;    racemes   longer 
than  the  petiole  ;  flowers  in  pairs;  legumes  ovate,  re- 
ticulated, glabrous.      Willd. 
Syn.     Hedysarum  DivERCEisfs.     Muhl. 

Stem  erect,  nearly  smooth.  Leafets  narrow,  oblong,  obtuse  at 
both  ends.  Flowers  violet  colored,  in  axillary  racemes,  the  up- 
permost of  which  are  somewhat  longer  than  the  petioles  of  the 
leaves,  the  lower  ones  short,  and  few  flowered.  The  plant  has 
many  axillary  branches  with  small  leaves  and  flowers.  Pods 
oval,  acute,  flat,  one  seeded. — "Woods. — August. 

Lespedeza  prostrata.     Muhl.  Trailing  Lespedeza. 

Prostrate  ;  leaves  ternate,   leafets  roundish-ellipti- 
cal ;  racemes  axillary  ;  legumes  ovate,  acute. 
Syn.    Lespedeza  procumbens.     Pursh. 

Stem  prostrate,  covered  with  whitish  hair.  Petioles,  vein« 
and  edges  of  the  leaves  hairy.  Leafets  varying  from  oblong  to 
orbicular.  Racemes  axillary,  capitate,  the  lower  ones  nearly 
sessile,  the  upper  ones  on  long  capillary  stalks. — Woods. — E,ox- 
bury. — August. 

Characters  drawn  from  the  length  of  the  peduncles  are  obvi- 
ously fallacious. 

316.     HEDYSAUUM. 

Hedysarum  rotundifolium.  Mich,     Round  leaved  Hedy^- 

sarum. 

Stem   prostrate,    hairy ;    petioles   hairy ;    stipules 
round-heart  shaped,  reflexed ;  leaves  ternate,  orbicu- 
lar, hairy  on  both  sides;  racemes  few  flowered;  joints 
of  the  loment  subrhomboidal.     Mich. 
Syn.     Desmodium  rotundifolium.     De  Cand. 

Stem  trailing,  moderately  hairy.  Leaves  on  hairy  stalks, 
leafets  round,  pale  underneath,  ciliate  at  the  lower  edge,  with  a 
few  fine  hairs  on  both  surfaces,  from  one  to  two  inches  in  diam- 
eter. Stipules  of  the  leafets  small,  lanceolate;  of  the  leaves 
ovate,  acuminate,  bent  backward  ;  both  hairy.    Racemes  axillary 


CLASS  XVII.     ORDER  IV.  293 

and  terminal,  few  flowered.  Peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles, 
nearly  smooth.  Flowers  purple.  Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Loments  with  five  or  six  subrhoraboidal  joints,  hispid 
and  cohesive. — Woods. — Waltham. — August. 

Hedysarum  humifusum.     3IuhI.        Running  Hedysarum. 
Stem  prostrate,  subglabrous;  leaves  ternate,  leafets 
ovate,  sliglitly  hairy,  racemes  elongated  ;  joints  of  the 
loment  subrhomboidal. 
Syn.     Desmodium  humifusum.     De  Cand. 

A  co-species  with  the  last,  but  altogether  a  smoother  plant, 
with  its  leafets  oval  or  ovate  and  subacute.  Racemes  panicled, 
elongated,  many  flowered.  Loments  much  as  in  the  last. — 
Woods,  Waltham. — August. 

Hedysarum  nudiflorum.    L.    Naked  Jioivering  Hedysa- 
rum. 

Leaves  ternate,  ronndish-ovate,  acuminate  ;  scape 
panicled,  smooth,  radical;  joints  of  the  loment  romid- 
ish-triangnlar,  somewhat  smooth.      Willd. 
Syn.     Desmodium  nudiflorum.     De  Cand. 

This  is  a  remarkable  species.  The  flower  stalk  stands  by 
itself,  and  seems  to  constitute  a  distinct,  leafless  plant.  On 
pulling  it  out  of  the  ground,  the  root  is  found  to  be  connected 
with  a  leafy  stem,  which  is  frequently  at  some  distance  from  the 
scape.  Leaves  at  the  top  of  the  stem  on  long  stalks,  nearly 
smooth,  whitish  underneath,  ovate,  with  a  short  point.  Scape 
smooth,  slender,  longer  than  the  stem.  Flowers  purple,  in  a 
panicle  or  raceme,  on  capillary  stalks. — Woods. — August. 

Hedysarum  acuminatum.     Blich.        Pointed  Hedysarum, 
Erect,   simple,   leafy  at   top ;  leaves   ternate,  oval, 
long-acuminate,  the  odd  one  round-rhomboidal ;  pani- 
cle terminal,  on  a  very  long  peduncle.     Mich. 
Syn.     Desmodium  acuminatubi.     De  Cand. 

A  larger  plant  than  the  last,  which  it  resembles  in  habit. 
Leaves  on  long  stalks  from   the  top  of  the  stem,  green  above, 

25^ 


294  CLASS  XVII.     ORDER  IV. 

paler  underneath;  the  side  leafets  ovate,  the  terminal  one  larger, 
broad,  roundish,  three  inches  in  diameter;  all  ending  in  a  long 
point.  Panicle  very  long,  proceeding  from  the  top  of  the  stem 
above  the  leaves.  Peduncles  nearly  glabrous,  with  slender,  re- 
mote branches.  Flowers  purple.  Loments  of  two  or  three 
slightly  connected  joints.  These  are  large,  triangular,  rounded 
in  front,  and  hollowed  out  at  top,  their  two  posterior  angles 
very  acute,  the  anterior  obtuse. — On  the  Concord  turnpike,  near 
Fresh  pond. — July,  August. 

Hedysarum  Canadense.     L.  Canadian  Hedysarum. 

Leaves  ternate,  oblong-lanceolate;  stipules  filiform ; 
flowers  racemed ;  joints  of  the  loment  obtusely  trian- 
gular, hispid.      Willd. 
Syn.     Desmodium  Canadense.     De  Cand. 

A  tall,  handsome  species,  flowering  in  July.  Stem  erect, 
striate,  hairy.  Leaves  ternate.  Leafets  long  and  narrow,  broad- 
est at  base,  gradually  tapering  to  the  point,  which  is  not  very 
acute.  E-acemes  from  the  top  of  the  stem  and  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves.  Pods  hairy,  consisting  of  four  or  five  joints,  which  are 
imperfectly  triangular,  their  sides  curved,  and  their  angles  ob- 
tuse.— Woods. — Perennial. 

Hedysarum  paniculatum.     L.         Panicled  Hedysarum. 

Erect,  glabrous ;  leaves  ternate,  oblong  lanceolate ; 
stipules  subulate ;  panicle  terminal ;  joints  of  the  lo- 
ment rhomboidal. 
Syn.     DESMaDiuM  paniculatum.     De  Cand. 

Stem  erect,  striate,  smooth.  Leaves  smooth;  leafets  linear- 
oblong,  tapering  to  a  point,  about  three  inches  long.  Joints  of 
the  loment  about  five,  imperfectly  rhomboidal. — Dry  woods. — 
Sudbury. — July. 

Hedysarum  cuspidatum?      Willd.        Large  Hedysarum^ 

Erect,  stuooth  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  ovate,  acumi- 
nate; joints  of  the  loment  rhomboid-triangular. 

Syn.     Desmodium  cuspidatum.     Torrey? 
Stem  four  or  five  feet  high,  roundish,  smooth.     Leaves  ter- 


GLASS  XVII.     ORDER  IV.  295^ 

nate ;  leafets  large,  smooth,  ovate,  acuminate.  Stipules  of  the 
leaves  ovate,  with  a  very  long  point ;  those  of  the  leafets  subu- 
late. Flowers  large,  purple,  in  racemes  terminating  the  stem 
and  branches.  Loments  larger  than  in  any  of  the  other  species, 
long,  pendulous,  composed  of  about  half  a  dozen  diamond-shaped 
joints.  Both  the  loments  and  peduncles  are  rendered  adhesive 
by  a  covering  of  minute  hooks. — Woods,  Oak  island,  Chelsea. — 
July. — Perennial. 

317.     GLYCINE. 
§  Subgenus  Apios.     Germs  with,  a  cylindrical  sheath  at  base. 
Glycine  monoica,     L.  Pea  Vine^ 

Leaves  ternate,  naked ;  stems  hairy ;  fertile  flowers 
without  petals.     L. 
Syn.     Amphicarpa  monoica.     Nut(.. 

A  very  delicate  wood  vine,  twining  upon  the  bushes,  and  flow- 
ering in  July  and  August..  Stems  slender,  covered  with  minute 
hairs  pointing  backward.  Leaves  in  threes,  ovate,  acute,  smooth, 
and  very  thin.  Flowers  in  small,  axillary,  pendulous  racemes,. 
with  the  calyx  and  corolla  nearly  white.  Legumes  short,  flat- 
tish,  pointed. — Annual. 

Glycine  apios.     L.         Tuberous  Glycine.     Ground  Nut. 
Leaves  pinnate,  wfth  seven  ovate-lanceolate  leaf- 
ets ;  racemes  shorter  than   the   leaves ;  stem  herba- 
ceous, twining.      Willd. 

Syn.    Apios  tuberosa^     Pursh. 

Not  unfrequent  in  moist  woods  and  thickets.  Root  tuberous, 
consisting  of  fleshy  oval  knobs,  tapering  at  the  ends,  arranged  at 
certain  distances,  like  beads,  on  a  principal  running  root.  Stems 
round,  twining.  Leaves  pinnate,  consisting  of  five  or  seven 
ovate,  acuminate,  smooth  leafets.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,, 
blackish  purple,  crowded,  and  not  inelegant  in  their  appearance. 
— July,  August. — Perennial. 

318.     ROBINIA. 
RoBiNiA  PSEUDACACiA.     L.  Locust  Tree. 

Leaves  pinnate  with  one  odd  leafet ;  stipules  prick- 


296  CLASS  XVII.    ORDER  IV. 

ly ;    racemes  pendulous  ;  calyx   teeth   unarmed  ;  le- 
gumes smooth. 

Leaves  pinnate,  smooth.  Leafets  numerous  on  short  petioles, 
oblong  ova],  minutely  mucronated,  smooth  both  sides.  Stipules 
of  the  leafets  minute,  linear,  passing  in  front  of  the  petioles. 
Flowers  in  long,  pendulous  racemes.  Calyx  ventricose,  greea 
and  purple,  four  toothed  or  cleft,  the  upper  segment  notched. 
Corolla  white.  Sides  of  \he  banner  reflexed.  Keel  of  two  dis- 
tinct, cohering  petals.  Legume  broad  and  flat,  with  a  few  kid- 
ney shaped  seeds.  I  have  observed  that  in  this  species,  together 
with  R.  viscosa  and  R.  hispida,  the  keel  of  the  flower  consists  of 
two  distinct  petals,  inserted  by  separate  claws,  slightly  cohering 
at  tip  and  sometimes  on  a  part  of  their  under  side  ;  as  takes 
place  in  Ulex,  Spartium,  &c. 

The  Locust  tree,  exceedingly  valued  for  the  hardness  and  du- 
rability of  its  timber,  is  not,  I  believe,  found  native  in  the  New- 
England  states,  though  abundantly  naturalized  near  habitations 
and  roads. — June. 

319.     TEPHROSIA. 
Tephrosia  ViRGiNiCA.  Tcphrosia. 

Erect,  villous;  leafets    numerous,   oblong,   acumi- 
nate ;  raceme  terminal,  short;  calyx  woolly  ;  legumes 
retrofalcate,  villous. 
8yn.     Galega  Virginica.     L. 

The  root  of  this  plant  is  very  long,  slender  and  tough,  whence 
it  has  acquired  the  name  of  catgut.^  The  whole  plant  is  covered 
with  a  pale  green  down.  Stem  a  foot  high,  round.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, pinnate,  with  from  eight  to  twelve  pair  of  oblong,  mu- 
cronate  leafets  and  an  odd  one.  Flowers  very  beautiful,  in  a 
short  terminal  raceme.  Calyx  hairy,  red,  with  very  acute  seg- 
ments. Banner  of  the  corolla  whitish  yellow,  downy;  wings 
red,  keel  whitish  and  red.  Stamens  in  two  sets.  Stigma  bearded 
inside.  Pods  linear,  crooked  backward.  A  very  handsome  plant, 
growing  in  bunches  in  the  driest  sandy  woods. — June,  July. — 
Perennial. 


CLASS  XVIII.     ORDER  lY.  297 

320.    MEDICAGO. 
Medicago  lupulina.     L.  Nonesuch. 

Spikes  ovate;  pods  kidney  shaped,  veiny,  rugged, 
single  seeded,  stems  procumbent.     Sm. 

Occurs  frequently  by  road  sides,  in  pastures,  &c.  Stems 
spreading,  angular,  leafy.  Leaves  resembling  clover,  but  small- 
er. Leafets  obovate,  finely  toothed.  Spikes  or  heads  ovate,  of 
yellow  flowers.  The  pods  are  black  and  rugged,  with  an  evi- 
dent spiral  or  cockle  like  structure,  which  characterizes  the  genus. 
"When  cultivated  it  is  said  to  form  a  valuable  grass,  especially 
for  sheep.  In  its  wild  state,  however,  its  size  is  rather  insignifi- 
cant.— Flowers  all  summer. — Biennial. 


Class  XVIII.     POLYADELPHIA.     Stamens  tiniied 
in  more  than  tiuo  sets. 

Order  lY.     POLYANDRIA.     Many  stamens. 

321.  Hypericum.  Calyx  five  parted,  inferior ;  pe- 
tals five ;  styles  one,  three,  or  five ;  capsules  many 
seeded. 


POLYADELPHIA. 
POLYANDRIA. 

321.    HYPERICUM. 
Hypericum  ascyroides.      Willd.  Giant  Hypericum. 

Flowers  with  five  styles,  terminal ;  stem  erect,  four 
sided,   branching;  leaves  sessile,   oblong,   acute,  gla- 
brous ;  styles  as  long  as  the  stamens. 
Syn.     Hypericum  macrocarpum.     Mr. 

A  large  flowering  species.    Stem   two  or  three  feet  high. 


298  CLASS  XVIII.     ORDER  IV. 

Leaves  oblong  ovate,  doited  with  minute,  pellucid  points,  only 
visible  with  a  strong  magnifier.  Segments  of  the  calyx  ovate; 
petals  yellow,  nearly  an  inch  long.  Stamens  very  numerous. 
Capsules  nearly  as  large  as  nutmegs,  ovate,  five  valved.  Seeds 
oblong,  very  numerous. — At  Barlington,  Vermont. — July. — Pe- 
rennial. 

Hypericum  perforatum.  L.       Common  St.  John's  Wort. 

Flowers  with  three  styles  ;  stem  two  edged  ;  leaves 

obtuse,  with   pellucid  dots  ;    calyx  leaves   lanceolate. 

A  hardy  and  very  common  weed  in  pastures  and  dry  soils. 
Stems  numerous,  erect,  round,  with  a  slight,  prominent  line  on 
each  side,  brachiate.  Leaves  opposite,  oblong-oval,  entire,  paler 
beneath,  covered  with  small,  transparent  dots,  which  when  held 
against  the  light  appear  like  perforations.  Flowers  numerous, 
terminal,  bright  yellow.  Petals  oval;  stamens  numerous; 
styles  three. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

Hypericum  corymbosum.  TVilld.  Shotted  St.  John's  Wort, 
Flowers  with  three  styles,  dotted ;  stem  erect, 
branching;  leaves  clasping,  oblong  oval,  obtuse,  dot- 
ted with  black  ;  corymbs  terminal,  brachiate,  crowd- 
ed; calyx  segments  lanceolate. 
Syn.     Hypericum  maculatum.     Mx. 

Somewhat  smaller  than  the  preceding,  but  with  larger  leaves. 
Flowers  smaller,  pale  yellow. — Damp  woods,  Chelsea  beach 
island. — July. — Perennial. 

Hypericum  Canadense.     L.       Canada  St.  John'' s  Wort. 

Flowers  with  three  styles,  axillary,  pedunculated, 
solitary ;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  narrowed  at  base ; 
stem  herbaceous,  square,  dichotomous  above.     Willd. 

A  small  species,  generally  frequenting  a  soil  which  is  some- 
what moist.  Stem  round,  with  four  prominent  lines,  formed  by 
the  decurrent  base  of  the  leaves.  Lower  branches  opposite, 
upper  ones  in  forks.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  with  transparent 


CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I.  299 

dots.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  small,  yellow,  on  short 
pedicels.  Capsules  of  a  brownish  color,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx. — July,  August. — Annual. 

Hypericum  parviflorum.     L.      Small  flowered  St.  John's 

Wort. 
Flowers  with  three   styles;  stem  four  sided,  erect, 
branching,   glabrous  ;     leaves   ovate-oblong,    obtuse, 
subcordate,   sessile ;  panicles  dichotomously   corym- 
bose ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Grows  in  the  same  situations  with  the  last,  and  is  somewhat 
shorter  with  larger  leaves.  Flowers  small,  yellow. — Cambridge- 
port. — July,  August. — Annual  ? 

§  Subgenus  E  lode  a.  Petals  with  nectariferous  claws.  Glands 
between  the  divided  stamens. 

Hypericusi  Virginicum.  L.       Virginian  St.  JoJm's  Wort. 
Flowers  with  three  styles,  enneandrous,  terminal : 
leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  somewhat  heart  shaped,  clasp- 
ing; stem  herbaceous,  compressed.      Willd. 

This  plant  has  much  larger  leaves  than  the  preceding  spe- 
cies. They  are  opposite,  oblong,  smooth,  entire,  heart  shaped 
at  base,  closely  sessile  or  clasping,  very  obtuse,  paler  on  the 
under  side.  Flowers  in  terminal  bunches,  their  color  partak- 
ing of  a  mixture  of  yellow  and  purple.  Stamens  nine  united  in 
three  parcels.— In  low  ground. — August.— Perennial. 


Class  XIX.  SYNGENESTA.  Anthers  united 

into  a  cylinder  ;  flowers  compound. 

Order  I.         JE  QUA  LIS.       All  the  florets   with 
stamens  and  pistils,  and  all  fertile. 

A.     Semifloscular,  all  the  florets  ligulate. 

322.  CicHORiUM.  Receptacle  chaffy;  calyx  in- 
vested with  scales ;  seeds  surrounded  with  numerous 
short  teeth. 


300  CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I. 

323.  Apargia.  Receptacle  naked ;  calyx  imbri- 
cale  ;  down  feathery,  sessile. 

324.  Leontodon.  Receptacle  naked;  calyx  imbri- 
cate, with  flaccid  scales ;  down  simple,  pedicelled. 

325.  Prenanthes.  Receptacle  naked ;  down  sim- 
ple;  calyx  in\^ested  with  scales;  florets  few,  in  one 
row. 

326.  Lactuca.  Receptacle  naked;  down  simple, 
pedicelled ;  calyx  imbricate,  cylindrical,  scarions  at 
the  margin. 

327.  HiERAciuM.  Receptacle  naked,  dotted ;  down 
simple,  sessile  ;  calyx  imbricate,  ovate. 

328.  Krigia.  Receptacle  naked ;  down  of  five 
membranous  leaves,  alternating  with  five  bristles ; 
calyx  simple,  many  leaved. 

329.  SoNCHUs.  Receptacle  naked;  down  simple, 
sessile  ;  calyx  imbricate,  swelling  at  the  base. 

B.  Flowers  in  heads. 

330.  Arctium.  Receptacle  chafl'y ;  down  bristly 
and  chafl'y;  corolla  floscular ;  calyx  globular  with 
hooks  on  the  top  of  the  scales. 

331.  Cnicus.  Receptacle  villous;  down  feathery; 
corolla  floscular;  calyx  swelling,  with  spinous  scales. 

332.  Onopordon.  Receptacle  cellular ;  down  ca- 
pillary; corolla  floscular ;  calyxswelling  with  spinous 
scales. 

333.  LiATRis.  Receptacle  naked;  down  feathery, 
colored;  calyx  oblong,  imbricated. 

334.  Vernonia.  Receptacle  naked;  down  double, 
the  outer  chafl'y,  inner  capillary;  corolla  floscular; 
calyx  ovate,  imbricate. 

C.  Florets  tubular. 

335.  BiDENs.     Receptacle  chafl'y,  flat;  seeds  angu- 


CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I.  301 

lar ;  down   consisting   of   awns   prickly   backward ; 
calyx  nearly  equal,  invested  with  leaves. 

336.  MiKANiA.  Receptacle  naked;  down  simple; 
calyx  four  or  six  leaved,  and  four  or  six  flowered. 

337.  EuPATORiuM.  Receptacle  naked ;  down  sim- 
ple or  rough ;  calyx  imbricate,  oblong ;  style  longer 
than  the  corolla,  cloven  half  wav  down. 

Order  II.  SUPERFLUA.  Florets  of  the 
disc  with  stamens  and  pistils,  those  of  the  ray  with  pistils 
only ;  all  fertile. 

338.  Artemisia.  Receptacle  mostly  naked ;  down 
none;  ray  none  ;  calyx  imbricated  with  roundish  con- 
nivent  scales. 

339.  Tanacetum.  Receptacle  naked  ;  down  some- 
what marginate ;  florets  of  the  ray  obsolete,  three 
cleft ;  calyx  imbricate,  hemispherical,  with  acuminate 
scales. 

340.  CoNYZA.  Receptacle  naked ;  down  simple  or 
rough  ;  calyx  imbricate,  roundish  ;  florets  of  the  mar- 
gin three  cleft. 

341.  Gnaphalium.  Receptacle  naked ;  down  feath- 
ery or  rough;  calyx  Avith  scarious,  colored  scales; 
florets  of  the  margin  subulate. 

D.     Flowers  radiate. 

342.  Chrysanthemum.  Receptacle  naked ;  down 
none;  calyx  hemispherical,  imbricate,  with  the  scales 
dilated,  and  membranous  at  the  margin. 

343.  Inula.  Receptacle  naked  ;  down  simple  ;  ca- 
lyx imbricate;  rays  numerous;  anthers  with  two 
bristles  at  base. 

344.  Erigeron,     Receptacle  naked;  down  simple; 

26 


302  CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I. 

florets   of  the   margia    very  numerous  and  narrow, 
linear. 

345.  TussiLAGo.  Receptacle  naked,  down  simple; 
fertile  flowers  ligalate,  or  toothless  ;  calyx  simple,  its 
scales  equal,  somewhat  membranous,  equalling  the 
disc. 

346,  SoLiDAGo.  Receptacle  naked,  pitted ;  down 
simple  ;  florets  of  the  margin  from  five  to  ten,  remote ; 
calyx  imbricate,  closed. 

-  347.  Senecio.  Receptacle  naked ;  down  simple  ; 
calyx  invested  with  scales,  many  leaved,  equal ;  the 
scales  dead  at  their  tips. 

348.  Aster.  Receptacle  naked;  down  simple; 
calyx  imbricate,  with  the  lower  scales  spreading; 
florets  of  the  margin  commonly  more  than  ten. 

349.  Helenium.  Receptacle  naked  ;  rays  chaff'y ; 
down  five  awned ;  florets  of  the  ray  three  cleft ; 
calyx  simple,  many  parted. 

350.  Anthemis.  Receptacle  chafly  ;  seeds  crowned 
with  a  slight  border ;  calyx  hemispherical ;  florets  of 
the  ray  more  than  five,  oblong. 

351.  Achillea.  Receptacle  chafl'y;  down  none; 
calyx  ovate,  imbricate,  unequal;  florets  of  the  ray 
from  five  to  ten,  inversely  heart  shaped  or  roundish. 

Order  III.  FRUSTRANEA.  Florets  of 
the  centre  with  stamens  and  pistils  ^fertile  ;  those  of  the  ray 
ivith  pistils  only,  barren. 

352.  Helianthus.  Receptacle  chaff'y ;  seeds  crown- 
ed with  two  lanceolate,  chafl^y  scales;  calyx  imbri- 
cate, somewhat  squarrous. 

353.  Coreopsis.  Receptacle  chaff'y ;  seeds  com- 
pressed, emarginate,  with  two  unarmed  arms;  calyx 
double,  each  many  leaved. 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  I.  303 

354.  RuDBECKiA.  Receptacle  conical,  paleaceous; 
down  with  a  four  toothed  margin ;  calyx  with  a  dou- 
ble row  of  scales. 

355.  Centaurea.  Receptacle  bristle;  down  hairy  ; 
rays  funnel-shaped,  irregular ;  calyx  various. 

Order  IV.  NECESSARIA.  Florets  of  the 
centre  with  stamens  and  pistils,  barren ;  those  of  the  ray 
with  pistils  only^  fertile. 

356.  IvA.  Receptacle  hairy ;  seeds  naked,  obtuse : 
down  none;  calyx  three  leaved;  florets  of  the  ray 
five. 


SYNGENESIA. 
MQVALIS. 

322.     CICHORIUM. 

CiCHORIUM    INTYBUS       X.  SuCCOTy . 

Flowers  in  pairs,  sessile  ;  leaves  runcinate. 

The  large,  blue  flowers  of  this  elegant  plant  are  extremely 
common  in  pastures  and  road  sides  every  where  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boston.  Stem  two  or  three  feet  high,  strong,  angular  bristly. 
Leaves  roughish,  the  radical  ones  runcinate,  those  of  the  stem 
heart  shaped,  acuminate,  and  sessile.  Flowers  mostly  in  pairs, 
sessile  upon  the  sides  of  the  stem.  Calyx  leaves  erect,  rough 
on  the  back,  reflexed  as  they  grow  old.  Florets  of  the  corolla 
ligulate,  ending  in  about  five  minute  teeth. — From  July  to  Sep- 
tember.— Perennial. 

323.    APARGIA. 
Apargia  autumnalis.      JVilld,  Autumnal  Hawhoeed. 

Scape  branching,  peduncles  scaly;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, tooth-pinnatifid,  smoothish.     L. 


304  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  I. 

Syn.     Leontodon  autumnale.     L. 

HeDYPNOIS    AUTUMNALIS.       Sm. 

This  plant,  probably  an  emigrant  from  Europe,  has  overrun 
the  vicinity  of  this  place,  and  grows  in  almost  every  kind  of 
soil.  It  begins  flowering  in  June  and  July,  and  is  nearly  the 
last  plant  that  yields  to  the  frosts  of  November.  Root  abrupt. 
Leaves  all  radical,  spreading,  lanceolate,  more  or  less  toothed 
and  pinnatifid,  according  to  the  soil  in  which  they  grow,  usually 
curving  to  one  side.  Scape  spreading,  bending  upwards,  fur- 
rowed, branching  into  a  few  peduncles,  which  are  furnished 
with  scattered,  remote  scales,  and  are  hollow,  like  many  others 
of  the  class,  with  a  minute  tuft,  like  cotton  or  cobweb,  at  the 
base  of  their  cavity  within.  Flowers  yellow,  resembling  those 
of  the  dandelion.  The  scales  on  the  stalks  and  calyx  are  less 
numerous  than  in  the  European  variety. 

324.  LEONTODON. 

Leontodon  taraxacum.     L.  Dandelion. 

Outer  scales  of  the  calyx  refiexed ;  leaves  runcinate, 
toothed,  smooth. 

The  leaves  of  this  very  common  plant  are  usually  cited  as  ex- 
amples of  the  runcinate  form .  The  supposed  resemblance  to  a 
lion's  teeth  will  appear  sufficiently  obvious,  to  those  who  are 
fond  of  tracing  etymologies,  in  any  of  its  names  leontodon,  dens 
leonisy  dent  de  lion,  dandelion.  The  stalks  or  scapes  are  simple, 
hollow,  smooth,  and  round.  Flowers  single,  of  a  bright  yellow. 
Calyx  leaves  entire,  the  outermost  bent  backwards.  Florets 
ligulate,  numerous.  Down  of  the  seeds  on  a  pedicel. — Peren- 
niaL 

325.  PRENANTHES. 
Prenanthes  ALBA.     L,  White  fiomeriug  PvenantTies. 

Calyxes  many  flowered  ;  leaves  angular-hastate, 
toothed;  flowers  nodding;  racemes  panicled.  Willd. 
Syn.     Nabalus  albus.     Hooker. 

A  tall,  smooth,  lactescent  plant,  flowering  in  August  and  Sep- 
tember.    The  large,  radical  leaves  are  conspicuous  much  earlier 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  I.  305 

in  the  season.  They  are  more  or  less  triangular  or  halberd 
shaped,  and  lobed  or  toothed.  The  leaves  of  the  stem  are  more 
regularly  ovate  and  toothed,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate.  The 
stem  is  commonly  of  a  dark  reddish  color,  three  or  four  feet 
high.  Flowers  panicled,  drooping ;  calyx  white,  containing  ten 
or  a  dozen  florets,  surrounded  with  a  dull  reddish  down.— 
Woods,  low  land,  &;c. — Perennial. — The  root  is  intensely  bitter. 

Variety  ^.  nana.  From  four  to  fifteen  inches  high.  Leaves 
successively  thi:ee  parted,  hastate,  ovate  and  lanceolate;  in  the 
smallest  plants  all  simple.  Racemes  panicled  or  simple.  Calyx 
ten  or  twelve  flowered. — On  the  upper  region  of  the  White 
mountains. — August. — Mr.  Little. 

No  genus  is  more  prone  to  vary  than  this.  It  is  highly  pro- 
bable that  many  of  the  species  described  by  Pursh  are  only  vari- 
eties. 

326.     LACTUCA. 
Lactuca  elongata.     MuJil.  Tall  Lettuce. 

Leaves  smooth,  the  lower  ones  runcinate,  clasping; 
the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers  panicled. 

This  plant,  I  am  informed,  sometimes  appears  in  great  abun- 
dance on  grounds  which  are  newly  burnt  over,  and  on  this  ac- 
count it  has  received  the  name  of  Fire  weed  in  some  parts  of  the 
interior.  The  whole  plant  is  lactescent.  Stem  erect,  four  or 
five  feet  high.  Lower  leaves  long,  spreading,  runcinate,  clasp- 
ing the  stem.  Upper  leaves  sessile.  The  stem  terminates  in  a 
large,  spreading  panicle  of  yellow  flowers,  which  remain  ex- 
panded but  a  short  time. — July,  August. 

Variety  ^.  lineaiis.  When  the  top  of  the  plant  is  destroyed 
by  accident,  young  branches  shoot  up  with  entire  linear  leaves, 
appearing  like  a  different  species. 

*  Lactuca   IiVtegrifolia.  Arrow  leaved  Lettuce. 

L.  foUis  sagitlatis^  inlegTis,  inermibus^  anrplexicau- 
Ubus  ;  jloribus  jjanicidatls. 

Leaves  sagittate,  entire,  unarmed,  clasping  :  flowers 
panicled. 

26=^ 


306  CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I. 

Stem  three  or  four  feet  high,  round,  smooth,  striated.  Leaves 
sessile,  lanceolate,  sagittate  at  base,  entire,  the  lower  ones  a 
little  eroded,  pale  underneath,  the  middle  rib  smooth.  Panicle 
more  compact  than  in  L.  elongata.  Calyx  cylindric-urceolate, 
the  scales  tipt  Avith  brown.     Corolla  yellow. 

The  uniformly  entire  leaves  of  this  plant  seem  to  distin- 
guish it  from  L.  elongata,  from  which  it  may  nevertheless  be 
possibly  descended. — Road  sides. — July. — Biennial. 

*  Lactuca  sANGuiNEA.  Wood  Lettuce. 

L.foliis  aiwplexicaulihus^  riincinatis^  subtus  glaucis, 
carina  Jilamentosa  ;  floribus  pajiiculatis. 

Leaves  clasping,  nmcinate;  glaucous  underneath, 
with  the  midrib  filamentous ;  flowers  panicled. 

Stem  erect,  smooth,  two  or  three  feet  high,  mostly  of  a  dark 
reddish  purple  color.  Leaves  all  clasping,  runcinate,  the  lobes 
somewhat  toothed,  glaucous  underneath,  smooth,  with  the  mid- 
rib filamentous  or  hairy.  Flowers  panicled  with  short,  acumi- 
nate bractes.  Calyx  dark  purple,  cylindrical,  tapering  upwards, 
imbricated,  the  inner  scales  scarious  upon  the  margin;  ligules 
of  the  corolla  crimson ;  down  stipitate ;  seeds  oblong  oval,  black- 
ish, with  a  middle  rib  and  dilated  margin. — In  dry  woods. — July, 
August. — Biennial  ? 

Lactescent  like  the  other  species.  The  filaments  on  the  back 
of  the  leaf  are  sometimes  wanting,  but  generally  present. 

327.    HIERACIUM. 
HiERAciuM  VENOSUM.     L.  Veiny  leaved  Hawhweed. 

Scape  naked,  branching ;  calyx  smooth ;  leaves 
obovate,  somewhat  acute,  entire,  ciliate,  their  veins 
colored.     Willd. 

A  singular  and  beautiful  plant,  found  upon  dry  hills  and  pas- 
tures. Leaves  radical,  spreading  on  the  ground,  narrow-obovate, 
elegantly  variegated  with  dark  red  veins  and  dots,  downy  under- 
neath, somewhat  ciliate,  tapering  into  a  short,  hairy  petiole. 
Scape  erect,  slender,  one  or  two  feet  high,  of  a  dark  brown  color, 
smooth,  commonly  naked,  but  sometimes  furnished  with  a  small 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  I.  307 

leaf  or  two.     Flowers  panicled,  on  very  slender  stalks,  yellow. — 
June,  July. — Perennial. 

HiERACiuM  MARiANUi\r.  Rougli  Hmclcweed. 

Stem  erect,   villous ;    leaves  elliptic-obovate,   with 
stiff  bristles,   villous  on  the  midrib,  the  lower  ones 
slighly  toothed ;  peduncles  and  calyx  downy. 
Syn.     HiERAciUM  scabrum.     Mx. 

Stem  two  feet  high,  very  rough.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  small 
irregular  panicle  at  top,  the  stalks  and  calyx  hispid  with  glandu- 
lar hairs. — Borders  of  woods. — August. — Perennial. 

HiERAciuM  Kalmii.     L.  Kahii' s  Haickiveed. 

Stem  erect,  many  flowered ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tooth- 
ed ;  peduncles  downy.     L. 

Stem  erect,  tall,  nearly  smooth,  downy  at  top.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, subsessile,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  acute,  diverg- 
ing teeth.  Flower  stalks  axillary  and  terminal,  round,  covered 
with  down.  Flowers  erect,  yellow.  Calyx  somewhat  downy, 
with  linear-lanceolate  scales. — Borders  of  fields. — August. — Pe- 
rennial. 

HiERAciuM  PANicuLATUM.     JVUM.      Pttnicled  Hawhweed. 
Smoothish ;    stem  erect,  leafy,  panicled,   whitish- 
downy  below  ;  pedicels  capillary  ;    leaves  lanceolate, 
naked,  toothed,  membranous. 

Found  in  damp,  shady  woods.  Stem  slender,  a  foot  high. 
Leaves  thin,  sessile,  lanceolate,  slightly  toothed,  paler  beneath. 
Panicle  much  branched,  its  branches  elongated  and  very  slender. 
Flowers  numerous,  small,  yellow. — Waltham. — August. — Pe- 
rennial? 

328.    KRIGIA. 

Krigia  Virginica.      Willd. 

Scape    one   flowered ;     leaves   lanceolate,    lyrate, 
smooth. 
Syn.    Htoseris  Virginica.     L. 

One  of  the  smallest  compound  flowers.    The  first  leaves  are 


308  CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I. 

generally  elliptical  or  lanceolate.  The  rest  are  pinnatifid  or  ly- 
rate,  with  scattered,  irregular  segments.  Scapes  erect,  long  and 
slender,  a  little  striated,  smooth,  with  a  few,  fine,  scattered  hairs. 
Flowers  small,  solitary.  Calyx  composed  of  a  simple  row  of 
smooth  leafets.  Corolla  yellow.  Seeds  oblong,  blackish,  crowned 
with  a  border  of  five  short,  roundish,  membranous  scales,  sepa- 
rated by  bristles  several  times  their  length. — On  sandy  hills  and 
road  sides,  flowering  in  June  and  July. — Annual. 

329.     SONCHUS. 
SoNCHus  OLERACEUS.     L.  Commou  Sow-Thistle. 

Peduncles  downy;    calyx   smooth;   leaves  rimci- 
nate,  toothed.     Sm. 

Appears  late  in  the  season,  in  every  species  of  waste  ground 
and  rubbish.  Stem  erect,  three  feet  high,  round,  smooth,  brittle, 
hollow.  Leaves  smooth,  toothed  and  lobed  in  a  runcinate  man- 
ner, clasping  the  stem,  their  lobes  bordered  with- teeth  or  spines. 
Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  covered  with  a  white,  fine, 
deciduous  down.  Calyx  smooth,  swelling  out  at  base.  Corolla 
yellow.  Flowers  about  half  the  size  of  the  dandelion.  Down 
fine  and  smooth. — September.— Annual. 

*  SoNCHus  spiNui.osus.  PvicMy  Sea  Sonchus. 

S.  FoUis  amplexlcaulibiis^  oblong  is,  tmdulatis  spinu- 
losis ;  Jloribus  subunibellatis. 

Leaves  clasping,  oblong,  waved,  prickly ;  flowers 
somewhat  nmbelled. 

Stem  smooth,  few  angled,  two  feet  high.  Leaves  smooth,  ob- 
long, heart  shaped  at  base,  the  lobes  curling  backward  and  clasp- 
ing the  stem,  the  edges  waved,  acutely  toothed,  the  teeth  ending 
in  short  spines.  Flower  somewhat  umbelled,  small,  yellow. 
Peduncles  smooth,  sometimes  furnished  with  very  few  glandular 
hairs.  Calyx  swelling  at  base,  smooth,  its  scales  acuminate  and 
appressed. — Salt  marshes. — August. — Annual. 

Sonchus  acuminatus.      JVilld.  Blue  Sonchus. 

Peduncles  somewhat  scaly;  flowers  panicled ;  lower 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  I.  309 

leaves   runcinate,  upper  ones  ovate,   acuminate,  pe- 
tioled,  toothed  in  the  middle. 

This  plant  differs  from  the  species  before  described,  in  having 
blue  flowers.  These  are  rather  small  and  numerous. — Low 
grounds,  rare. — August. — Biennial. 

330.    ARCTIUM. 

Arctium  lappa.     L.  BurdocTc. 

Leaves  heart  shaped,  unarmed,  petioled.     L. 

No  plant  is  better  known  than  this.  Its  very  large,  heart 
shaped,  wavy  leaves  cover  the  ground  for  some  extent  around  it. 
The  stem,  which  rises  three  or  four  feet,  is  branching,  round, 
furrowed,  and  rough.  Flowers  numerous,  terminal,  purple. 
This  plant  intrudes  itself  on  every  one's  acquaintance  by  the 
sharp,  firm  hooks  at  the  end  of  the  calyx  scales,  which  attach 
themselves  to  the  clothes,  and  serve  as  a  remarkable  mechanism 
for  dispersing  the  seeds. — Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
ground. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

331.     CNICUS. 
Cnicus  arvensis.      Willd.  Canada  Thistle. 

Leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  spinous  ;  stem  panicled  ; 
calyx  ovate,  its  spines  minute;  down  feathery.     Sm. 

Syn.     Carduus  arvensis.     Sm. 
Serratula  arvensis.     L. 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  our  this- 
tles by  its  small  flowers,  and  its  thornless  calyx  scales.  It  com- 
monly forms  beds  by  its  perennial,  creeping  roots,  and  is  exceed- 
ingly difliicult  to  extirpate.  The  stems  are  two  or  three  feet  high, 
smooth,  many  flowered.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  pinnatifid, 
with  numerous  lobes,  and  very  thorny.  Flowers  terminal,  pur- 
ple ;  the  scales  of  the  calyx  ending  in  a  short,  weak  bristle,  rather 
than  a  spine.  This  plant  seems  to  have  come  to  us  from  the 
westward,  where  it  is  exceedingly  troublesome.  The  name  of 
Cursed  thistle  has  been  given  it  in  England. — July. 


310  CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I. 

*  Cnicus  glutinosus.  Glutinous  Thistle. 

C.  folUis  pinnatijidis,  laciniis   divaricatis  ;  calyce 
ovato^  sqitawAs  muiicis,  gltitinosis. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  with  divaricate  segments  ;  calyx 
ovate  with  unarmed  ghitinous  scales. 

Stem  from  four  to  six  feet  high,  branching,  more  or  less  downy. 
Leaves  sessile,  somewhat  clasping,  more  or  less  downy,  pinnati- 
fid; the  segments  subdivided,  divaricating  spinous.  Flowers 
small,  deep  purple,  on  slender  stalks  or  branches.  Calyx  ovate; 
the  scales  appressed,  glutinous  on  the  back,  of  a  brownish  color, 
connected  by  a  white  web,  so  as  to  appear  speckled,  ending  in  a 
short,  softish  point,  which  is  longest  in  the  uppermost. — In 
damp,  rich  soils. — August,  September. — Biennial. 

It  is  one  of  the  handsomest  of  the  genus. — Nearly  allied  to 
Cirsium  muticum  of  Mich^x,  but  appears  to  diflfer  in  its  leaves 
and  its  ovate  glutinous  calyx. 

Cnicus  horridulus.  Yellow  Thistle. 

Leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  acutely  cut,  thorny  ;  in- 
volucre many  leaved,  one  flowered. 

Stem  fleshy,  hollow,  covered  with  long,  fine  wool.  Leaves 
clasping,  pinnatifid,  woolly  and  hairy,  their  lobes  rather  short, 
ending  in  short  rigid  spines.  Flowers  large,  axillary  and  termi- 
nal, invested  at  base  by  an  involucre  of  linear  leafets,  which  are 
edged  with  short,  firm  thorns.  Calyx  oblong,  its  scales  loosely 
erect,  mucronated,  ending  in  spines  and  connected  by  a  web. 
Florets  yellowish  white.  Anthers  reddish. — Low  fields,  &c. — 
Biennial. 

Cnicus  lanceolatus.      Willd.  Spear  Thistle. 

Leaves  decurrent,  pinnatifid,  hispid  ;  the  segments 
divaricate  ;  calyx  ovate,  villous ;  stem  hairy.     Srn. 
Syn.     Carduus  lanceolatus.     L. 

"Very  common  by  road  sides  and  in  waste  ground,  usually  three 
or  four  feet  in  height.  Stem  upright,  furrowed,  hairy,  and  winged 
by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  leaves.     Leaves  white  and  woolly 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  I.  31 J 

underneath,  pinnatifid,  half  the  lobes  divaricated,  lipt  with  long 
and  very  acute  spines.  Flowers  terminal,  purple,  numerous, 
above  the  middle  size.  Calyx  ovate,  contracted  to  a  small  neck, 
its  scales  tipt  with  sharp,  ascending  spines,  and  connected  with 
a  downy  web.  Receptacle  hairy.  Seed  down  feathery. — Flow- 
ers from  June  to  September. — Biennial. 

Cnicus  discolor.      Willd.  Tall  Thistle. 

Leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  hairy,  downy  under- 
neath ;  the  segments  two  lobed,  divaricate,  spinous ; 
calyx  globular,  pubescent,  with  ovate,  appressed 
scales,  the  spines  spreading. 

A  very  slender,  erect  thistle,  five  or  six  feet  high.  Leaves 
whitish-downy  underneath ;  flowers  small,  purple. — About  thick- 
ets.— August. — Biennial. 

Cnicus  pumilus.     Nutt.  Pasture   Thistle. 

Stem  hairy ;  leaves  green  on  both  sides,  clasping, 
oblong-lanceolate  and  pinnatifid,  the  segments  irregu- 
larly lobed,  ciliated  and  spinous ;  calyx  round-ovate, 
naked  ;  scales  spinous. 

Very  common  in  dry  pastures  and  by  road  sides.  Stem  thick, 
about  a  foot  in  height,  with  a  few  very  large  purple  flowers. — 
August. — Biennial. 

332.     ONOPORDON. 

Onopordon  Acanthium.     L.  Cotton  Thistle. 

Calyx  scales  spreading  every  way,   awl  shaped; 

leaves  ovate-oblong,  sinuated,  woolly  on  both  sides. 

Frequent  in  waste  grounds,  and  readily  distinguished  from 
the  other  thistles  by  its  white  appearance  and  the  large  size  of 
its  leaves.  Stem  erect,  tall,  winged  by  the  decurrent  base  of 
the  leaves.  Leaves  oblong,  broad,  sinuated,  toothed  and  spi- 
nous, covered  on  both  sides  with  a  loose,  white,  cottony  sub- 
stance. Flowers  purple.  Calyx  globose,  wider  than  it  is  long, 
with   lanceolate,  spreading,  cottony,  spinous   scales.    Recepta- 


312  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  I. 

cle  cellular,  like  a  honeycomb.  Down  rough,  short.  The  Cot- 
ton thistle  was  probably  introduced  from  Europe. — It  flowers  in 
July  and  August. 

333.     LIATRIS. 
LiATRis  scARiosA,      WUlcl.  CommoTi  Liatris. 

Stem  simple,  somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, attenuated  at  both  ends,  smooth  with  a  rough 
margin ;  flowers  racemed,  alternate,  distant ;  calyx 
loose  with  spatulate  scales,  having  a  membranous, 
colored  margin. 
Syn.     Liatris  squarrulosa.     Mx. 

SeRRATULA    SCARIOSA.       L. 

A  very  beautiful  plant,  with  a  long,  erect  raceme  of  bright 
blue  flowers. — In  Danvers  and  other  parts  of  Essex  county. — 
August. — Perennial. 

334.    VERNONIA. 

Vernonia  Noveboracensis.      JVilld.  Vernonia. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  rough,  serrulate ;  corymb  fasti- 

giate  ;  scales  of  the  calyx  filiform  at  top.      Willd. 

Syn.    Vernonia  pr^alta.     HooTier. 

Serratula  Noveboracensis.     L. 

A  tall  plant,  bearing  a  multitude  of  dark  purple  flowers, 
which  turn  nearly  black  in  decay.  Stem  about  four  feet  high, 
furrowed,  purplish,  branching  at  top.  Leaves  peduncled,  lan- 
ceolate, finely  serrate,  acuminate,  paler  underneath.  Flowers 
terminating  the  stem  and  branches,  in  a  compound,  flat  topped 
corymb.  Scales  of  the  calyx  ending  in  a  fine,  slender  awn. — 
Found  in  moist  situations. — September. — Perennial. 

335.    BIDENS. 
BiDENS  frondosa.     L.  CommoH  Bun-  Mary  gold. 

Flowers  discoid ;  outer  calyx  six  times  as  long  as 
the  flower,  its  leaves  ciliate  at  base;  lower  leaves  pin- 
nate, upper  ones  ternate,  lanceolate,  serrate.     Willd. 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  I.  313 

A  frequent  and  troublesome  weed  in  corn  fields,  especially 
■where  the  soil  is  moist.  Stem  smooth,  three  or  four  feet  high. 
Lower  leaves  five-pinnate,  sometimes  ternate,  leafets  lanceo- 
late, serrate.  Flowers  terminal,  erect,  flosculous,  surrounded 
by  a  large,  leafy  inyolucrum  or  outer  calyx.  Florets  small, 
yellow.  Seeds  oblong,  flat,  tipt  with  two  barbed  awns,  by 
which  they  adhere  to  the  clothes,  and  to  the  coats  of  animals. — 
August,  September. — Annual. 

BiDENS   TRIPARTITA.     L.  Trifid  Buvr  Mary  gold. 

Flowers  discoid  ;  outer  calyx  longer  than  the  flower; 
seeds  with  three  awns  ;  leaves  trifid. 

Stem  two  or  three  feet  high,  branching;  leaves  opposite, 
mostly  three  parted  with  lanceolate,  serrate  segments ;  the  lower 
leaves  frequently  pinnatifid,  the  upper  ones  in  the  American 
plant  generally  simple.  Calyx  short  in  comparison  with  the  pre- 
ceding. Seeds  resembling  those  of  the  last  with  commonly  a 
third  short  awn  between  the  other  two. — Swamps  and  ditches. — 
August. — Annual. 

BiDENs  Crysanthemoides.  Midi.  Large  flowered  Bidens. 
Flowers  erect,  radiate;  outer  calyx  waved,  much 
shorter  than  the  ra]^ ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  con- 
nate. 

The  large,  golden  flowers  of  this  plant  are  very  conspicuous  in 
wet  situations  in  autumn.  Its  tops  are  usually  eaten  off"  when 
accessible  to  cattle,  who  appear  fond  of  it.  Stem  erect,  round, 
smooth.  Leaves  glabrous,  lanceolate,  slightly  toothed,  tapering 
at  both  ends,  slightly  connate  at  base.  Flowers  erect.  Leaves 
of  the  outer  calyx  oblong,  obtuse,  waved  up  and  down  on  the 
margin  ;  those  of  the  inner  calyx  shorter,  oval,  acute.  Ray  very 
large,  spreading,  yellow.  Seeds  with  commonly  four  awns,  in 
which  circumstance  our  plant  seems  to  difler  from  that  of  Mi- 
chaux. — September,  October. — Annual. 

27 


314  CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I. 

336.     MIKANIA. 
MiKANiA  SCANDENS.      Willd.  CUmMng  Mihania. 

Stem  climbing,  glabrous  ;   leaves  heart  shaped,  re- 
pand  toothed,  acuminate,  the  lobes  divaricate,  une- 
qual ;  flowers  corymbed.      Willd. 
Syn.     EuPATORiuM  scandens.     Mich. 

Stem  twining,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  on  long  petioles, 
glabrous,  somewhat  triangular  or  halberd  shaped,  their  lower 
half  toothed,  the  upper  tapering  into  a  long,  even,  and  very  acute 
point.  Branches  opposite,  axillary,  bearing  small,  terminal 
corymbs.  Flowers  purplish  white.  Calyx  with  about  four 
leaves,  and  as  many  florets. — Wet  places. — August,  September. 
— Perennial. 

337.     EUPATORIUM. 
EuPATORiuM  SESsiFOLiuM.  L.     SessiU  Icaved  Eupatorium. 
Leaves  sessile,  clasping,  distinct,  ovate-lanceolate, 
rounded  at  base,  serrate,  smooth ;  stem  smooth.    Willd. 

An  erect  plant  with  corymbed  flowers,  as  are  all  the  subse- 
quent, species.  Stem  slender,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  closely 
sessile,  circular  at  base,  tapering  to  a  very  long,  acute  point,  fur- 
nished with  small  teeth  or  serratures,  and  paler  underneath.  Pe- 
duncles downy.  Flowers  white,  in  a  terminal  corymb.  Calyx 
containing  about  five  florets. — Found  in  the  woods  atRoxbury. — 
August. — Perennial. 

EuPATORiuM  Verben^folium.     3Iich.        Vervain    leaved 

Eupatorium. 

Leaves  sessile,  lance  oval,  acute,  obtusely  cut- 
toothed,  pubescent ;  calyxes  pubescent,  awnless,  five 
flowered.     Mich. 

The  name  is  taken  from  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  the 
upper  ones  of  the  officinal  Vervain.  Stem  round,  downy  at  top. 
Leaves  opposite,  closely  sessile,  pointing  upward,  rounded  at 
base,  acute,  but  not  acuminate  like  the  last,  the  sides  cut  into 
very  large,  and  rather  blunt  teeth.     Corymb  compound,  termi- 


CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I.  315 

nal,  pub€scent.    Flowers  white. — Grows  at  Cambridgeport  and 
elsewhere  in  low  ground. — August,  September. — Perennial. 

EuPATORiuM  PUBESCENS.      IV^ilM.         Httiry  Eupatorium. 
Leaves  sessile,   distinct,  rough,    veiny,    the  lower 
ones  doubly  serrate,  the  upper  ones  subserrate,  stem 
panicled,  pubescent,  the  branches  fasti giate.     Willd. 

Stem  hairy,  two  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate, 
toothed,  hairy.  Upper  leaves  nearly  entire,  w^lh  a  tooth  or  two 
at  base,  alternate  ?  Branches  of  the  corymb  alternate  ?  Calyx 
cylindrical,  hairy ;  florets  about  five.  In  a  swamp  at  West  Cam- 
bridge.— July. 

As  it  agrees  pretty  well  with  the  character  above  quoted  from 
Willdenow,  I  have  assigned  it  to  his  species  pubescens.  The 
upper  leaves  in  my  specimens  are  all  alternate.  Should  this 
character  be  found  constant,  it  may  deserve  the  name  of  alterni' 
folium. 

*  Eupatorium  ovatum.  Ovate  Eupatorium. 

E.  hirsutum  scabnim ;  foliis  opposiiis,  sessilibus, 
ovatis,  obttise,  dentatis  ;  corymbo  fastigiato  ;  calycibus 
sub-GctoJioris. 

Hairy,  rough ;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  ob- 
tusely toothed  ;  corymb  fastigiate,  calyxes  about  eight 
flowered. 

A  stout,  rough  species,  three  or  four  feet  high.  Leaves  per- 
fectly ovate,  the  upper  ones  somewhat  deltoid,  all  of  them  fur- 
nished with  simple,  obtuse  teeth,  rough  and  veiny.  Corymb 
flat,  topped  with  white  flowers.  Calyx  imbricated  with  hairy, 
acute  segments.  Florets  about  seven  or  eight. — In  low  grounds 
at  Sudbury,  twenty  miles  from  Boston. — July,  August. — Peren- 
nial. 

Eupatorium  perfoliaturi.     L.  Thorough  Wort. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  ii. 

Leaves  perfoliate-connate,  downy.     L. 

Syn.    Eupatorium  connatum.     Mx^ 


316  CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  1. 

The  stems  are  erect,  round,  hairy,  branched  at  top  only.  The 
leaves,  which  are  perforated  by  the  stem,  are  rather  perfoliate 
than  connate,  since  they  have  not  the  character  of  two  leaves 
joined  together,  but  of  one  entire  leaf,  having  its  four  principal 
veins  proceeding  at  right  angles  from  the  four  quarters  of  the 
stem,  two  of  them  being  situated  in  the  place  of  the  supposed 
junction.  The  upper  leaves,  however,  are  generally  divided 
into  pairs.  The  main  leaves  are  acuminate,  decreasing  gradu- 
ally in  breadth  from  the  stem,  where  they  are  widest,  to  the  ex- 
tremities. They  are  serrated,  wrinkled,  pale  underneathj  and 
hairy,  especially  on  the  veins.  Flowers  in  corymbs  with  hairy 
peduncles.  Calyx  cylindrical,  imbricate,  the  scales  lanceolate, 
acute,  hairy.  Each  calyx  contains  about  twelve  or  fifteen 
florets,  which  are  tubular,  with  five  spreading  segments,  and 
surrounded  with  a  rough  down.  The  stamens  in  each  consist 
of  five  soft  filaments,  with  blackish  anthers  united  in  a  tube. 
Style  filiform,  divided  into  two  branches,  which  project  above 
the  flower.  Seeds  oblong  on  a  naked  receptacle. — In  low 
lands  and  meadows,  common. —  August.— Perennial. —  The 
whole  plant  is  bitter  and  used  as  a  tonic. 

EuPATORiuM  PURPUREUM.     L.  Tvumpet  Weed. 

Leaves  petioled,  four  or  five  in  a  whorl,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  serrate,  wrinkled  and  veiny,  somewhat 
rough  ;  stem  fistulous.      Willd. 

A  tall  plant,  growing  about  the  borders  of  thickets  in  wet  land. 
Stem  five  or  six  feet  in  height,  straight,  round,  purplish,  hollow 
throughout  its  whole  length,  its  tube  not  being  interrupted  by 
joints.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  four,  five,  or  six  ;  ovate,  rugged 
with  veins,  acute.  Flowers  purple,  in  a  large,  branching,  termi- 
nal corymb.  Calyx  containing  about  eight  florets,  with  very 
long  styles. — August,  September — Perennial. 
EuPATORiuM  vERTiciLi.ATUM.     MuliL  Wkorled  Eupa- 

torium. 

Leaves  petioled,  in  whorls  of  three  or  four,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  wedge  shaped  at  base,  unequally  serrate, 
smoothish  ;  stem  solid,  smooth.      Willd. 


CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  I.  317 

Syn.     ExjPATORiUM  purpureum.     Mich. 

A  very  tall  species,  much  resembling  the  last  in  habit.  Stem 
smooth,  round.  Leaves  about  four  in  a  whorl,  large  and  spread- 
ing, serrate,  the  lower  part  entire  and  tapering  to  the  petiole. 
Flowers  in  a  large,  terminal  corymb.  Flowering  branches  also 
proceed  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Calyx  whitish. 
Corollas  purplish. — Wet  thickets. — August,  September. — Peren- 
nial. 

Between  this  and  the  foregoing  there  are  several  intermediate 
species,  or  more  probably  varieties. 

§  Subgenus .     Calyx  simple. 

EuPATORiuM  AGERATOiDES.    WilM.      Nettle  Uttved  Eupa- 

torium. 

Stem  glabrous ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  subcordate- 
ovate,  acuminate,  toothed,  smoothish ;  calyx  about 
twenty  flowered. 

Syn.     EUPATORIUM  urticifolixjm.     Mx. 

Stem  round,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  the  lower  ones  on 
long  petioles,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate,  somewhat  hearted, 
nearly  smooth.  Flowers  numerous,  small,  white,  in  small  pani- 
cled  corymbs  or  heads.  Calyx  mostly  simple,  with  from  twenty 
to  thirty  florets. — About  the  base  of  the  White  mountains.  Mr. 
Little. — August. 

EuPATORiuM  AROMATicuM.    WHld.  Aromatic  Eupatorium. 
Stem  roughish ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate,   acute ;  ob- 
tusely toothed,   roughish;  calyx  about  twenty  flow- 
ered. 

A  beautiful  species  with  a  small  corymb  of  large,  white,  aro- 
matic flowers.  Compared  with  the  preceding  it  has  a  rougher 
stem,  shorter  petioles,  leaves  not  sharply  toothed  nor  acuminate, 
flowers  more  than  twice  the  size,  but  much  fewer  in  number. — 
Dry  woods,  Roxbury. — August. — Annual  ? 
27^ 


318  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  11. 

SUPERFL  UA. 

338.     ARTEMISIA. 

Artemisia  Canadensis.     Mx.  Sea  Wormwood. 

Stem  decumbent;  leaves  linear-pinnalifid;  branches 

bearing  spikes;  flowers  hemispherical;  calyx  scarious. 

Stem  somewhat  woody,  smooth  or  pubescent.  Leaves  com- 
pounded of  linear  segments,  once  or  twice  pinnatifid.  Flowers 
small,  very  numerous,  in  terminal  panicles  resembling  spikes. — 
On  the  sea  beach,  Plum  Island. — August. — Perennial. 

339.     TANACETUM. 

Tanacetum  vulgare.     L.  ,  Tansy. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid.  doubly  serrate,  naked. 

Common  tansy  is  naturalized  on  banks  and  road  sides,  where 
its  deep  yellow  flowers  make  a  handsome  appearance.  It  is  a 
leafy  plant,  two  feet  high  with  flattish  terminal  corymbs.  Odor 
strong,  somewhat  aromatic. — August. — Perennial. 

340.     CONYZA. 

CONYZA  CAMPHORATA.       MuJlI.  SpiCy   Cojll/Za. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  acute, 
serate,  serratiires  mucronate ;  flowers  in  crowded  co- 
rymbs. 
Syn.     Erigeron  Camphoratum.   L. 

CONTZA  MaRILANDICA.      MicJl. 

An  erect,  rather  succulent  plant,  of  low  stature.  Stem  thick, 
fleshy,  pubescent.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  ovate.  Branches 
axillary,  leafy,  bearing  close  corymbs  of  oblong,  purple  flowers. 
The  plant,  when  bruised,  exhales  a  strong,  spicy,  but  rather  dis- 
agreeable odor. — Salt  marshes. — Cambridgeport. — August. 

341.     GNAPHALIUM. 
Gnaphalium  margaritaceum.     Common  Life  Everlasting. 
Herbaceous ;    leaves  linear  lanceolate,  acuminate, 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  11.  319 

alternate ;    stem    branched    at   top ;    corymbs   fasti- 
giate.     L. 

No  object  in  the  fields  is  better  known  than  the  dry,  pearly, 
.and  almost  incorruptible  heads  of  the  Life  Everlasting.  The 
whole  plant  has  a  white  appearance  derived  from  its  downy 
covering.  Stem  erect,  round,  from  one  to  two  feet  high,  woolly. 
Leaves  numerous,  sessile,  growing  without  order  round  the  stem, 
green  above  with  a  slight  down,  whitish,  with  very  thick  down, 
or  wool,  underneath.  Branches  forming  a  flat  topped  corymb 
of  crowded  flowers.  Calyx  hemispherical,  its  scales  of  a  clear 
white.  Florets  five  cleft,  yellow.  The  plant  has  a  slight,  pleas- 
ant odor. — August. — Perennial. 

Gnaphalium  polycephalum.    Fragrant  Life  Everlasting. 
Herbaceous,   erect ;    leaves   lanceolate,  woolly  be- 
neath ;    stem   wolly,    panicled ;     corymbs    terminal, 
crowded. 

A  branching,  downy,  strong  scented  species.  Root  perpen- 
dicular, tapering.  Stem  covered  with  whitish  woolly  down  and 
much  branched.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  woolly  underneath, 
green  and  somewhat  downy  above.  Flowers  ovate,  in  thick 
terminal  clusters.  Calyx  scales  imbricate,  ovate  and  whitish. 
Florets  funnel  form,  yellow  at  top.  The  scent  is  much  stronger 
than  in  the  last  species. — Fields,  salt  marshes. — August,  Sep- 
tember.— Annual. 

Gnaphalium  decurrens.     Ives.         Decurrent  Life  Ever- 
lasting. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  broad  at  the  base,  acute,  decur- 
rent, somewhat  scabrous  above,  downy  beneath  ;  stem 
leafy,  branched. 

This  species  discovered  by  Dr.  Ives  at  New  Haven,  is  distin- 
guished by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  leaves,  which  extend  a  short 
way  down  the  stem.  It  is  one  or  two  feet  high  and  spreading. — 
Brookline.     Mr.  Green. — August. — Perennial. 

Gnaphalium  plantagineum.     L.  Mouse  Ear. 

Shoots  procumbent;    stem  simple;    radical  leaves 


320  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II. 

oval,  obtuse,  mucronated,  three  nerved ;  flowers  dioe- 
cious. 

This  species  flowers  early,  and  is  pretty  common  in  pastures 
and  dry  hills.  The  whole  plant  is  at  first  covered  with  white, 
cotton-lilve  down.  The  root  sends  out  a  number  of  runners  fur- 
nished with  oval  leaves,  exceeding  the  rest  considerably  in  size, 
rounded  at  the  end,  and  tapering  into  a  footstalk.  Their  upper 
surface  is  at  first  downy,  but  becomes  nearly  glabrous,  and  of  a 
dark  brown  color.  Stem  leaves  oblong,  woolly,  sessile.  Stem 
undivided,  terminating  in  a  simple  corymb  of  white,  woolly 
flowers ;  barren  florets  white  with  revolute  segments,  anthers 
brownish.  Fertile  flowers  on  separate  plants,  cylindrical. — 
April,  May. — Perennial. 

Gnaphalium  uliginosum.     L.  Cudweed. 

Stem  herbaceous,  branching,  diffuse,  woolly  ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  downy ; 
flowers  terminal,  crowded.      Willd. 

A  small,  branching,  whitish  plant.  Stems  spreading,  subdi- 
vided, covered  with  white,  woolly  down.  Leaves  alternate, 
linear-lanceolate,  less  woolly  than  the  stem.  Flowers  in  dense, 
terminal  corymbs  or  heads.  Scales  of  the  calyx  yellowish. 
Road  sides. — August. — Annual. 

342.     CHRYSANTHEMUM. 
Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum.     X.  Wliite  Weed. 

Leaves  clasping,  oblong,  blunt,  cut,  pinnatifid  at 
base ;  the  radical  ones  on  footstalks,  obovate.    Sm. 

This  plant,  which  has  come  to  us,  no  doubt  from  Europe,  is 
exceedingly  frequent  and  troublesome  in  pastures  and  mowing 
land.  Stems  about  two  feet  high,  round,  furrowed.  Lower 
leaves  petioled,  inversely  ovate,  serrate,  and  cut ;  upper  ones 
sessile,  irregularly  pinnatifid  and  toothed.  Flowers  terminal, 
solitary,  large,  and  flat.  Calyx  closely  imbricated.  Disc  yel- 
low ;  ray  white,  consisting  of  many  oval,  oblong  ligules,  ending 
in  three  teeth. — June,  July. — Perennial. 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II.  321 

343.     INULA. 
Inula  Helenium.     L.  Elecampane. 

Leaves  clasping,   ovate,   wrinkled,  downy  under- 
neath ;  scales  of  the  calyx  ovate. 

A  tall,  rank,  yellow  flowering  plant.  Stem  three  or  four  feet 
high,  straight,  branching  at  top.  Leaves  very  large,  ovate, 
serrate,  veiny  and  downy  beneath,  those  of  the  root  petioled, 
those  of  the  stem  clasping.  Flowers  somewhat  like  those  of 
Helianthus.  Florets  of  the  ray  numerous,  yellow,  linear,  three 
toothed  at  the  end. — Road  sides,  introduced  from  Europe. — 
July,  August. — Perennial. 

Inula  falcata.     Ph.  Sickle  leaved  Inula. 

Woolly  and  hairy  ;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  very  acute, 
falcated ;  peduncles  corymbed. 
Syn.     Chrysopsis  falcata.     Bech 

A  small  erect  species,  covered  with  thick  downy  wool  on  the 
stem,  and  fine  hairiness  upon  the  veins  of  the  leaves,  flower- 
stalks  and  calyx.  Leaves  several  inches  long,  very  narrow, 
curved  laterally,  many  of  them  falcated  at  the  end.  Flowers 
showy,  yellow.  Calyx  leaves  acute. — In  Smithfield,  R.  I. — Mr. 
Eddy. — August. — Perennial. 

344.     ERIGERON. 
Erigeron  BELLTDiFOLiuM.      Willd.         Robin's  Plantain, 
Hairy ;    radical  leaves   obovate,    subserrate,    stem 
leaves  distant,   lanceolate,  entire ;  stem  about  three 
flowered ;  ray  elongated. 
Syn.     Erigeron  pulchellxjm.     Mx. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  hairy,  furrowed.  Root  leaves  spatulate, 
or  obovate,  sessile,  hairy,  wiih  a  few  teeth  toward  the  end* 
Stem  leaves  oblong,  half  clasping,  hairy,  entire,  waved,  the 
upper  ones  acute.  Flowers  few  in  number,  on  short,  simple, 
hairy  stalks.  Bractes  ovate,  acuminate.  Calyx  cylindrical, 
hardly  imbricated,  its  scales  acute,  appressed.  Ligules  of  the 
ray  numerous,  linear,  pale  purple.    Disc  yellow,  shorter  than  the 


322  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II. 

ray.     Receptacle  naked,  dotted. — Dry  fields,  Cambridge. — Pe- 
rennial. 
*  Erigeron  integrifolium.  Entire  leaved  Erigeron, 

E.  caule  simpllci,  folioso^  glabra  ;  foli'is  lanceolatis ^ 
integris^  irinervibus ;  jioribus  corymbosis ;  calyce 
hemisjyhcerico^  squa7nis  acutis. 

Stem  simple,  leafy,  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  en- 
tire, three  nerved ;  flowers  corymbed  ;  calyx  hemis- 
pherical, with  acute  scales. 

Stem  two  feet  high,  simple,  furrowed  with  a  barely  percepti- 
ble pubescence.  Leaves  lanceolate,  slightly  clasping,  three 
nerved,  entire  with  rarely  a  tooth  or  two  in  the  lower  ones, 
pubescent.  Peduncles  somewhat  leafy,  branched,  furrowed, 
rough.  Calyx  hemispherical,  flattened,  the  leafets  acute,  ap- 
pressed.  Ray  crowded,  white. — Sides  of  roads  and  woods. — 
June  to  August. — Perennial. 

Erigeron  strigosum.      Willd.  Hairy  Erigeron, 

Hairy  or  bristly,  leaves  lanceolate,  with  a  few 
large  teeth  in  the  middle  or  entire ;  flowers  in  a  pan- 
icled  corymb. 

Stems  erect,  channelled,  hairy,  with  loose  scattered  bristles. 
Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  with  remote  teeth  and  scattered  hairs. 
Flowers  on  leafy,  branched,  hairy  peduncles.  Calyx  flat-hemi-^ 
spherical ;  leafets  pilose  with  long  flaccid  points.  Ray  capillary, 
longer  than  in  the  last  species,  white. — About  woods  and 
fences, — July,  August. — Perennial. 

Erigeron  Philadelphicum,   L.  Philadelphia  Flea  Bane, 
Stem  many  flowered;  leaves  lanceolate,  subserrate, 
those  of  the  stem  half  clasping ;  florets  of  the   ray 
capillary,  as  long  as  the  disc.     L. 

Stem  erect,  two  or  three  feet  high,  much  branched  at  top,  the 
branches  somewhat  downy.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sessile 
and  partly  clasping,  the  lower  ones  toothed.  Flowers  numerous, 
panicled,  erect.     Calyx  flattened  or  hemispherical.     Florets  of 


CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  II.  323 

the  margin  very  numerous  and  fine,  pale  blue  or  purplish.   Road 
sides,  flowering  in  July  and  August. — Perennial. 

§  Subgenus  CiENOTUS.   Calyx  ohlong  ;  ray  minute;  down  simple. 

Erigeron  Canadense.     L.  Annual  Flea  Bane. 

Stem  hairy ;  flowers  panicled;  leaves  lanceolate, 
lower  ones  serrate.     Sm. 

One  of  the  most  hardy  and  common  annual  weeds.  It  propa- 
gates itself  rapidly,  and  since  the  discovery  of  America,  has 
been  introduced,  and  spread  through  most  countries  in  Europe. 
Stem  erect,  furrowed,  very  hairy,  branching.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  edges  rough  and  ciliate.  Flowers  small,  of  no  beauty, 
very  numerous,  arranged  in  a  sort  of  racemes  on  the  branches. 
Calyxes  cylindrical,  longer  than  they  are  wide,  somewhat  imbri- 
cate. Ray  very  short  and  obscure,  white,  crowded,  erect.  In 
pastures,  road  sides,  and  cultivated  grounds,  varying  in  height 
from  one  to  four  feet,  according  to  the  soil. — August. 

345.    TUSSILAGO. 

TUSSILAGO    FRIGIDA.       L,  Wild  CoW S  foot. 

Leaves  triangular-heart  shaped,  unequally  toothed, 
downy  underneath. 
Syn.     Nardosmia  frigida.     Hooker. 

Found  in  mountain  woods,  Vermont  and  Massachusetts,  pro- 
ducing a  corymb  of  white  flowers  with  a  pale  purplish  disc. 

346.     SOLIDAGO.* 

SoLTDAGO  LANCEOLATA.     L.        Spear  leavcd  Golden  Rod. 

Stem  glabrous,  branching ;  leaves  lance-linear,  en- 

*  This  genus  is  exceedingly  abundant  in  the  United  States,  and 
with  the  genus  £ster  predominates  in  August  and  September  over  all 
other  vegetables  then  in  flower.  Among  the  species  there  are  a  vast 
variety  of  hybrids  and  subspecies  which  the  labors  of  botanists  have 
not  yet  been  able  to  reduce  under  permanent  characters,  though 
names  without  number  have  been  applied  to  fugitive  varieties.  The 
single  species  found  in  Great  Britain  is  acknowledged  to  be  one  of 
the  most  difficult  plants  "  to  define  or  understand."     The  same  re- 


324  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II. 

tire,  three  nerved,  glabrous;  corymbs  terminal ;  ligules 
as  high  as  the  disc.     Ait. 

This  species  of  golden  rod  is  distinguished  from  the  succeed- 
ing ones,  by  its  inflorescence.  Stem  tall,  leafj^  branching. 
Leaves  numerous,  long  and  narrow,  marked  for  their  whole 
length  with  three  distinct  nerves,  very  rough  on  the  edge. 
Flowers  yellow,  in  large,  flat  topped  corymbs,  composed  of  small 
heads.  Ray  very  short  and  obscure.  The  whole  plant  is  plea- 
santly aromatic. — Woods  and  road  sides,  in  low  ground. — Au- 
gust, September. — Perennial. 

SoLiDAGO  Odora.  Swcet  scented  Golden  Rod. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xx. 

Stem  nearly  smooth,  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  entire, 
smooth,  with  a  rough  margin,  and  covered  with  pel- 
lucid dots.     Racemes  panicled,  one  sided. 

This  has  a  smooth  appearance,  and  is  among  the  smaller 
species  of  its  family.  The  root  is  woody,  much  branched,  and 
creeping.  Stem  slender,  from  two  to  three  feet  high,  smooth 
or  slightly  pubescent  below,  pubescent  at  top.  Leaves  linear 
lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  broad  at  base,  entire,  acute,  with  only 
the  midrib  distinct,  rough  at  the  margin  but  otherwise  smooth, 
and  covered  with  pellucid  dots  like  Hipericum  perforatum.  The 
flowers  grow  in  a  compound,  panicled  raceme,  with  each  of  its 
branches  supported  by  a  small  leaf.  These  branches  or  peduncles 
are  very  slender  and  rigid,  each  giving  oiT  a  row  of  ascending, 
downy  pedicels,  with  small  linear  bractes  at  their  bases.  Scales 
of  the  calyx  oblong,  acute,  smooth,  or  slightly  pubescent,  the 
lower  ones  shorter  and  closely  imbricating  the  rest.  Florets 
of  the  ray  few,  with  oblong,  obtuse  ligules.  Those  of  the  disc 
funnel  shaped,  with  acute  segments.  Down  simple  to  the  naked 
eye,  feathery  under  the  microscope.  Seeds  oblong. — Woods  and 
fields. — September. 

mark  is  applicable  to  a  great  part  of  the  American  species.  In  this 
work  I  have  inserted  only  the  more  distinct  or  leading  species,  from 
which  a  great  part  of  the  others  in  this  vicinity  are  probably  de- 
scended. 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II.  325 

The  leaves  have  a  very  pleasant  anisate  odor  and  yield  by  dis- 
tillation a  fragrant,  volatile  oil. 

Solid  AGO  altissima.     L,  Tall  Golden  Rod. 

Stem  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones 
deeply  serrate,  rough,  wrinkled ;  panicle  leaning  to 
one  side.      Willd. 

The  varieties  of  this  tall,  well  known  weed,  are  very  frequent 
about  the  borders  of  fields.  Stem  erect,  stiff,  rough,  and  hairy, 
branching  at  top.  Leaves  numerous,  sessile,  lanceolate,  rough, 
irregularly  veined,  serrate  or  toothed,  the  serratures  div^ergent. 
Panicle  consisting  of  many  recurved  branches,  with  the  flowers 
tending  upward  ;  the  whole  inclining  to  one  side.  Flowers  nu- 
merous, yellow. — September. — Perennial. 

SoLiDAGO  NEMORALis.      WUld.  Grey  Golden  Rod, 

Stem  erect,  downy  ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate,  nearly- 
entire,  root  leaves  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  serrate  ; 
racemes  panicied,  one  sided. 

Common  in  dry,  sandy  fields,  where  it  appears  as  if  stunted  by 
drought.  The  whole  herb  has  a  greyish,  downy  or  pulverulent  ap- 
pearance. Leaves  of  the  root  obovate,  serrate,  those  of  the  stem 
lanceolate,  scarcely  serrate.  Panicle  small,  leaning,  yellow. — 
August,  September. — Perennial. 

SoLiDAGo  MACROPHYLLA.     PursJi.      Large  leaved  Golden 

Rod. 

Leaves  roundish-ovate,  acuminate,  narrowed  at 
base,  sharply  and  unequally  serrate ;  racemes  axillary. 

This  has  broader  leaves  than  any  of  the  other  species.  They 
are  generally  smooth,  sometimes  rough,  paler  underneath,  ovate, 
roundish  or  elliptical,  the  upper  ones  sometimes  lanceolate,  all 
much  attenuated  at  base,  edged  with  large,  acute,  diverging  ser- 
ratures. Flowers  yellow,  in  short  axillary  racemes. — In  woods 
near  the  White  mountains.     Mr.  Locke. — August. 

28 


326  CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  II. 

SoLiDAco  c^siA.     Ait.  Blue  stemmed  Golden  Rod. 

Stem  glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  ser- 
rate, glabrous,  paler  underneath  ;  racemes  axillary. 

An  elegant  species,  remarkable  for  the  brightness  and  variety 
of  its  colors.  Stern  slender,  smooth,  of  a  dark  bluish  color, 
somewhat  flexuous.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a 
long  point,  smooth,  green  above,  pale,  and  somewhat  glaucous 
underneath.  Racemes  numerous,  situated,  one  in  the  axil  of 
each  leaf,  for  a  great  length  upon  the  stem.  Flowers  of  a  very 
bright  and  durable  yellow. — Woods. — September. — Perennial. 

SoLiDAGO  L^viGATA.     Ait.  MarsJi  Golden  Rod. 

Stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  fleshy,  en- 
tire, smooth  in  all  parts ;  racemes  panicled,  erect  ; 
peduncles  scaly,  villous  ;  ligules  elongated.     Ait. 

A  tall,  rank  inhabitant  of  the  borders  of  salt  marshes,  where 
its  large,  yellow  tops  are  very  conspicuous  in  September.  Stem 
thick,  round,  smooth,  leafy,  from  four  to  six  feet  high.  Leaves 
thick,  fleshy,  clasping,  perfectly  smooth,  and  without  serratures. 
Racemes  numerous,  crowded,  somewhat  recurved.  Flowers 
large,  yellow,  the  ligules  of  the  ray  nearly  as  long  as  the  disc. — 
Perennial. 

SoLiDAGO  BicoLOR.     L.  White  Golden  Rod. 

Stem  and  leaves  hairy  ;  leaves  elliptical,  the  lower 
ones  serrate ;  branches  bearing  leafets ;  racemes  erect  ; 
calyx  leaves  obtuse.     Ail. 

This  species  differs  considerably  in  its  aspect  from  the  prece- 
ding ones.  Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  pubescent,  especially  to- 
ward the  top.  Leaves  sessile,  lance-oval,  rough,  somewhat 
hairy.  Racemes  axillary,  crowded,  numerous.  Flowers  small, 
without  beauty.  Disc  yellow.  Ray  very  short,  obscure,  white. 
— Dry  woods. — Cambridge. — Perennial. 

SoLiDAGo  viRGAUREA.     L.  European  Golden  Rod. 

Stem  erect,  round,  pubescent  at  top ;  stem  leaves 
lanceolate,  serrate,  the  lower  ones  oval,  attenuated  at 
both  ends  ;  racemes  erect,  ray  elongated. 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II.  327 

This  plant  is  the  only  species  common  to  the  two  continents. 
It  is  distinguished  from  those  previously  enumerated  by  its  much 
larger  flowers.  Stem  flexuous,  from  one  to  three  feet  high. 
Leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  often  with  a  long  narrow  base, 
serrate.  The  upper  ones  nearly  entire.  Panicle  of  large  yellow 
flowers  with  from  five  to  ten  rays. 

Variety  (?.  alpina.  A  few  inches  in  height,  with  obovate  or 
lanceolate,  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  a  few  large  flowers. 

In  woods  on  the  sides  of  the  AVhite  mountains.  Var.  (9,  on 
the  alpine  summits.  The  last  resembles  S.  Cambrica  of  Hudson. 

Sqlidago  speciosa.     Nutt.  Elegant  Golden  Rod, 

Stem  smooth,  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire, 
rough  on  the  margin,  lower  ones  broader,  radical  ones 
slightly  serrate ;  racemes  terminal,  erect,  compound, 
pubescent ;  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx  ; 
rays  about  five,  elongated. 

A  very  tall  and  showy  species,  sometimes  five  or  six  feet  high. 
Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles,  the  cauline  on  short,  all  of  them 
somewhat  fleshy.  The  flowers  grow  in  a  pyramidal  bunch  of 
twice  compound  racemes,  and  are  very  conspicuously  bright  and 
yellow. — About  woods,  Ipswich.     Mr.  Oakes. 

SoLiDAGO  TENNiFOLiA.  Ph.  Slender  leaved  Golden  Rod. 
Stem  rough,  angular;  leaves  narrow-linear,  spread- 
ing, obsoletely  three  nerved,  rough ;  axils  leafy  ;  co- 
rymbs terminal,  fastigiate,  the  branches  capitate  ;  ray 
hardly  higher  than  the  disc. 

A  slender  species,  with  small  stem,  leaves  and  flowers. 
Branches  fastigiate,  most  of  them  bearing  small  corymbs  of  in- 
conspicuous yellow  flowers. — In  dry  grounds. — Plymouth.  Mr. 
Tuckerman. 

347.     SENECIO. 
Senecio  vulgaris.     L.  Common  Groundsel. 

Flowers  without  ray,  scattered;  leaves  pinnate- 
sinuate,  clasping,  toothed.     Sm. 


328  CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  II. 

A  weed  about  houses,  rubbish,  and  cultivated  grounds.  Stem 
erect,  branching,  leafy,  smooth.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnatifid, 
and  toothed,  those  of  the  stem  clasping.  Flowers  terminal,  scat- 
tered, yellow.  Calyx  somewhat  cylindrical,  calyculated,  scaly, 
the  scales  acute  and  black  at  the  tip.  Flowers  floscular.  Down 
sessile,  white. — All  summer. — Annual. 

Senecio  hieracifolius.     Mich.       llawkweed  Groundsel. 
Flowers    without   ray ;    leaves   clasping,    oblong, 
acute,  unequally  torn  and  serrated ;  calyxes  oblong, 
smooth,  bristly  at  base. 

A  rank,  tall,  annual  plant,  called  Fire  vjeed  in  many  parts  of 
the  interior,  from  the  readiness  with  which  it  appears  in  grounds 
newly  burnt  over.  Stem  three  feet  high,  fleshy,  succulent, 
branching  at  top.  Leaves  large,  clasping  the  stem,  deeply  and 
irregularly  divided,  and  acutely  toothed.  Flowers  terminal, 
erect,  crowded.  Calyx  cylindrical,  its  base  swelling,  and  invest- 
ed with  many  small  leaves  or  bristles.  Florets  small,  pale, 
gradually  filling  the  calyx.  The  whole  plant  has  a  strong,  nau- 
seous odor. — Road  sides. — August,  September. — Annual. 

Senecio  aureus.     L.  Golden  Senecio, 

Flowers  radiate ;  radical  leaves  crenate,  heart- 
shaped,  petioled ;  upper  ones  pinnatifid;  lyrate ;  pe- 
duncles incrassated,  somewhat  umbelled. 

This  is  a  handsome  species,  and  makes  a  fine  appearance  in 
meadows,  in  May  and  June.  Stem  upright,  simple,  smooth, 
from  one  to  three  feet  high.  Leaves  of  the  root  on  slender  foot- 
stalks, heart-shaped,  rounded,^  crenate,  smooth;  middle  leaves  of 
the  stem  lyrate  and  crenate;  upper  ones  pinnatifid.  Corymb 
terminal,  somewhat  umbelled,  the  flower  stalks  thickening  up- 
ward. Calyx  smooth,  dark,  often  striped.  Flowers  yellow. 
Ligules  oblong,  spreading. — Perennial. 

Senecio  obovatus.      Willd.  Obovate  Senecio. 

Flowers  radiate ;  radical  leaves  obovate,  crenate- 
serrate,  petioled ;  stem  leaves  pinnatifid,  toothed ;  pe- 
duncles elongated ;  somewhat  nmbelled. 


CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  II.  329 

Resembles  the  foregoing  species  closely  ;  but  the  root  leaves 
are  obovate,  and  the  peduncles  not  incrassated. — Meadows,  Dan- 
vers.     Dr.  Nichols. — June. 

Senecio  balsamit^.      yVilld,  Oblong  Senecio. 

Flowers  radiate ;  radical  leaves  oblong,  serrate, 
petioled  ;  upper  ones  lyrate  or  pinnatifid ;  peduncles 
somewhat  umbelled. 

The  taste  of  the  root  in  this  and  the  two  preceding  species, 
resembles  that  of  Aralia  nudicaulis.  This  is  smaller  than  the 
others,  and  has  distinctly  oblong  root-leaves. — In  dry,  rocky 
pastures,  Stoneham,  near  the  marble  quarry. — June. 

348.    ASTER.* 

Aster  solidagineus.     Midi.  -White  topped  Aster. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  obsoletely 

three  nerved,  rough  on  the  margin;  corymb  fastigiate  ; 

flowers  sessile,  aggregate,  five  rayed. 

Syn.     CoNTZA  linifolia.     L. 

Seriocarpus  solidagineus.     Nees. 

An  early  species,  with  white  flowers.  Stem  simple,  smooth. 
Leaves  oblong,  narrow,  obtuse  at  the  end,  tapering  at  base,  gla- 
brous, with  the  margin  rough.  Flowers  in  a  flat  topped  corymb, 
collected  in  sessile  tufts.  Calyx  oblong,  imbricated,  the  scales 
obtuse,  whitish,  with  green  tips.  Ligules  of  the  ray  oblong, 
white,  five  in  number,  by  which  circumstance  the  plant  varies 
from  its  genus. — Woods. — July. — Perennial. 

Aster  linarifolius.     L.  Savory  leaved  Aster. 

Leaves  linear,  entire,  mucronated,  rough,  carinat- 
ed;  peduncles  leafy.     L. 
Syn.     DiPLOPAPPUs  linaeiifolius.     Less. 

A  rough,  woody,  plant,  growing  in  bunches,  about  a  foot  high. 
Stems   decumbent,   rigid,  purplish,  covered  with  white  down. 

*  The  remarks  made  under  tlie  head  of  Solidago,  apply  with  equal 
force  to  the  genus  Aster. 

28^ 


330  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II. 

Leaves  numerous,  linear,  obtuse,  with  a  small  point,  very  rough 
and  rigid,  upright,  but  reflexed  as  the  plant  grows  old,  without 
uerves  or  dots.  Peduncles  few,  near  the  top,  alternate,  short, 
furnished  with  small  leaves,  one  flowered.  Flowers  purple. — 
Woods  and  dry  hills. — August,  September. — Perennial. 

Aster  subulatus  ?     Mx.  Annual  Sea  Aster. 

Smooth ;    stem   fistulous,  panicled ;    leaves  linear, 

the   upper   ones   subulate;  calyx    cylindrical;    ray 

minute. 

Stem  about  two  feet  high,  smooth,  fleshy,  somewhat  reddish^ 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  clasping,  smooth,  with  a 
very  little  roughness  at  the  edge.  Branches  very  numerous  and 
much  divided,  a  small  one  frequently  issuing  between  a  leaf  and 
the  main  branch  in  its  axil.  Flowers  num.erous.  Calyx  cylin- 
drical, its  scales  long,  acute,  appressed.  Ray  very  short,  bluish 
white.     Disc  yellow, — Salt  marshes.— September. 

This  plant  may  possibly  be  different  from  the  A.  subulatus  of 
Michaux,  whose  description  is  imperfect.  The  name,  however, 
is  retained  by  our  other  botanists.  Mr.  Nuttall  properly  notices 
its  affinity  to  Conyza. 

Aster  salicifolius.     Ait.  Willow  leaved  Aster. 

Leaves  linear-IanceoIate^  entire,  glabrous;  calyxes 
imbricated,  lax;  stem  smooth.     Ait. 

A  very  tall^  slender  species.  Stem  five  feet  high,  smooth, 
somewhat  flexuous.  Leaver  long,  linear,  acute,  entire,  sessile, 
smooth,  with  a  rough  edge.  Branches  alternate,  slender,  smooth 
Flowers  on  short  stalks,  blue. — Found  in  the  woods  on  Concord 
turnpike,  Cambridge. — September. — Perennial. 

Aster  cyaneus.  C.  Muhl.  Blue  flowered  Aster.. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  clasping,  cordate,  ser- 
rate; stem  panicled,  glabrous;  scales  of  the  calyx 
lanceolate,  closely  imbricate.      Wllld.  sub.  syn. 

Syn.     AsTEE,  amplexicaulis.     Willd. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  beautiful  species.  Stem 
erect,  perfectly  smooth.     Leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  an  acute 


CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  II.  331 

point,  smooth,  and  even,  with  a  rough  edge,  slightly  serrate 
about  the  middle,  clasping,  the  lower  ones  contracted  at  base. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  furnished  with  a  few  small  leafets. 
Flowers  on  distinct  peduncles,  purplish  blue. — Borders  of  woods 
and  fields. — August. — Perennial. 

Aster  umbellatus.     Ait.  Umhelled  Aster. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  narrowed  at  base,  acumi- 
nate, rough  on  the  margin ;  stem  simple,  corymbed 
at  top  ;  calyx  scales  lanceolate,  lax.      Willd. 

Syn.     Aster  Amygdalinus.     Midi. 

DiPLOPAPPUs  UMBELLATUS.     Hooker. 

A  very  tall,  erect,  species,  with  white  flowers.  Stem  four  or 
five  feet  high,  furrowed,  smooth,  sometimes  rough  at  top,  leafy. 
Leaves  numerous,  large,  lanceolate,  rough  at  the  edge,  paler 
underneath.  Stem  branching  at  top  into  a  large,  compound,  flat 
topped  corymb.  Calyx  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse.  Ray  of  a 
middle  size,  white. — In  low  grounds. — August,  September. — Pe- 
rennial. 

Aster  Nov^  ANGLiiE.     L.  New  England  Aster. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  clasping,  entire,  appendaged  at 
base;  stem  hairy,  straight ;  flowers  terminal,  crowd- 
ed \  calyx  scales  loose,  colored,  lanceolate,  longer 
than  the  disc.      Willd. 

A  tall,  and  very  beautiful  plant.  Stem  three  feet  high,  brown, 
very  hairy.  Leaves  very  numerous,  linear-lanceolate,  entire, 
acute,  continued  at  base  into  a  pair  of  small,  rounded  lobes, 
clasping  the  stem.  Flowers  large,  on  short  stalks,  crowded  at 
the  top  of  the  stem.  Calyx  scales  linear-lanceolate,  of  a  dark 
brown  on  the  inside.  Ray  of  a  deep  purple,  crowded. — Road 
sides.  South  Boston,  Brookline,  &c. — September. — Perennial. 

Aster  MISER.     L.  Small  jlowered  Aster. 

Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth;  calyx 
imbricated  with  acute  scales  ;  disc  equal  to  the  ray  ; 
stem  pubescent. 

A  variable  species,  with  small,  white  flowers. — Dry  fields  and 
road  sides. — July,  August. — Perennial. 


332  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II. 

Aster  dumosus.     L.  Bushy  Aster. 

Leaves  linear,  glabrous  ;  those  of  the  branches  very 
short ;  branches  panacled  ;  calyx  cylindrical,  closely 
imbricate. 

A  polymorphous  white  Asler,  with  a  yellow  disc,  which  turns 
brown,  and  the  ray  sometimes  approaching  to  violet. 

Aster  diffusus.     Ait.  Spreading  Aster. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous  ; 
branches  spreading  ;  calyxes  imbricate,  stem  pubes- 
cent.    Ait. 

A  common,  bushy  Aster,  with  a  profusion  of  white  flowers. 
Stem  branching,  slightly  pubescent.  Branches  numerous,  long, 
and  slender,  spreading,  leafy,  many  flowered.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, rough  at  the  edge,  slightly  serrate  in  the  middle ;  those  of 
the  branches  small,  entire.  Flowers  small,  very  numerous, 
somewhat  racemed,  white. — Woods  and  road  sides. — August, 
September. — Perennial. 

Aster  conyzoides.      Willd.  Conyza  Aster. 

Leaves  oblong,  three  nerved,  narrowed  at  base, 
acute,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  nearly  entire,  the  lower 
ones  petioled,  serrate ;  stem  simple,  corymbed  at  top  ; 
calyx  cylindrical,  squarose ;  rays  five,  short. 

Stem  mostly  smooth.  Lower  leaves  frequently  obovate  or 
spatulate.  Calyx  of  whitish  scales  with  green  tips  as  in  A.  soli- 
dagineus.    Ray  white. — Woods. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

Aster  acuminatus.     Mx.  Acuminate  Aster. 

Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  narrowed  and  entire  at 
bottom,  serrate,  acuminate ;  stem  simple,  flexuous, 
angular,  panicle  corymbose,  divaricately  dichotomous; 
scales  of  the  calyx  lax,   linear,   shorter  than  the  disc. 

Stem  rough,  pubescent.  Leaves  shortly  petioled,  narrowed 
for  a  great  length  at  base,  the  edges  furnished  with  remote, 
divergent  teeth,  the  point  long,  acuminate.     Corymb  terminal, 


CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  II.  333 

with  a  few  rather  large  white  flowers. — In  old  woods,  New 
Hampshire  and  Maine. — August. — Perennial. 

Aster  puniceus.     L.  Red  stalhed  Aster. 

Leaves  clasping,  lanceolate,  serrate,  rongh  ;  branch- 
es panicled  ;  calyx  lax,  longer  than  the  disc ;  stem 
hispid.     Ait.  abr. 

A  tall,  handsome  plant.  Stem  rigid,  angular,  flexuor.s,  cover- 
ed with  stiff  hairs,  often,  but  not  always  red,  three  feet  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  clasping,  tapering  at  both  ends, 
acuminate,  furnished  with  large  serratures  in  the  middle,  rough 
on  the  margin  and  upper  surface.  Branches  panicled,  with  blue 
flowers,  rather  above  the  middle  size.  Calyx  leaves  uniform. — 
On  the  Dedham  turnpike,  Roxbury,  and  elsewhere. — September. 
— Perennial. 

Aster  amplexicaulis.     Mich.  Clasping  Aster, 

Leaves  clasping,  nearly  perfohate,  oblong-heart 
shaped,  not  contracted  below,  entire ;  panicle  lax,  few- 
flowered.     Mick. 

Stem  erect  or  ascending,  a  little  downy  and  rough.  Leaves 
numerous,  alternate,  rough,  somewhat  waved  on  the  edge,  ob- 
long, tapering  to  a  bluntish  point,  broad  at  base,  and  clasping 
quite  round  the  stem.  Branches  few,  near  the  top,  slender,  fur- 
nished with  several  minute,  clasping  leafets.  Flowers  erect, 
somewhat  remote,  blue. — "Woods,  Brighton. — September. — Pe- 
rennial. 

Aster  diversifolius      Mich.  Various  leaved  Aster. 

Leaves  downy,  slightly  serrate  and  waved,  the 
lower  ones  oblong-heart  shaped,  with  winged  peti- 
oles, upper  ones  oval-lanceolate,  clasping;  stem  hispid, 
panicled ;  branchlets  leafy,  one  flowered,  tending  to 
one  side. 
Syn.    Aster  undulatus.     Ait. 

This  species  is  remarkable  for  the  gradation  of  its  leaves  from 
one  distinct  form  to  another.     Stem  pubescent,  rough.    Lower 


334  '  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II. 

leaves  oblong-heart  shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  downy  underneath, 
supported  on  long  petioles,  which  are  winged  or  dilated  at  the 
base.  Middle  leaves  panduriform,  clasping.  Upper  leaves  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  clasping.  Panicle  lax,  with  slender 
branches,  covered  with  small  leaves.  Peduncles  generally,  but 
not  always,  inclining  one  way.  Flowers  blue. — August,  Sep- 
tember.— Perennial. 

Aster  L^evis.      Willd.  Smooth  Aster. 

Leaves  somewhat  clasping,  remote,  oblong,  entire, 
shining,  those  of  the  root  subserrate;  branches  sim- 
ple, one  flowered  ;  calyx  imbricated  ;  the  leafets 
somewhat  wedge-shaped,  acute,  thickened  at  tip; 
stem  smooth,  angular. 

A  smooth  plant  throughout,  with  somewhat  fleshy  leaves  and 
large  purple  flowers. — In  wet  grounds. — September,  October. — 
Perennial. 

Aster  spectabilis.      WiUd.  Showy  Aster. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  roughish,  somewhat  clasping; 
the  lower  ones  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  branches  co- 
rymbed  ;  calyx  leaves  lax,  foliaceous,  somewhat 
wedge-shaped  and  acute. 

This  species  is  about  two  or  three  feet  high  with  fine  large 
blue  flowers. — Found  in  moist  woods. — August,  September. 

Aster  Cornifolius.     Muhl.  Cornel  leaved  Aster. 

Leaves   oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  petioled, 
smooth,  rough  on  the  edge;  stem  smooth,  panicle  few 
flowered ;  calyxes  somewhat  imbricated.      Willd. 
Syn.     DiPLOPAppus  cornifoliijs.     Less. 

A  pretty  early  species.  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  on 
very  short  petioles,  narrow  oval,  acute  at  base,  acuminated  at 
point,  nearly  smooth,  the  margin  entire,  rough,  and  slightly  cili- 
ated, the  under  surface  pale.  Panicle  few  flowered.  Flowers 
white. — Found  in  woods. — July,  August.— Perennial.  , 


CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  II.  335 

Aster  coRDiFOLius.     L.  Heart  leaved  Aster, 

Leaves  heart  shaped,  hairy  beneath,  sharply  ser- 
rate; petioles  winged;  stem  panicled,  hairy;  calyxes 
loosely  imbricate.      Willd. 

Stem  erect,  somewhat  flexuous,  in  some  plants  a  little  hairy, 
in  others  quite  smooth.  Leaves  heart  shaped,  with  a  deep  sinus, 
acutely  serrate,  acuminate,  downy  underneath.  Petioles  with  a 
membranous  edge.  Panicle  terminal,  many  flowered.  Flowers 
small,  purplish  white,  the  disc  varying  from  red  to  yellow. — 
Woods. — September. — Perennial. 

Aster  corymbosus.     Ait.  Corymbed  Aster, 

Leaves  ovate,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate,  the  lower 
ones  heart  shaped,  petioled,  naked;  stem  ending  in  a 
fastigiate  corymb ;  branches  hairy;  calyxes  oblong, 
imbricate,  its  scales  closely  pressed.      Willd. 

Syn.     EuRTBiA  cortmbosa.     Hooker, 

A  pretty  large,  white,  flowering  plant.  Stem  smooth,  frequently 
of  a  dark  reddish  color.  Lower  leaves  heart  shaped,  petioled, 
smooth,  toothed ;  upper  ones  ovate,  acuminate,  subsessile.  Flow- 
ers white,  in  a  large,  flat  topped  corymb,  the  branches  of  which 
are  slightly  pubescent. — Woods  and  shades,  Roxbury,  Brookline. 
— August. — Perennial. 

Aster  macrophyllus.     L.  Large  leaved  Aster. 

Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  serrate ;  the  upper  ones 
ovate-heart  shaped,  sessile;  lower  ones  heart  shaped, 
petioled  :  petioles  somewhat  margined  ;  stem  branch- 
ing, diffuse ;  calyxes  cylindrical,  closely  imbricate. 
Willd. 
Syn.     EuRYBiA  macrophylla.     Hooker. 

The  root  leaves  are  uncommonly  large,  heart  shaped,  serrate 
and  acute,  rather  smooth.  Stem  furrowed,  scarcely  rough.  Up- 
per leaves  sessile,  ovate,  a  little  hearted  at  base.  Scales  of  the 
calyx  closely  appressed.  Ray  pale  blue. — Woods. — September. 
— Perennial. 


336  CLASS  XIX.    ORDER  U. 

349.  HELENIUM. 

Helenium  autumnale.     L.  Fall  Sun  Flower. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  somewhat  decurrent ; 
stem  corymbed  ;  flowers  of  the  disc  five  cleft,  those  of 
the  ray  flat,  reflexed. 

Resembles  a  small  sun  flower ;  two  or  three  feet  high,  flowers 
bright  yellow. — Found  in  Berkshire.     Prof.  Hitchcock. 

350.  ANTHEMIS. 

Anthemis  cotula.     L.  May  Weed. 

Receptacle  conical,  its  scales  bristle  shaped  ;  seeds 
without  any  border ;  leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  smooth- 
ish.     Sm. 

The  road  sides  are  full  of  the  white  blossoms  of  this  common, 
annual  weed,  from  midsummer  to  the  end  of  autumn.  Stem 
upright,  smooth,  much  branched.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile, 
nearly  smooth,  divided  and  subdivided  into  linear  segments. 
Flower  stalks  solitary,  striated.  Calyx  scales  narrow,  slightly 
margined.  Florets  of  the  ray  white,  spreading,  a  dozen  or  more 
in  number.  Disc  yellow,  convex.  Receptacle  nearly  cylindri- 
cal. The  plant  has  a  strong,  peculiar  smell,  and  reputed 
medicinal  virtues. 

351.  ACHILLEA. 

Achillea  ptarmeca.     L.  Goose  tongue. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate. 

Introduced  from  Europe.  Stem  erect,  leafy,  two  feet  high. 
Leaves  simple,  narrow  lanceolate,  sharply  and  regularly  serrate, 
smooth.  Flowers  terminal,  corymbed,  white.  Calyx  somewhat 
hemispherical,  imbricated,  hairy.  Florets  of  the  ray  eight  or 
ten,  flat,  obcordate. — Danvers.     Mr.  Oakes. — July,  August. 

Achillea  millefolium.     L.  Common  Yarroiv. 

Leaves  bipinnatifid,  hairy,  their  divisions  linear, 
toothed,  niucronate  ;  stems  furrowed.     Sni. 

Common  Yarrow  is  a  frequent  inhabitant  of  dry  pastures  and 


CLASS  XIX.     ORDER  III.  337 

fields.  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  hairy,  branched  at  top.  Leaves 
alternate,  cut  into  a  multitude  of  very  small, .linear  subdivisions. 
Flowers  white,  forming  a  large,  flat  topped,  crowded  corymb. 
Calyx  ovate.  Disc  convex.  Florets  of  the  ray  four  or  five 
The  plant  has  a  strong,  penetrating  taste  and  smell,  and  is  used 
m-edicinally. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

FRUSTRANEA. 

352.     HELIANTHUS. 
Helianthus  divaricatus.     L.       Small^  rough  Sunfiower. 
Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  three  nerved  ; 
panicle  dichotomous.     L. 

A  showy  plant,  not  uncommon  in  woods  and  thickets,  flower- 
iag  in  August  and  September.  Stem  erect,  round,  smooth,  gen- 
erally covered  with  glaucous  powder.  Leaves  opposite,  narrow- 
ovate,  rounded  at  base,  tapering  to  a  long  point,  slightly  serrate, 
three  nerved,  and  very  rough.  Flowers  yellow,  in  the  wild 
plant  but  few  in  number,  in  the  cultivated  one  numerous. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  either  forked  or  three  parted. — Perennial. 

This  plant  has  an  agreeable,  somewhat  spicy  odor. 

Helianthus  decapetalus.    Willd.     Ten  rayed  Sunflower, 
Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  serrate,  rough  • 
scales  of  the  calyx  subequal ;  rays  ten  or  tv/elve. 

Three  or  four  feet  high.  Leaves  triply  nerved.  Scales  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  nearly  equal.  Flowers  showy,  yellow.  Dry 
woods  in  the  interior  of  the  state. — August. 

353.     COREOPSIS. 
Coreopsis  trichosperma.     Mich.         Tichseed  Sunflower. 
Leaves  mostly  five  pinnate ;  leafets  lanceolate  ;  re- 
motely cut-serrate  ;  leafets  of  the  outer  calyx  ciliate; 
ray  entire  ;  seeds  wedge  form.     Mich.  abr. 

Stem  about  two  feet  high,  glabrous.  Leaves  glabrous,  pin- 
nate. Leafets  fiv^e  or  seven,  distant,  linear-lanceolate,  ending  in 
a  long,  slender  point,  furnished  with  a  few  deep  serratures  or 

29 


338  CLASS  XIX      ORDER  III. 

segments,  the  larger  ones  pinnatifid.  The  branches  and  leaves 
are  opposite,  the  upper  ones  alternate.  Flowers  large,  erect, 
yellow.  Outer  calyx  leaves  about  eight,  oblong,  rounded  at  the 
end  and  fringed  with  setaceous  teeth  at  the  edge.  Inner  calyx 
leaves  oval-lanceolate,  entire,  yellowish  and  membranbus.  Flo- 
rets of  the  ray  large,  entire.  Florets  of  the  disc  five  toothed, 
yellow  with  brownish  anthers,  and  separated  by  scales  longer 
than  themselves. — On  the  east  side  of  Fresh  pond. — September. 

Coreopsis  rosea.     Nutt.  Red  Coreopsis. 

Stems  mostly  simple;  leaves  linear,  entire;  pedun- 
cles terminal ;  rays  unequally  three  toothed ;  seeds 
entire,  naked. 

About  a  foot  high,  smooth,  simple  or  slightly  branched.  Leaves 
opposite,  connate,  with  tufts  of  leaves  or  branchlets  in  the  axils. 
Flowers  few,  small,  pale  red,  with  a  yellowish  disc. — At  Ply- 
mouth.    Mr.  Russell. — August. 

354.  RUDBECKIA. 

RuDBECKiA  LAciNiATA.      WUld.  CommoTi  JRudbccJcia. 

Lower  leaves  pinnate;  divisions  three  lobed,  the 
upper  ones  ovate;  stem  smooth  ;  down  crenate. 

A  tall  plant,  resembling  the  sunflower.  Stem  erect,  round, 
glabrous,  six  or  eight  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  rough,  the 
lower  ones  petioled,  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  with  about  five  lan- 
ceolate, cut  or  toothed  segments ;  upper  ones  nearly  sessile, 
ovate  or  three  cleft.  Calyx  mostly  simple  of  about  eight  ovate, 
acute  segments.  Florets  of  the  ray  large,  yellow,  lanceolate, 
drooping.  Disc  conical,  its  florets  greenish  yellow,  with  their 
short  segments  erect  or  incurved.  Receptacle  large,  down  pa- 
leaceous, crenate. — Wet  meadows  on  the  Newburyport  turn- 
pike.— August. — Perennial. 

355.  CENTAUREA. 

Centaurea  NIGRA.     L.  Knapivecd. 

Scales  of  the  calyx  ovate,  with  an  erect,  capillary 
fringe ;  lower  leaves  lyrate-angular,  upper  ones  ovate. 


CLASS  XX.    ORDER  I.  339 

Stem  about  two  feet  high,  branching,  angular.  Lower  leaves 
lyrate  or  irregularly  toothed,  upper  ones  entire.  Flowers  pur- 
ple, solitary,  terminal.  Calyx  round-ovate,  the  scales  black, 
ovate,  with  a  stiff  fringe.     Florets  all  fertile. 

This  plant,  not  long  since  introduced  from  Europe,  has  be- 
come very  abundant  and  troublesome  in  Charlestown  and  Med- 
ford. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

NESCESSARIA. 

356.    IVA. 
IvA  Frutescens.     L.  High  Water  Shrub. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  rough,  with  dots,  deeply  serrate; 
stem  shrubby.      Willd. 

A  fleshy  shrub,  about  the  borders  of  salt  marshes.  Annual 
shoots  erect,  furrowed.  Branches  axillary,  or  a  little  above  the 
leaves.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  three  nerved,  some- 
what rough,  upper  ones  entire.  Flowers  in  a  sort  of  leafy  ra- 
cemes, small,  drooping,  green,  without  beauty. 


Class  XX.     GYNANDRIA.     Stamens  situated  on  the 

pistil. 

Order  I.     MONANDRIA.     One  stamen. 

357.  Orchis.  Corolla  five  petalled,  the  upper  petal 
arched ;  lip  with  a  spur  from  its  base ;  anther  ter- 
minal, parallel  and  affixed  to  the  style. 

358.  Neottia.  Corolla  five  petalled  ;  the  external 
petals  joining  round  the  base  of  the  lip  ;  anther  parallel 
to  the  style  and  affixed  to  it  behind. 

359.  Epipaotis.  Corolla  erect,  spreading;  lip  with- 
out a  spur,  flat,  pendulous,  bifid  at  tip  ;  anther  re- 
sembling a  lid,  persistent. 

360.  Malaxis.     Corolla  spreading,  resupinate;    lip 


340  CLASS  XX.    ORDER  I. 


\ 


concave,  spreading^  ascending ;    anther  resembling  a 
lid. 

361.  Arethusa.     Corolla   five   petal  led,   somewhat 
ingent ;  lip  without  a  spur  ;  anther  resembling  a  lid, 

persistent. 

362.  Cymbidium.  Corolla  five  petalled,  erect  or 
spreading;  lip  concave  at  base,  without  a  spur;  an- 
ther resembling  a  lid,  deciduous. 

363.  CoRALLORHizA.  Pctals  five,  equal  and  conni- 
vent ;  lip  mostly  prolonged  at  base  ;  style  free ;  pollen 
masses  four,  oblique. 

^y?       Order  II.     DIANDRTA.      Two  stamens. 

364.  Cypripedium.  Corolla  four  petalled,  spread- 
ing ;  lip  inflated,  hollow ;  capsule  three  valved,  one 
celled,  many  seeded. 

Order  III.     HEXANDRIA.     Six  stamens. 

365.  Aristolochia.  Corolla  monopetalous,  tubular, 
crooked,  with  a  swelling  base  and  miequal  border ; 
capsule  hiferior,  six  celled. 


GYNANDRIA. 
MONANDRIA. 

357.    ORCHIS. 
Orchis  blephariglottis.    Willd.      Fringed  white  Orchis. 

Lip  lanceolate,  ciliate,  as  long  as  the  upper  petal ; 
spur  longer  than  the  germ. 
Syn.     Habenaria  blephariglottis.     Br. 

This  very  delicate  species  resembles  O.  ciliaris  in  its  habit, 
and  would  be  difficult  of  distinction  but  for  its  color.  Spike 
rather  short  with  snow  white  flowers.     Germs  slender,  longer 


CLASS  XX.    ORDER  I.  341 

than  the  bractes,  twisted,  tapering  upward.  Outer  petals  round- 
ish, concave,  the  upper  one  erect,  tlie  two  lateral  ones  reflexed. 
The  two  inner  petals  much  smaller,  linear,  fringed  at  the  end. 
Lip  of  the  nectary  lanceolate,  fringed  at  the  edge.  Spur  longer 
than  the  germ,  being  nearly  an  inch  in  length. — In  swamps  and 
meadows,  rare.     Cambridge,  &c. — Perennial. 

Orchis  ciltaris.     L.  Fringed  yellow  Orchis. 

Lip  oblong  lanceolate,  pinnately  ciliate,  twice  as 
long  as  the  petals  ;  spur  longer  than  the  germ. 

Syn.     Habenaria  ciliaris.     Br. 

Less  common  here  than  at  the  south.  It  nearly  resembles 
the  preceding  species  in  structure,  but  the  lip  is  somewhat 
larger  in  proportion  to  the  petals.  Flowers  of  a  bright,  orange 
yellow. — Found  at  Northborough. — July. — Perennial. 

Orchis  psycodes.      TVilld.  Ragged  Orchis. 

Lip  three  parted,  capillary,  man)^  cleft ;  petals  ob- 
tnse  ;  spur  filiform-club  shaped,  as  long  as  the  germ. 
Willd. 

Syn.     Orchis  lager  a.     Mich. 

Habenaria  psycodes.     Br. 

This  is  our  most  common  species.  Stem  two  feet  high, 
smooth.  Leaves  oblong,  smooth,  tapering  to  a  point.  Flowers 
numerous,  of  a  faint  yellow,  in  a  large,  terminal  spike.  Germs 
appearing  like  flower  stalks,  long  and  slender,  arched,  furrowed, 
and  swelling  in  the  middle.  Petals  five,  the  three  outer  ones 
ovate,  the  two  inner  ones  oblong.  Lip  of  the  nectary  reflexed, 
divided  into  three  narrow,  wedge  shaped  segments,  fringed  at 
the  end.  Spur  as  long  as  the  germ,  curving,  and  thickened 
toward  its  extremity. — Pastures  and  meadows. — July. — Perennial. 
Orchis  herbiola.  Dwarf  Orchis. 

Lip   oblong,   obtuse,  toothed  at  base  ;  palate  one- 
toothed,  spur  filiform,  shorter  than  the  germ ;  bractes 
longer  than  the  flowers. 
Syn.    Habenaria  herbiola.     Br, 

29 


342  CLASS  XX.    ORDER  I. 

An  inelegant  species  about  a  foot  high,  with  small  yellowish 
or  greenish  flowers.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  upper  ones  linear- 
lanceolate. — About  Fresh  pond. — June. — Perennial. 

Orchis   orbicijlata.     Pursh.  Round  leaved  Orchis. 

Lip  linear,   entire,   obtuse ;  the   three  upper  petals 
connivent,  the  two  lateral  ones  spreading,  oblique  at 
base;  spur  longer  than  the   germ;  scape    with   two 
flat,  orbicular  leaves  at  base. 
Syn.     Hebenaria  orbiculatia.     Br. 

A  remarkable  species,  with  two  large,  round  leaves  spreading 
flat  upon  the  ground,  their  form  sometimes  varying  to  ovate. 
Scape  a  foot  or  two  high,  bearing  a  spike  of  greenish  flowers 
with  long,  linear  lips. — In  Danvers.  Dr.  Nichols. — In  Hallo" 
well,  Maine,  and  Conway,  New  Hampshire. — July. — PerenniaL 

Orcitis  dilatata.     Pursh.  Tall  Orchis.. 

Lip  linear,  entire,  obtuse,   dilated  and  rounded  at 
base ;  spur  as  long  as  the  lip,  shorter  than  the  germ  ; 
bracles  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  stem  leafy. 
8yn.     Habenaria  dilatata.     Br. 

A  very  tall  species  with  numerous  lanceolate  leaves,  and  green 
or  whitish  flowers  without  beauty. — Common  on  the  sides  of  the 
White  mountains  by  the  margins  of  brooks. — July. — Perennial. 

Orchis  bracteata.      JVilld.  Bracted  Orchis. 

Lip  linear,   emarginate,   obsoletely   three  toothed ; 

petals  subconnivent,  lateral  ones  ovate,  broader ;  spur 

obtuse,  scrotiforrn;  bractes  twice  as  long  as  the  flower. 

Spi.     Habenaria  bracteata.     Br. 

Root  approaching  to  palmate ;  the  divisions  fewer.  Lower 
leaves  somewhat  obovate ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate.  Bractes 
linear-lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  flower.  Petals  green, 
ovate,  converging,  the  two  lateral  ones  longest.  Lip  green, 
linear  oblong,  ending  in  three  teeth,  the  middle  one  shortest. 
Spur  obtuse,  inflated,  transparent,  half  as  long  as  the  lip. — 
Woods,  Vermont,  Szc — June. — Perennial.. 


CLASS  XX.    ORDER  I.  343 

Orchis  fimbriata.     Ait.  Fimbriated  Orchis. 

Lip  spreading,  scarcely  longer  than  the  petals,  fla- 
belliform,  fimbriate,  three  parted,  the  divisions  nearly- 
equal  and  flat;  lateral  petals  fimbriate-toothed,  spur 
filiform,  club-shaped,  longer  than  the  germ  ;  leaves 
lanceolate. 
Syn.    Habenakia  FIMBRIATA.     Br. 

A  very  beautiful  plant.  Stem  tv/o  feet  high,  with  several 
broad-lanceolate,  smooth  leaves,  and  ending  in  a  large  spike  of 
purple  flowers.  Germs  incurved,  thickened  in  the  middle.  Pe- 
tals five,  spreading,  the  two  inner  ones  fringed.  Lip  of  the  nec- 
tary somewhat  exceeding  the  petals,  divided  into  three  segmentSj 
which  are  wedge  shaped,  spreading  like  a  fan,  three  parted,  the 
segments  nearly  equal,  fringed,  flat  and  not  connivent.  Upper 
lip  entire.  Spur  considerably  longer  thacL  the  germ. — Meadows. 
— July. — Perennial. 

I  have  ascertained  that  this  is  the  0.  fimbrita  of  Pursh  by  his 
herbarium,  and  also  of  Willdenow,  ^(ie  Muhlenbergii. 

*  Orchis  grandiflora.  Large  flowering  Orchis. 

O.  lahello  depeiidente  petalis  duplo  longiore^  trijmr- 
tito^  laciniis  cuneiforniibus,  inciso-fi^nbrlatis  interme- 
dio  ;  maximo  Jinibriis  conniventibus  ;  petalis  laterali- 
bus  dentato-fimbriatis ;  cornu  adscendenfe^  clavato^  g er- 
mine longiore  ;  foliis  ovato-oblongis. 

Lip  dependent,  twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  three 
parted,  the  divisions  wedge-shaped  and  fimbriate,  the 
middle  one  largest  with  connivent  fimbriae  ;  lateral 
petals  fimbriate;  spur  ascending,  clavate,  longer  than 
the  germ  ;  leaves  oval-oblong. 
Syn.     Habenaeia  grandiflora.     Torr.  Sj-c. 

This  elegant  plant  grows  to  the  height  of  two  feet  and  upwards. 
Stem  thick,  angular,  fistulous.  Lower  leaves  oblong-oval,  ob- 
tuse; upper  ones  and  bractes  lanceolate,  acuminate.    Spike  oval- 


344  CLASS  XX.     ORDER  I. 

oblong,  many  flowered.  Petals  all  contiguous,  pale,  purple,  the 
three  outer  ones  ovate, concave,  entire;  the  two  inner  ones  ovate, 
unguiculate,  cut  or  fringed  on  the  whole  of  their  sides,  but  scarcely 
so  at  the  ends.  Lip  deeper  purple,  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  petals,  being  sometimes  nearly  an  inch  long,  divided  into 
three  segments,  the  two  lateral  ones  cuneiform,  cut  and  fringed 
to  the  middle  or  farther,  the  middle  one  twice  as  large,  flabelli- 
form,  cut  and  fringed  to  the  middle,  but  not  emarginate,  the  fim- 
briae on  each  side  the  middle  converging  in  front  of  the  lip.  Up- 
per lip  with  a  notch  between  the  two  anthers. — Found  at  Lan- 
caster, Leominster,  Deerfield,  &c.  Abundant  in  Enfield,  New 
Hampshire.  At  Ipswich,  Mr.  Oakes ;  at  Newton,  Mr.  Hag- 
gerston. 

This  plant  is  perhaps  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  of  all  the 
species  of  Orchis.  The  spike  sometimes  consists  of  a  few  large 
flowers,  but  in  favorable  situations  it  is  five  or  six  inches  long 
and  three  in  thickness.  The  flowers  are  more  than  twice  the 
size  of  0 .  fimbriata,  paler,  and  very  different  in  the  form  of  the 
lip,  which  has  a  very  large  middle  segment  with  a  part  of  its 
fringe  always  bent  inwards.  Its  lower  leaves  also  are  very  ob- 
tuse. It  differs  also  from  O.  incisa,  which  is  a  small  flowering 
species,  and  from  O.  Jissa,  with  large  cleft  flowers,  of  which  I 
have  specimens  from  the  Alleghany  mountains. 

Orchis  spectabilis.      Willd.  Shewy  Orchis. 

Lip  obovate,  undivided,  crenate,  retuse ;  petals 
straight,  the  lateral  ones  longer;  spnr  clavate,  shorter 
than  the  germ;  bractes  longer  than  the  flower;  stem 
leafless. 

A  low  species  with  large,  fine  flowers.  Root  fascicled.  Leaves 
radical,  large,  oval.  Stem  half  a  foot  high,  very  acute  angled. 
Bractes  lanceolate.  Flowers  few  and  among  the  largest  of  the 
genus.  Petals  converging,  ovate-lanceolate,  purple.  Lip  of  the 
nectary  whitish,  ovate,  crenate  or  repand,  as  long  as  the  spur. 
Spur  shorter  than  the  germ,  large,  white. — Woods,  Vermont  and 
New  Hampshire. — June. 


CLASS  XX.     ORDER  I.  345 

358.     NEOTTIA. 

^  Subgenus  Spiranthes.     Spike  twisted,  pollen  granular'. 
*  Neottia  gracilis.  Slender  Neottia. 

N.  follis  radicalibus  ovatls  ;  scapo  vaginato^  Jloribiis 
spiraliter  secundis  ;  labello  obovato^  crispo. 

Leaves  radical,  ovate;  scape  sheathing ;  flowers  in 
a  spiral  row ;  lip  obovate,  curled. 

Root  fascicled.  Leaves  radical,  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  acute, 
nerved,  caducous.  Scape  erect,  slender,  eight  to  twelve  inches 
high  with  a  few  sheathing  scales  or  leafets.  Flowers  white  in  a 
twisted  spike.  Bractes  closely  applied  to  the  germ,  ovate,  acu- 
minate. Germs  obovate.  Petals  linear,  crystalline,  parallel, 
the  three  upper  ones  cohering.  Lip  obovate-spatulate,  curled, 
its  base  swelling  with  the  lateral  petals  connected  before  it. 
Anther  parallel  to  the  style. — In  dry,  hilly  woods. — July. — Pe- 
rennial. 

The  leaves  falling  off  frequently  cause  the  plant  to  appear  leaf- 
less at  the  time  of  flowering. 

Variety  (9.  secunda.  Spike  unilateral,  hardly  twisted;  flowers 
more  slender.  Perhaps  a  difierent  species. — In  Conway,  New 
Hampshire. — July. 

Neottia  cernua.      Willd.       Drooping  Neottia.     Ladies^ 

Traces. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  three   nerved;  stem   sheathed; 
flowers  recurved-drooping ;  lip  oblong,  entire,  acute. 
Willd. 
Syn.     Ophrts  cernua.     L.. 

This  plant  is  also  distinguished,  like  several  others  of  its  genus, 
by  the  spiral  arrangement  of  its  flowers.  Lower  leaves  very 
long,  linear-lanceolate,  nerved.  Stem  round,  somewhat  fleshy, 
invested  with  short,  alternate,  leafy  sheaths;  pubescent  at  top. 
Spike  dense,  oblong.  Flowers  curving,  downward,  of  a  dull 
white  color.  Germs  ovate.  Petals  pubescent.  Lip  of  the  nec- 
tary minutely  crenulate,  somewhat  acute. — In  moist  ground,— 
August,  September. — Perennial. 


346  CLASS  XX.    ORDER  I. 

^§  Subgenus  Goodyera.  Lip  gibbous,  undivided  above;  pollen 
angular,  (Brown,)  sectile.  (Reichard.) 

Neottia  pubescens.    Willd.       Veined  Neottia.       Rattle- 
snake Plantain. 

Radical  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  reticulated  ;   scape 

sheathed,   scape  and   flowers   pubescent ;    lip  ovate, 

acuminate  ;  petals  ovate.      Willd. 

Syn.     Sattrium  re  pens.     Mich. 

Goodyera  pubescens.     Nutt. 

A  singular  plant,  remarkable  for  its  dark  leaves,  reticulated 
on  their  upper  surface  with  white  veins.  They  proceed  from 
the  root  or  base  of  the  scape  on  short  petioles,  are  ovate,  acute, 
entire,  and  generally  endure  the  winter.  Stem  or  scape  erect, 
invested  with  a  number  of  acute  sheaths,  distinctly  pubescent. 
Spike  oblong,  downy.  Flowers  white,  from  all -sides  of  the  stem. 
Petals  five,  the  three  upperm.ost  agglutinated,  the  two  lateral 
ones  spreading,  concave,  acuminate.  Nectary  swelling,  inflated, 
with  its  point  extended. — Woods. — July,  August. — Perennial. 

Neottia  repens.    Willd.  Creeping  Neottia. 

Radical  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  reticulated ;  scape 
sheathed ;  scape  and  flowers  pubescent ;  flowers  uni- 
lateral;  lip  and  petals  lanceolate. 

Syn.     Satyrium  repens.     L. 

Goodyera  repens.     Brown. 
A  smaller  plant  than  the  preceding,  and  less  distinctly  reticu- 
lated.— Low  woods . — July. — Perennial. 

359.     EPIPACTIS. 
Epipactis  convallarioides.     Willd.      Heart  leaved  Epi- 

pactis. 

Stem  two  leaved;  leaves  opposite,  heart  shaped, 
roundish,  acute;  spike  few  flowered;  lip  oblong,  ob- 
tusely two  lobed  ;  germ  roundish ;  root  fibrous. 


CLASS  XX.    ORDER  I.  347 

Syn.     Ophrys  cord  at  a.     Mx.  ? 

LiSTERA    CONVALLARIOIDES.       JVutt. 

Root  fibrous.  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  furnished  half  way  with 
two  opposite,  sessile,  broad-heart  shaped  leaves.  Flowers  in  a 
short  spike,  the  three  outer  petals  green,  the  two  inner  ones 
purplish.  Lip  bifid,  with  two  appendicles  at  base. — In  woods 
and  near  mountain  brooks  remote  from  the  sea  coast,  particu- 
larly on  the  sides  of  the  White  mountains ;  three  or  four  inches 
high. — July. — Perennial. 

360.    MALAXIS. 

Malaxis  unifolia.  3Ix.  One  leaved  Malaxis, 

Leaf  solitary,  ovate,  clasping;  scape-  five  angled; 
lip  cleft  at  the  tip. 

Syn.     Malaxis  ophioglossoides.     Willd. 

A  small  plant  with  a  single  clasping  leaf.  Flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme  with  short,  ovate,  acuminate  bractes.  Peduncles 
about  half  an  inch  long,  many  of  them  abortive.  Germ  obovate, 
furrowed.  Petals  five,  the  two  upper  ones  half  heart  shaped, 
the  two  inner  ones,  filiform,  the  lowest  deflexed  and  revolute  at 
the  edges.  Lip  erect,  heart  shaped,  cleft  at  top  with  a  tooth  in 
its  division.  Column  or  style  minute,  extended  in  front  of  the 
lip. — Woods,  rare. — June. — Perennial. 

Malaxis  liliifolia.    Willd.  Two  leaved  3Ialaxis. 

Leaves  two,  ovate-lanceolate;  scape  triangular; 
inner  petals  filiform,  reflexed  ;  lip  concave,  obovate, 
acute  at  tip. 

Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  radical.  Scape  about  six  inches 
high.  Flowers  in  a  short  raceme  ;  the  three  outer  petals  white, 
linear,  acute ;  the  two  inner  ones  capillary,  yellowish,  reflexed. 
Lip  wedge  shaped  or  obovate,  mucronate,  larger  than  the  petals. 
— Woods,  Cambridge. — Perennial. 

361.     ARETHUSA. 

§  Subgenus  Arethusa.  Lip  and  petals  adnate  to  the  style  ; 
pollen  angular. 


34S  CLASS  XX.     ORDER  I. 

Arethusa  bulbosa.     L.  Bulbous  Ardhusa, 

Root  globular ;  scape  sheathed ;  spathe  two  leaved. 
L. 

The  root  of  this  beautiful  plant  is  a  tuber  or  solid  bulb,  with 
the  sleni  ascending  from  one  side.  In  small  plants  the  stem  ap- 
pears perfectly  leafless,  and  only  invested  with  a  few  alternate 
sheaths.  In  large  plants  the  upper  sheath  expands  into  a  short 
lanceolate  leaf.  This  leaf  is  always  found  when  the  plant  is  ia 
fruit.  Stem  erect,  smooth,  bearing  one  flower,  rarely  two,  in- 
vested at  base  with  a  minute,  two  leaved  spathe.  Germ  fur- 
rowed. Petals  five,  of  a  bright,  crystalline  purple,  cucullate  or 
curved  forward,  three  exterior  and  two  interior,  all  successively 
adnate  to  the  style  above  the  germ.  Style  wedge  shaped,  in- 
curved, supporting  the  anther  near  its  end.  Lip  spreading, 
deflexed,  curled  and  crenate,  bearded  in  the  middle,  variegated 
with  purple,  yellow  and  white.  Capsule  oblong-lanceolate,  six 
ribbed,  six  valved. — Wet  m^eadows,  Brookline,  West  Cam- 
bridge.— May,  June. 

§^  Subo-enus  Pogonia.  Lip  sessile;  petals  distinct;  pollen 
farinaceous. 

Arethusa  ophioglossoides.  L.  Adders' Tongue  Arethis a. 
Root  fihrous;  scape  furnished  with  an  oval  leaf, 
and  a  lanceolate  spathe-like  leafet.     L. 
Syn.     Pogonia  ophioglossoides.     Brown. 

The  root  has  no  appearance  of  a  bulb.  Stem  erect,  with  two 
remote  leaves,  one  about'  midway  of  the  stem,  oval  and  sheath- 
ing at  base  ;  the  other  near  the  flower,  ovate-lanceolate,  much 
smaller.  Flower  pale  purple,  nodding,  its  petals  spreading  more 
than  in  the  last  species.  Lip  of  the  nectary  spreading,  fringed  at 
the  edge.  Pistil  bearing  the  anther  near  its  end,  and  shorter 
than  in  the  foregoing. — Meadows. — June. 
Arethusa  verticillata.     L.  Whorhd  Arethusa. 

Leaves  five,  oblong-lanceolate,  whorled;  flower 
single;  the  three  outer  petals  very  long  and  linear, 
the  inner  ones  lanceolate,  obtuse;  lip  three  lobed  :  the 
middle  lobe  undulated. 


CLASS  XX.    ORDER  I.  349 

Byn.     PoGONiA  verticillata.     Brown. 

From  six  to  twelve  inches  high,  with  a  single  whorl  of  smooth 
oval-lanceolate  leaves  at  the  top  of  the  stem.  Above  this  is  a 
single  flower,  the  three  outer  petals  of  a  greenish  brown,  linear, 
and  about  two  inches  long ;  inner  petals  short,  oblong,  obtuse. 
Lip  spreading,  crested  in  the  middle,  undulated  at  the  end.— At 
Medfield,  and  at  Brooklyn,  Connecticut. — July. — Perennial. 

362.     CYMBIDIUM. 
Cymbidium  pulchellum.     Sw.  Tuberous  Cymhidium. 

Leaves  radical,  ensiform,  nerved ;  scape  few  flow- 
ered ;  lip  erect,  narrowed  at  base,  with  an  expanded 
border,  and  a  concave  hairy  disc.     Sw. 
Syn.     LiMODOiiuM  tuberosum.     L. 

This  fine  plant  is  found  in  meadows  at  Cambridge,  and  else- 
where, flowering  in  July.  Root  bulbous.  Stem  one  or  two  feet 
high,  sheathed  at  base.  The  plant  has  only  one,  long,  grass 
like  sheathing  leaf.  The  spike  contains  several  alternate,  pur- 
ple flowers.  Petals  five,  spreading.  Lip  of  the  nectary  erect, 
increasing  in  width  upward,  and  furnished  toward  the  top  inside 
with  yellow,  glandular  hairs.  Style  opposite  to  this,  concave, 
dilated,  supporting  a  terminal  anther. — Perennial. 

363.     CORALLORHIZA. 

CORALLORHIZA    ODONTORHIZA.       Nutt.  DragOll' S    ClttW. 

Lip  entire,  ovate,  obtnse,  crennlale ;  spur  obsolete, 
adnate  to  the  germ  ;  stem  leafless. 
Syn.     Ctmbidium:  odontorhizon.     Willd. 

A  singular,  erect,  leafless,  fleshy  plant  of  the  woods.  Stem 
fleshy,  particularly  at  the  root,  smooth,  somewhat  furrowed,  leaf- 
less, with  several  close  sheaths.  Spike  many  flowered.  Germs 
inversely  ovate,  compressed,  striated.  Petals  five,  of  a  brown- 
ish green,  erect  or  spreading.  Lip  of  the  nectary  as  long  as  the 
petals,  ovate,  declined,  a  little  curled  at  the  edge,  white  with 
irregular,  purple  spots. — In  dark,  moist  woods. — July,  August. — 
Perennial. 

30 


350  CLASS  XX.     ORDER  II. 

diandria] 

364.     CYPRIPEDIUM. 
Cypripedium  acaule.     Ait.  Ladies^  Slipper. 

Scape   leafless,  one  flowered ;   root  leaves  two,  ob- 
long, obtuse ;  lobe  of  the  style  roiind-rhoinboidal,  acu- 
minate, deflexed ;  petals  lanceolate  ;    lip  longer  than 
the  petals,  cleft  before.      Willd.    sub.  syn. 
Syn.     Cypripedium  humile.     Siv.    Salisb.    Willd. 

This  singular  genus  are  readily  known  by  their  large,  inflated 
nectary.  The  present  species  differs  from  the  rest  in  having  no 
stem  leaves.  The  leaves  are  two,  springing  from  the  root,  large, 
oval-lanceolate,  plaited,  downy.  Flower  commonly  single,  ter- 
minal, nodding.  Spathe  lanceolate.  Petals  four,  spreading, 
green  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  the  upper  and  under  ones  lance- 
ovate,  the  two  lateral  ones  narrower,  longer,  hairy  inside,  slightly 
waved  and  twisted.  Nectary  a  large,  purple,  inflated  bag,  veined, 
villous,  and  longer  than  the  petals.  Style  over  the  base  of  the 
nectary,  supporting  two  lateral  anthers  on  the  inside,  and  ending 
in  a  broad,  roundish,  deflexed,  acute  lobe,  carinated  on  the  inside. 
Capsule  oblong,  acute,  it  sides  unequally  curved,  crowned  with 
the  style,  opening  at  the  three  principal  angles  by  a  double  fis- 
sure, between  which  the  suture  or  frame  work  is  included. — 
Woods. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

Cypripedium  parviflorum.  Willd.  Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper. 
Stem  leafy;  lobe  of  the  style  triangnlar,  acute; 
exterior  petals  ovate-oblong,  acuminate  ;  inner  petals 
linear,  twisted:  lip  shorter  than  the  petals,  com- 
pressed. 
Syn.     Cypripedium  calceolus.    Mx. 

Stem  erect,  downy.  Leaves  alternate,  clasping,  oval,  nerved, 
downy.  Upper  and  lower  petal  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
green,  striped  and  spotted  with  dark  purple;  lateral  petals  linear, 
twisted,  striped  and  spotted,  hairy  inside  at  base.  Nectary  ob- 
long-oval, yellow,  dotted  inside,  its  aperture  roundish  with  an 
inflexed  margin.     Lobe  of  the  style  triangular  or  deltoid,  de- 


CLASS  XX.     ORDER  III.  351 

pressed  in  the  middle  with  a  double  keel  underneath,  yellow. 
Stigma  rounded.  Filaments  growing  to  the  sides  of  the  style, 
projecting  over  the  anthers. — Woods,  Vermont,  New  Hampshire, 
&c. — On  the  borders  of  a  remarkable  marl  pond  in  Barnard,  Ver- 
mont.— June. — Perennial. 

Cypripedium  spectabtle.        TVilld.    Tall  Ladies^  Slipper. 

Stem  leafy;  lobe  of  the  style  elliptic-heart  shaped; 
outer  petals  broad-ovate,  obtuse;  lip  longer  than  the 
petals,  cleft  before. 

Syn.     Cypripedium  Canadense.     Mx. 

A  stout  plant  about  two  feet  high,  the  stem  and  leaves  hairy. 
Leaves  oval  lanceolate,  plaited,  exactly  resembling  those  of  Ve- 
ratrum  viride.  Flowers  two  or  three,  large,  the  lip  much  inflated 
and  variegated  with  stripes  of  purple  and  white. — In  Augusta, 
Maine;   Woodstock,  Vermont. — July. — Perennial. 

§  Subgenus .     Petals  Jive,  lip  of  the  nectary  acute. 

Cypripedium  arietinum.     Ait.  Ram's  Mead. 

Stem  leafy;  lobe  of  the  style  orbicular;  petals  five, 
the  two  lower  ones  linear  lanceolate,  deflexed,  the  two 
lateral  ones  linear,  spreading,  the  upper  one  oblong- 
ovate,  acute;  lip  as  long  as  the  petals,  inversely  conical. 

Stem  six  or  eight  inches  high  with  a  few  alternate,  lanceolate 
lieaves.  Flower  much  smaller  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing  spe- 
cies. Petals  greenish  brown,  the  upper  one  much  broadest. 
Lip  small,  inflated,  acute,  reticulated  with  red  and  white.  It  has 
been  compared  in  shape  to  a  sheep's  head,  the  lateral  petals 
representing  the  horns. — In  Hallowell,  Maine. — May. 

HEXANDRIA. 

365.    ARISTOLOCHTA. 

Aristolochia  Serpentarta.  Virginia  Snake  Root. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xlix. 

liCaves  heart  shaped,  oblong,  acuminate  ;  stem  flex- 
uous ;  peduncles  radical. 


352  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  I. 

The  root  is  extremely  fibrous,  and  sends  up  a  number  of  stems, 
simple  or  slightly  branched,  less  than  a  foot  in  height,  jointed, 
fiexuous,  and  often  of  a  reddish  tinge.  Leaves  alternate,  on 
short  petioles,  oblong,  entire,  acuminate,  heart  shaped  at  base 
and  three  nerved.  The  flowers  grow  close  to  the  ground  ;  they 
have  a  stiff,  leathery  texture,  and  a  dull  brownish  purple  color. 
The  peduncle  has  one  or  more  leafets,  and  gradually  enlarges 
into  a  furrowed,  obovate  germ.  The  corolla  consists  of  a  long? 
contorted  tube,  bent  in  the  form  of  the  letter  S.  swelling  at  its 
two  extremities,  having  its  throat  surrounded  by  an  elevated 
edge  or  brim,  and  its  border  expanded  into  a  broad,  irregular 
margin,  forming  an  upper  and  under  lip,  which  are  closed  in  a 
triangular  manner  in  the  bud.  Anthers,  twelve,  growing  in 
pairs  to  the  sides  of  the  fleshy  style,  which  is  situated  at  the 
bottom  of  the  corolla,,  and  covered  by  a  firm,  spreading,  convo- 
luted stigma,  which  extends  over  the  anthers.  Capsule  obovate, 
six  angled,  six  celled,  with  numerous,  flat,  small  seeds. — Woods 
near  New  Haven. — June. — Perennial. 


Class  XXI.  MONOECIA.  Staminiferous  and  pis- 
tiliferoiis,  or  barren  and  fertile  flowers  on  the  same 
'plant. 

Order  I.     MONANDRIA.     One  Stamen. 

366.  Najas.  Barren  flowers;  calyx  cylindrical, 
two  cleft,  stamen  long,  anther  with  four  spreading 
valves.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  none ;  style  one,  stig- 
mas two,  nut  four  seeded, 

367.  Chara.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  none,  corolla 
none;  fertile  flowers,  calyx  four  leaved,  corolla  none; 
stigma  three  cleft;  berry  many  seeded. 

368.  ZosTERA.  Spadix  linear,  bearing  the  fructifi- 
cation on  one  side  ;  calyx  none;  corolla  none  ;  anther 
sessile,  parallel  to  the  germ ;  stigmas  two ;  capsules 
one  seeded. 


CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  I.  353 

Order  IT.     DIANDRIA,      Two  stamens. 

369.  Lemna.  Calyx  one  leafed ;  corolla  none  ; 
style  one  ;  capsule  many  seeded. 

Order  III.      TRIANDRIA.      Three  stamens. 

370.  Eriocaulon.  General  calyx  an  imbricate 
head ;  corollas  three  petalled ;  seed  one,  crowned 
with  the  corolla. 

371.  Carex.  Spike  imbricate ;  calyx  glume  one 
valved;  corolla  none;  stigmas  two  or  three;  seeds 
covered  with  a  swelling  tunic. 

372.  Sparganium.  Ament  roundish;  calyx  three 
leaved ;  corolla  none ;  stigma  cloven ;  drupe  dry,  one 
seeded. 

373.  Typha.  Ament  of  barren  flowers  cylindrical, 
hairy  ;  anthers  about  three  on  each  filament.  Ament 
of  fertile  flowers  cylindrical;  seed  one,  on  a  feathery 
pedicel. 

374.  Comptonta.  Aments  imbricated ;  in  the  bar- 
ren flowers,  calyx  two  leaved  ;  corolla  none  ;  anther 
two  parted.  In  the  fertile  flowers,  calyx  six  leaved  ; 
corolla  none ;  styles  two  ;  nut  ovate. 

375.  SicYos.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  five  toothed, 
corolla  five  petalled,  anthers  cohering.  Fertile  flowers, 
calyx  five  toothed,  corolla  five  parted,  style  three 
cleft ;  fruit  prickly,  one  seeded. 

Order  lY.      TETRANDRIA.     Four  stamens. 

376.  Urtica.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  four  leaved  ; 
corolla  none;  nectary  central,  cup  shaped.  Fertile 
flowers,  calyx  two  leaved;  corolla  none;  seed  one, 
superior,  shining. 

377.  BcEHMERiA.     Barren  flowers,  calyx  four  part- 

30=^ 


354  CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  I. 

ed  ;  corolla  none.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  of  crowded 
scales  with  no  corolla,  and  a  germ  between  each 
scale  ;  style  one  ;  seed  one,  compressed. 

378.  Alnus.  Barren  flowers,  ament  composed  of 
wedge  shaped,  three  flowered  receptacles;  corolla 
four  parted.  Fertile  flowers,  scales  of  the  ament  two 
flowered ;  corolla  none  ;  styles  two ;  seed  compressed, 
ovate. 

Order  V.     PENTANDRIA.     Five  stamens. 

379.  Xanthium.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  common, 
imbricate ;  florets  funnel  form,  five  cleft ;  receptacle 
chaff'y.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  two  leaved,  two  flow- 
ered ;  corolla  none;  drupe  dry,  prickly,  cloven ;  nu- 
cleus two  celled. 

380.  Ambrosia.     Barren    flowers,    calyx   common, 

one  leaved ;  florets  funnel  form,  three  to  five  cleft ; 
receptacle  naked.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  one  leaved, 
one  flowered  ;  corolla  none  ;  nut  toothed,  one  seeded. 

381.  Amaranthus.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  three 
leaved ;  corolla  none ;  stamens  three  to  five.  Fertile 
flowers,  calyx  three  leaved;  corolla  none;  styles 
three;  capsules  one  celled,  opening  transversely; 
seed  one. 

Order  VI.     HEXANDRIA.     Six  stamens. 

382.  ZizANiA.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  none ;  corolla 
glume  two  valved,  awnless.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx 
none ;  corolla  glume  two  valved,  hooded,  awned ; 
style  two  parted ;  seed  one,  invested  with  the  corolla. 

Order  Y III.    POLYANDRIA.    Higlit  or  more  stamens. 

383.  Sagittaria,  Calyx  three  leaved;  corolla  three 
petalled.     Barren  flowers  with  about  twenty-four  sta- 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  I.  355 

mens.     Fertile  ones  with  numerous  pistils  ;  capsules 
many,  swelling,  one  seeded. 

384.  Myriophyllum.  Calyx  four  leaved,  corolla 
four  petalled.  Barren  flowers  with  eight  stamens. 
Fertile  ones  with  four  stigmas;  seeds  four,  coated. 

385.  Ceratophyllum.  Calyx  many  parted;  corolla 
none  ;  anthers  tricuspidate ;  stigma  nearly  sessile,  nut 
one  seeded. 

386.  Arum.  Spathe  one  leafed ;  spadix  cylindrical, 
naked  at  top,  with  stamens  in  the  middle  and  germs 
at  the  base ;  berries  one  celled. 

387.  Calla.  Spathe  ovate;  spadix  covered  with 
flowers  ;  corolla  none ;  berry  many  seeded. 

388.  Fagus.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  campanulate, 
five  or  six  cleft,  corolla  none;  stamens  from  eight  to 
twelve.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  from  four  to  six  tooth- 
ed, hairy;  corolla  none;  germs  two ;  nuts  two,  con- 
tained in  the  coriaceous,  four  cleft,  prickly  calyx. 

389.  Oastanea.  Barren  flowers,  anient  naked  ;  ca- 
lyx none ;  corolla  five  or  six  petalled ;  stamens  from 
five  to  twenty.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  five  or  six 
leaved,  muricated ;  corolla  none  ;  germs  three ;  styles 
six  ;  stigma  pencil  form ;  nuts  three,  contained  in  the 
prickly  calyx. 

390.  QuERcus.  Barren  flowers,  ament  naked ; 
calyx  four  or  five  cleft ;  corolla  none ;  stamens  from 
four  to  ten.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  commonly  six 
toothed;  corolla  none;  styles  from  one  to  five;  nut 
coriaceous,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent 
calyx. 

391.  JuGLANs.  Barren  flowers,  ament  imbricate  ; 
calyx  scale  form;  corolla  six  parted;  filaments  about 
eighteen.     Fertile  flowers,  calyx  four  cleft,  superior  j 


356  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  I. 

corolla  four  parted  ;    styles   two ;  drupe  coriaceous, 
with  a  grooved  nut. 

392.  Betula.  Barren  flowers,  ament  imbricate, 
scales  peltate,  three  flowered;  calyx  a  scale;  corolla 
none ;  stamens  from  ten  to  twelve.  Fertile  flowers, 
ament  imbricate ;  calyx  scale  two  flowered  ;  corolla 
none  ;  seed  one,  winged. 

393.  CoRYLUs.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  a  scale  of 
the  ament,  three  cleft ;  corolla  none ;  stamens  eight. 
Fertile  flowers,  calyx  two  cleft,  lacerated;  styles  two; 
nut  ovate,  smooth,  surrounded  with  the  persistent 
calyx. 

394.  Carpinus.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  the  scale 
of  an  ament,  roundish ;  corolla  none;  stamens  from 
eight  to  twenty.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  the  scale  of 
an  ament,  oblong;  germs  two  with  two  styles  on 
each ;  not  angular  one  celled. 

395.  OsTRYA.  Barren  flowers,  ament  imbricate; 
calyx  a  scale ;  corolla  none ;  filaments  branched. 
Fertile  flowers,  ament  naked  ;  calyx  none ;  corolla 
none ;  capsules  inflated,  imbricated,  one  seeded  at  base. 

396.  Platanus.  Aments  globular.  Barren  flow- 
ers, corolla  hardly  visible ;  anthers  growing  round  tlie 
filament.  Fertile  flowers,  corolla  many  parted ;  stig- 
ma recurved  ;  seeds  roundish,  with  a  capillary  down 
at  the  base. 

Order  IX.     MONADELPHIA.     Stamens  united. 

397.  PiNus.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  four  leaved, 
corolla  none  ;  stamens  many.  Fertile  flowers,  ament 
a  cone;  calyx  scale  two  flowered;  corolla  none;  pis- 
tils two  ;  nuts  two,  winged. 

398.  CupREssus.      Barren   flowers,  ament   imbri- 


CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  I.  357 

cate  ;  calyx  a  scale  ;  corolla  none ;  anthers  four,  with- 
out filaments.  Fertile  flowers,  anient  a  cone  ;  calyx 
scale  one  flowered  ;,  corolla  none  ;  stigmas  two  ;  nut 
angular. 

399.  Thuya.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  the  scale  of 
an  ament ;  corolla  none ;  stamens  four.  Fertile  flow- 
ers, calyx  a  two  flowered  scale  of  a  cone  ;  corolla 
none  ;  pistils  two  :  nut  one,  winged. 

400.  AcALYPHA.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  three  or 
four  leaved ;  corolla  none ;  stamens  about  twelve. 
Fertile  flowers,  calyx  three  leaved  ;  corolla  none ;  cap- 
sules three  grained,  three  celled  ;  seeds  solitary. 


MONCECIA. 
MONANDRIA. 


366.  NAJAS. 

Najas  Canadensis.     Mx.  Canada  Naiad. 

Slender,  filiform,  smooth ;  leaves  narrow  linear. 

Syn.     Caulinia  flexilis.     Nutt. 

An  obscure  floating  plant  with  dichotomous  stems,  and  crowd- 
ed linear  leaves  about  an  inch  long,  serrulate  under  a  magnifier. 
Flowers  minute,  axillary,  sessile.  Fruit  ovate,  tipped  with  the 
three  parted  style. — In  Fresh  pond,  Mr.  Eddy. 

367.  CHARA. 

Chara  vulgaris.  Common  Char  a. 

Stems  and  branches  naked  at  base ;  branchlets 
round  with  leafy  joints  ;  leaves  oblong-subulate ;  brac- 
tes  shorter  than  the  fruit. 

An  immersed  plant  growing  at  the  bottom  of  muddy  ponds 
and  ditches,  with  a  foetid  smell.  Stems  numerous,  a  foot  long, 
slender,  brittle.     Leaves  about  eight  in  a  whorl,  subulate,  acute. 


358  CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  II.,  III. 

Anther  sessile.    Germ  surrounded  with  four  leaves,  and  followed 
by  a  many  seeded  berry. — July. 

368.     ZOSTERA. 
ZosTERA  MARINA  ?     L.  Eel  Grass .     Sea  Wrack. 

Pericarps  sessile.     Sm. 

The  plant,  usually  denominated  Eel  grass  in  this  section  of  the 
the  country,  and  continually  thrown  ashore  in  large  quantities 
by  the  sea,  is  probably  the  Zostera  of  Europe.  The  leaves  are 
very  long,  linear,  obtuse,  and  when  carefully  broken,  discover  a 
multitude  of  fine  internal  filaments.  The  fructification  said  to 
grow  on  a  spadix  at  the  base  of  the  leaves,  I  have  never  been  able 
to  discover. 

DIANDRIA. 

369.     LEMNA. 
Lemna  minor.     L.  Duck  Meat. 

Leaves  sessile,  nearly  flat  on  both  sides ;  root  soli- 
tary.    L. 

This  minute  plant,  resembling  a  small  floating  scale,  multi- 
plies extensively  in  stagnant  ponds  and  ditches,  frequently  giv- 
ing a  green  appearance  to  their  whole  surface.  The  leaves, 
which  constitute  most  of  the  plant,  cohere  two  or  three  together, 
are  small,  ovate,  entire,  smooth,  and  slightly  convex  under- 
neath. Root  long,  solitary,  undivided,  terminating  in  a  small 
sheath.     Flowers  minute,  proceeding  from  a  marginal  fissure. 

TRIANDRIA. 

370.  ERIOCAULON. 
Eriocaulon  pellucidum.  Mich.  Transparent  Pipewort, 
Glabrous;  leaves  subulate,  channelled,  pellucid, 
five  nerved ;  stem  solitary ;  head  somewhat  apple- 
shaped  ;  involucre  hardly  distinct,  with  obtuse  scales. 
Mich.  abr. 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  III.  359 

Syn.    Eriocaulon  septangulare  ?     Sm. 

Found  in  ponds,  growing  under  water,  a  part  of  the  stem  only 
projecting  above  the  surface,  and  supporting  a  small,  flat  head 
of  obscure  flowers.  The  whole  plant  appears  made  up  of  a  mass 
of  cells,  whose  reticulated  appearance  is  very  obvious,  particu- 
larly in  the  root.  The  leaves  grow  in  a  tuft  at  the  bottom. 
They  are  one  or  two  inches  long,  narrow,  tapering  to  a  point, 
transparent  at  base,  like  the  root.  Stem  erect,  furnished  with  a 
sheath  at  base,  simple,  with  six  and  sometimes  seven  angles, 
terminating  in  a  small,  hemispherical  head  of  close  flowers. — 
August. 

371.     CAREX.  ' 

§  Subgenus .     Stigmas  tivo. 

Carex  cephalophora.      Willd.         Headed  Sedge  Grass, 

Spikes  androgynous,  aggregate  in  an  elliptic  head  ; 
fruit  ovate,  compressed,  bifid,  margined;  ciliate-ser- 
rate  above. 

A  slender  sedge  with  a  single  spike  or  head,  barren  at  top. — 
Found  in  woods. — June. — Perennial. 

Carex  stipata.      Willd.  Close  spiked  Sedge. 

Spikes  androgynous,  about  five,  oblong,  aggregate; 
fruit  spreading,  ovate,  acuminate,  two  pointed,  flat 
and  convex,  nerved  ;  culm  triangular,  rough. 

A  stout,  but  not  very  tall  species,  common  in  wet  meadows, 
forming  tufts.  Spikelets  five  or  six,  barren  above,  crowded  into 
an  irregular,  interrupted  spike. — May,  June. — Perennial. 

Carex  sparganioides.  Burr  Reed  Sedge. 

Spikes  androgynous,   many  flowered,  about  eight, 

ovate,  rather  approximated  ;   fruit  ovate,  compressed, 

margined,  bifid,  ciliate-serrate  at  the  edge,  horizontal. 

A  tall  sedge  with  a  long  interrupted,  spike. — Ditches  and  wet 
grounds. — May,  June. — Perennial. 


360  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  III. 

Carex  scoparia.  Brown  Sedge, 

Spikes  androgynous,  about  five,  alternate,  ellipti- 
cal, obtuse,  subapproximate ;  fruit  ovate-lanceolate, 
margiued,  two  pointed  ;  bractes  oblong,  mucronate. 

Rather  below  the  middle  size,  with  a  few  small,  sessile,  oval 
spikes  or  heads  near  together. — In  moist  and  sometimes  dry 
ground. — June. — Perennial. 

Carex  Curta.  Loose  Sedge. 

Spikes  androgynous,  about  six,  alternate,  cylindri- 
cal ;  fruit  ovate,  flat  and  convex,  rather  acute,  entire 
at  the  mouth,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  scale. 

Forms  tufts  in  wet  meadows. — June. — Perennial. 
Carex  ciESPiTOSA.  Turfy  Sedge. 

Barren  spike  one  ;  fertile  spikes  about  three,  cylin- 
drical, obtuse,  distant,  the  lower  one  with  a  short  ex- 
serted  peduncle ;  fruit  ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the 
oblong,  obtuse  scale. 

Slender,  with  dense,  hard,  blackish  spikes.  Forms  tufts  in 
boggy  meadows. — Common. — May. — Perennial. 

Carex  crinita.  C'Aq^y  Sedge. 

Barren  spikes  two ;  fertile  spikes  four,  distant,  pe- 
dunculated, pendulous,  cylindrical;  fruit  roundish- 
elliptical,  ventricose,  short-beaked,  entire  at  the 
mouth,  shorter  than  the  oblong  awned  scale. 

About  three  feet  high,  distinguished  by  its  very  long,  pendu- 
lous, bristly  spikes. — In  wet  swamps  and  ditches. — May,  June. 
— Perennial. 

Carex  stellulata.     Gooden.  Prickly  Sedge. 

Spikes  androgynous ;  about  three,  remote ;  diver- 
gent, acuminate,  entire  at  the  mouth.     Swj. 

Found  in  w^et  meadows.  It  has  three  or  four  roundish  spikes 
with  divergent  fruit,  resembling  small  burrs. — June. — Perennial. 


CLASS  XXL     ORDER  IIL  351 

^§  Subgenus .     Stigmas  three. 

Garex  marginata.  Eai^ly  Sedge. 

Barren  spike  one;  fertile  spikes  about  two,  approx- 
imated, roLindish,  snbsessile;  fruit  globular,  downy, 
two  toothed,  longer  than  the  oblong-ovate  scale ;  radi- 
cal leaves,  when  old,  longer  than  the  cnlm. 

A  small  species,  three  or  four  inches  high,  and  the  earliest 
grass  which  flowers  in  this  vicinity.  The  fertile  spikes  are 
small  and  ovate  or  oblong  when  in  flower,  but  globular  in  fruit. 
— Dry  woods. — April. — Perennial. 

Carex   lupulina.  Hop  Sedge. 

Barren  spike  one;  fertile  spikes  three,  on  included 
peduncles,  oblong,  approximate;  bractes  very  long, 
foliaceous ;  fruit  ovate,  ventricose,  nerved,  with  a 
long,  conical,  two  pointed  beak,  many  times  longer 
than  the  ovate,  mucronate  scale. 

Very  noticeable  in  meadows  and  ditches  for  its  large,  oblong, 
nodding,  turgid  spikes  of  fruit. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

Carex  folliculata.  Round  spiked  Sedge. 

Barren  spike  one ;  fertile  spike  commonly  one, 
about  six  flowered,  with  a  visible  footstalk ;  stigmas 
three;  fruit  ovate,  inflated,  nerved,  its  beak  with  a 
two  parted  mouth;  scale  ovate,  shorter  than  the  fruiL 

Rather  smaller  than  the  last,  with  commonly  a  single,  short, 
subsessile,  inflated,  fruit-spike. — Swamps. — June. — Perennial. 

Carex  flava.  Yellow  Sedge. 

Barren  spike  one ;  fertile  spikes  about  three,  sub- 
approximate,  elliptical,  with  included  peduncles;  fruit 
ovate,  reflexed,  with  a  curved  two- toothed  beak,  lon- 
ger than  the  ovate-lanceolate  scale. 

A  slender  carex  of  the  middle  size,  with  short,  oval,  yellowish 
fruit  spikes. — Moist  ground. — June. — Perennial. 
31 


362  CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  III. 

Carex  plantaginea.  Broad  leaved  Sedge. 

Barren  spike  one;  fertile  spikes  four,  distant;  fruit 
elliptical,  three  cornered,  pedicelled,  smooth,  shorter 
than  the  ovate,  pointed  scale;  root-leaves  lanceolate, 
nerved. 

A  low  species  with  very  broad,  lanceolate,  spreading  leaves. — 
Woods,  May. — Perennial. 

Carex  anceps.  Sharp  edged  Sedge. 

Barren  spike  one ;  fertile  spikes  three,  remote,  the 
lower  ones  pedunculated ;  fruit  ovate,  nerved,  mem- 
branous at  the  mouth,  longer  than  the  oblong,  mucro- 
nate  scale. 

Below  the  middle  size.  Angles  of  the  culm  extended  and 
almost  winged.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate. — Low  grounds. — 
May,  June. — Perennial. 

Carex  flexxjosa.  Slender  Sedge. 

Barren  spike  one;  fertile  spikes  about  four,  remote, 

filiform  on  drooping  stalks;  fruit  distant,   alternate, 

oblong,  beaked,  bifid,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate,  mu- 

cronate  scale. 

Syn.     Carex  debilis.     Mx. 

Carex  tenuis.     Rudge. 

A  very  slender  carex  with  flaccid  spikes. — Found  in  wet  mead- 
ows, &c. — June. — Perennial. 

Carex  Pseudo-cyperus.  Large  spiked  Sedge. 

Barren  spike  one ;  fertile  spikes  four,  geminate,  pe- 
dunculated, pendulous,  cylindrical ;  fruit  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, two  pointed,  reflexed,  equal  to  the  setaceous 
scale. 

Very  large  with  long,  stout,  cylindrical,  pendulous  spikes,  ex- 
ceeding in  size  those  of  any  species  here  mentioned. — Ditches 
and  ponds. — June,  July. — Perennial. 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  III.  353 

Carex  lacustris.  Lake  Scdse. 

Barren  spikes  four ;  fertile  spikes  two,  erect,  cylin- 
drical, pedunculated;  fruit  oblong,  many  nerved, 
beaked,  forked,  longer  than  the  oblong,  mucronate 
scale. 

A  very  stout  carex,  three  feet  high,  with  commonly  four  bar- 
ren spikes  at  top.  Ditches  and  brooks,  Roxbury. — May,  June. — 
Perennial. 

372.     SPARGANIUM. 
Sparganium  ramosum.     Sm.  Burr  Reed. 

Leaves  triangular  at  the  base,  their  sides  concave ; 
common  flower  stalk  branched  ;  stigma  linear.     Sm. 

Readily  distinguished  from  other  Reeds  and  Flags,  by  the  round 
burrs  or  heads  of  flowers  on  its  branches.  The  radical  leaves 
are  three  sided  at  base,  erect,  at  length  becoming  sword  shaped, 
with  rather  obtuse  points.  Stem  leaves  concave  and  sheathing. 
The  stem  is  erect,  round,  and  smooth,  with  several  branches. 
Heads  of  flowers  alternate,  sissile;  the  lowermost  fertile,  the 
uppermost  barren,  smaller  and  more  numerous. — In  ditches  at 
Cambridgeport,  and  elsewhere. — July. — Perennial. 

Sparganium  angustifolium.  Mx.  ?  Narrow  Sparganium. 

Leaves  flat,  narrow-linear,  longer  than  the  stem. 

Specimens  are  found  in  this  vicinity,  which  answer  generally 
to  Michaux's  description,  but  not  having  seen  them  in  deep  wa- 
ter, I  am  unable  to  say  whether  the  leaves  are  ever  floating. 

373.    TYPHA. 
Typha  latifolia.     L.  Water  Flag.     Beed  Mace. 

Leaves  somewhat  ensiform ;  barren  and  fertile 
spikes  approximated.     L. 

The  Typha  latifolia  is  an  inhabitant  of  a  great  variety  of  cli- 
mates and  countries.  It  is  common  in  deep  waters,  about  the 
margin  of  rivers  and  ponds.  Leaves  erect,  linear-sword  shaped 
and  very  long.     Stem  five  or  six  feet  high,  round,  straight,  and 


364  CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  Iir, 

smooth.  The  fertile  flowers  form  a  large,  very  compact,  cylin- 
drical spike  or  ament,  over  and  adjoining  which  is  a  spike  of 
barren  flowers.  The  leaves  of  this  plant  are  much  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  chairs. — July. — Perennial. 

TypiiA  ANGusTiFOLiA.     L.  Narvow  Flag. 

Leaves  linear,  channelled;  barren  and  fertile  spikes 
remote,  both  cylindrical. 

In  similar  situations  with  the  last.  Leaves  smaller.  Barren 
and  fertile  spikes  at  different  heights  on  the  stem,  separated  by 
a  short  interval. — July. — Perennial. 

a74.     COMPTONIA. 
CoMPTONiA  ASPLENiFOLiA.     Alt,  Swect  Fem, 

S'l/n.       LiQUIDAMBAR    ASPLENIFOLIUM.       L. 

This  handsome  shrub  possesses  a  peculiar,  and  somewhat  spicy 
scent.  It  is  pretty  common  on  hills  and  in  dry  woods,  attaining 
to  the  height  of  about  two  or  three  feet,  the  branches  covered 
with  a  brownish  red  bark^  which  is  hairy  or  downy  in  the  young 
shoots.  The  leaves  are  numerous,  alternate,  inserted  by  short 
petioles,  somewhat  hairy,  linear-lanceolate,  having  their  sides 
cut  almost  to  the  middle  rib  into  numerous,  roundish  lobes 
marked  by  parallel  veins.  The  middle  vein  is  prominent  be- 
neath and  hairy.  At  the  base  of  each  leaf  is  a  pair  of  half  heart 
shaped,  acuminate  stipules,  and  frequently  an  additional  pair  of 
ovate  ones  below  them.  The  barren  flowers  form  erect,  cylindri- 
cal aments,  which  bend  over  as  they  decay.  They  appear  in 
May,  and  occupy  the  extremities  of  the  branches.  Each  ament 
is  composed  of  brownish,  hairy,  concave,  reniform,  acuminate 
scales,  closely  imbricating  each  other.  Each  scale  contains  six 
m  eight  oblong,  crowded  anthers,  supported  on  the  inside  by  a 
minute  calyx  of  two  oblong,  scarious  leafets,  which  frequently 
remain  on  the  rachis  when  the  scale  is  detached,, and  thus  escape 
observation.  The  fertile  flowers  are  situated  lower  upon  the 
branches,  forming  a  crowded  and  almost  globular  ament,  resem- 
bling a  small  burr.  Each  stem  of  this  ament  contains  a  calyx 
of  about  six  linear  leaves  which  extend  far  beyond  the  scales 
so  as  generally  to  conceal  them.     The  calyx  contains  an  oval 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  IV.  355 

germ  surmounted  by  two  capillary,  diverging  styles.  The  fruit 
is  a  small,  ovate,  chesnut  colored,  one  celled  nut.  The  leaves 
and  fruit  have  a  strong  and  somewhat  fragrant  scent. 

375.  SICYOS. 

SiCYOs  ANGULATA.     L.  One  seeded  Cucumber. 

Leaves  heart  shaped,  five  angled,  denticulate,  acu- 
minate, rough  ;  fruit  hispid,  in  heads. 

A  climbing  plant  with  spiral  divided  tendrils,  and  somewhat 
the  aspect  of  a  cucum^Der  vine.  The  fruit,  which  grows  in  heads, 
contains  a  single  seed,  as  large  as  that  of  a  watermelon.  About 
cultivated  grounds. — July. — Annual. 

_  TETRANDRIA. 

376.  URTICA. 

Urtica  dioica.     L.  Large  stinging  Nettle. 

Leaves    opposite,    heart  shaped  ;     clusters    much 
branched,  in  pairs,  mostly  dioecious.     S?}i. 

The  sensible  qualities  of  this  plant  are  so  convincing,  that  a 
botanical  description  would  hardly  be  necessary  to  identify  it 
did  not  some  others  of  the  genus  possess  similar  properties.  Its 
power  of  stinging  resides  in  its  minute,  tubular  hairs  or  prickles, 
which  transmit  a  poisonous  fluid.  It  grows  commonly  in  bunches 
about  the  road  sides.  Stem  erect,  obtusely  quadrangular.  Leaves 
opposite,  heart  shaped,  toothed.  Racemes  axillary,  in  pairs, 
spreading,  branched.  Flowers  small,  obscure,  green. — July. 
August. — Perennial. 

The  plant  varies  in  the  length  and  base  of  its  leaves. 

Urtica  urens.    L.  Small  Nettle. 

Leaves  opposite,  elliptical,  somewhat  five  nerved, 
racemes  nearly  simple. 

The  whole  plant  is  covered  like  the  preceding  with  stinging 
bristles.  Leaves  three  or  five  nerved.  Racemes  axillary,  mostly 
simple,  and  generally  shorter  than  the  leafstalk. 

An  annual  weed  introduced  from  Europe. 
31# 


366  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  IV, 

Urtica  Canadensis.    L.  Canada  Nettle. 

Leaves  alternate,  heart-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
hispid  on  both  sides;  panicles  axillary,  mostly  gemi- 
nate, with  divaricate  branches,  the  lower  ones  barren, 
longer  than  the  petioles,  upper  ones  fertile,  elongated; 
stem  hispid  and  stinging. 

Five  or  six  feet  high  with  large  leaves. — On  the  banks  of  Con- 
necticut river,  in  Orford,  New  Hampshire. — This  appears  to  be 
the  plant  formerly  proposed  by  Mr.  Whitlow  as  a  substitute  for 
hemp. 

Urtica  Pumila.     L.  Richweed. 

Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  three  nerved, 
serrate  ;  lower  petioles  as  long  as  the  leaf;  flowers 
monoecious,  triandrous,  in  corymbed  heads,  shorter 
than  the  petioles.      Willd. 

A  weed  about  houses,  distinguished  by  its  stem^  which  is 
fleshy  and  almost  transparent.  Leaves  smooth  and  shining, 
regularly  toothed  or  serrate,  very  distinctly  three  nerved,  with 
long  petioles.  Flowers  in  short  axillary  racemes  or  heads,  re- 
peatedly forked  and  recurved. — August. — September. — Annual. 

377.     BCEHMERIA, 
BcEHMERiA  CYLiNDRicA.    Willd.  Common  BceJimeria. 

Leaves  opposite,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  dentate, 
glabrous;  flowers  dioecious  ;  barren  spikes  interrupt- 
ed, fertile  ones  cylindrical ;  stem  herbaceous.  Willd. 
Syn.    Urtica  ctlindrica.     L. 

Stem  erect,  round,  channelled,  hairy  or  subglabrous.  Leaves 
opposite,  petioled,  ovate,  toothed,  three  nerved,  acuminate. 
Spikes  axillary,  simfle,  of  many  whorls,  leafy  at  top.  The  bar- 
ren flowers,  while  young,  apj>ear  like  white  buds  or  seeds,  and 
consist  of  a  four  leaved  calyx  and  four  elastic  stamens.  Fertile 
flowers  more  numerous,  with  ovate  germs  and  pubescent  styles* 
— Edges  of  swamps,  on  the  Concord  turnpike. — July. — Pe- 
rennial. 


CLASS  XXL     ORDER  V.  367 

378.     ALNUS. 
Alnus  serrulata.     Willd.  Common  Alder. 

Leaves  obovate,  acuminate,  the  veins  and  their  axils 
hairy  underneath  ;  stipules  elliptical;  obtuse.    Willd. 
Syn.     Betula  serrulata.     Ait. 

The  Alder  grows  in  wet  grounds,  and  forms  large  thickets  in 
swamps  and  about  the  edges  of  streams  and  ponds.  Considered 
as  a  tree  it  ranks  with  those  of  the  smallest  size.  Its  leaves  are 
oval  or  inversely  ovale,  serrate,  acute,  or  slightly  acuminate,  fur- 
nished underneath  with  prominent,  parallel,  hairy  veins.  Bar- 
ren aments  pendulous,  each  scale  containing  about  three  flowers 
which  have  four  petals  and  four  stamens..  Fertile  ones  short, 
rigid,  forming  a  persistent  cone. — Match,  April. 

Alnus  Glauca.    Mx.  f.  Glaucous  Alder. 

Leaves  roundish,  elliptical,  doubly  serrate,  glaucous 
underneath. 
Syn.     Alnus  incana.     Willd. 

Michaux  thinks  this  species  to  be  about  a  third  taller  than  the 
preceding.  It  is  distinguishable  at  sight  by  its  larger  and  coarser 
leaves,  which  are  of  a  pale  bluish  green  underneath. — Swamps* 
— West  Cambridge  and  elsewhere. — April. 

PENTANDRIA. 

379.     XANTHIUM. 
Xanthium  strumarium.    L.  Sea  Burdock. 

Stem  unarmed ;  leaves  heart  shaped,  three  nerved. 
L. 

A  very  rough  plant,  growing  at  the  edges  of  beaches,  &c., 
near  the  salt  water.  Stem  erect,  spotted,  bristly.  Leaves  hard 
and  rough  like  a  file,  heart  shaped,  serrate,  on  long  petioles. 
The  fruit  is  an  oval  burr,  or  nut  of  two  cells,  covered  with  stiff 
thorns,  and  ending  in  a  pair  of  strong  points,  like  horns. — 
August. 


368  CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  V. 

380.  AMBROSIA. 
Ambrosia  elatior.  L.  Tall  Ambrosia.  RomanWormwood. 
Leaves  twice  pinnatifid,  smoothish,  petioles  ciliated; 
racemes  terminal,  panicled  ;  stem  wandlike.  Willd. 
A  troublesome  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  hardly  entitled  to 
the  character  which  its  name  might  imply.  Stem  erect,  branch- 
ing, from  one  to  three  feet  high.  Leaves  bipinnatifid,  the  upper 
ones  pinnatifid,  with  parallel  segments  gradually  decreasing  in 
length  toward  the  point.  Barren  flowers  nodding,  small,  in  ter- 
minal racemes.  Fertile  flowers  lower  down,  sessile  about  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves. — August,  September. — Annual. 

Ambrosia  trifida.     L.  Giant  Ambrosia, 

Hairy,  rough  ;  leaves  three  lobed,  serrate,  the  lobes 
oval-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  fruit  with  six  spines  be- 
low the  lip. 

Much  larger  in  all  its  parts  than  the  preceding,  and  sometimes 
six  or  seven  feet  high. — On  the  banks  of  Connecticut  river, 
Northampton. — August. — Annual. 

381.     AMARANTHUS. 
Amaranthus  hybridus.     L.  Hybrid  Amaranth. 

Racemes  pentandrous,  decompound,  crowded,  erect; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate.      Willd. 

This  is  a  common  weed  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Stem  erect,  furrowed,  somewhat  hairy.  Leaves  alternate,  on 
long  petioles,  green,  ovate,  mostly  entire,  mucronated,  the  lower 
ones  retuse  at  the  end.  The  flowers  are  crowded,  small,  and 
obscure,  forming  large,  green  clusters,  axillary  and  terminal, 
which  turn  to  a  dull  red  as  the  plant  grows  old. — Annual. 

Amaranthus  blitum.      Willd.  Low  Amaranth. 

Racemes  triandrous,    somewhat    spiked ;    flowers 

three  leaved  ;  leaves  ovate,  retuse;  stem  spreading. 

Found  in  the  same  places  as  the  last.  A  smaller  plant, 
spreading  or  prostrate. — July. 


CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  VI.,  VIII.  3^9 

HEXANDRIA. 

382.     ZIZANIA. 
ZizANiA  AQuiTACA.     Ph.       Canada  Rice.     Water  Oats. 
Panicle  pyramidal,  the  lower  branches  divaricate 
and   barren,  the  upper  ones  spiked  and  fertile ;  pedi- 
cels clavate  ;  flowers  long  awned  ;  seed  linear. 

Syn.      ZlZANIA    CLAVULOSA.      Mr. 

This  interesting  plant  grows  in  deep  water  at  the  edges  of 
ponds  and  sluggish  streams.  It  resembles,  at  a  distance,  slender 
shoots  of  Indian  corn,  but  often  grows  to  the  height  of  five  or 
six  feet  from  the  bottom.  Culm  jointed,  as  large  as  the  little 
finger.  Leaves  broad-linear,  panicle  a  foot  or  more  in  length, 
the  lower  branches  with  Spreading,  barren  flowers,  the  upper 
with  appressed,  erect,  fertile  ones.  The  seeds  are  blackish, 
smooth,  narrow,  cylindrical,  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long, 
deciduous ;  within  they  are  white  and  farinaceous.— In  a  brook 
near  the  Punch-bowl,  Brookline  ;  in  the  brook  which  divides 
Cambridge  from  AVest  Cambridge. — July,  August. 

The  Zizania  will  probably  at  some  day  be  an  object  of  culti- 
vation, since  it  afibrds  a  means  of  rendering  useful  large  tracts 
of  inundated  ground,  and  stagnant  water.  Horses  appear  to  be 
fond  of  it,  and  no  plant,  now  employed  as  forage,  offers  a  larger 
crop.  The  grain  afforded  by  this  plant  has  the  qualities  of  rice, 
and  is  yielded  in  large  quantity.  It  is,  however,  very  deciduous, 
and  on  this  account  difficult  to  collect,  since  the  seeds  drop  into 
the  water  almost  as  soon  as  they  are  ripe.  The  Indians  collect 
them  for  food  on  the  lakes,  by  pushing  their  canoes  among  them 
and  beating  the  rice  into  the  boat,  while  the  plant  is  standing. 

POLYANDRIA. 

383.     SAGITTARIA. 

Sagittaria  sagittifolia.     L.  Arrow  Head. 

Leaves  sagittate,  acute.     Lf. 

Common  in  meadows,  by  the  sides  of  brooks  and  ditches,  put- 
ting out  its  white  flowers  in  July  and  August.  The  root  is 
fleshy,  and  has  been  used  as  food  in  times  of  scarcity.  The 
leaves  are  radical,  large,  smooth^  and  entire,  very  distinctly  ar- 


370  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  VIII. 

row  shaped,  with  an  acute  point  and  lobes.  Scape  somewhat 
triangular,  bearing  whorls  of  three  flowers  each,  on  simple  foot- 
stalks. Petals  three,  roundish,  very  thin  and  deciduous,  and  dif- 
ficult to  preserve.  Stamens  in  the  upper  flowers;  pistils  in  the 
lower.     Fruit  in  globular  heads. — Perennial. 

SaGITTARIA   AUCL'TIFOLIA. 

Leaves  lanceolate-subulate,  sheathing  at  base,  con- 
vex on  the  back  ;  scape  few  flowered  ;  bractes  dilated, 
acuminate. 

Root  fibrous,  its  branches  white  and  reticulated,  by  numerous 
transverse  partitions.  There  is  generally  a  tuber  among  these. 
Leaves  very  small,  linear-lanceolate,  fleshy,  concave.  Petioles 
six  times  as  long,  smooth,  round,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Scape 
erect,  round,  simple,  bearing  its  flowers  in  whorls  of  about  three 
together.  Flowers  monoecious  petioled,  with  membranous  brac- 
tes. Calyx  leaves  concave,  obtuse.  Petals  roundish,  white. 
Anthers  short,  roundish.  Germs  numerous,  ending  in  small  de- 
pressed heads  of  acute  seeds. — Edges  of  Fresh  pond. — August. — 
Perennial.  . 

384.    MYRIOPHYLLUM. 
Myriophyllum  spicatum.     Z,.        Spiked  Water  Millfoil. 

Leaves  all  pinnate,  capillary  ;  spike  terminal, 
whorled,  naked.      Willd. 

This  plant  grows  in  deep  ponds  and  rivers,  where  it  is  fre- 
quently drawn  up  by  the  lines  of  anglers.  Stems  long,  smooth, 
floating.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  four  or  five  together,  finely  divided 
or  pectinate,  always  under  water.  The  flowering  spikes,  which 
are  the  only  part  that  emerges,  are  solitary,  bearing  their  flow- 
ers in  small  sessile  whorls.  Bractes  three  to  each  flower,  ovate, 
acute,  the  middle  one  much  largest.  Calyx  leaves  short,  acute. 
Petals  oblong,  obtuse,  brownish  green,  caducous. — July,  August. 
— -Perennial. 

*  Myriophyllum  tenellum.  Slender  Water  Millfoil. 

M.  erectum,  aphylUim ;  hracteis  integris,  obtiisis ; 
petalis  linearibus  conduplicatis  et  revolutis. 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  VIII.  371 

Erect,  leafless ;  bractes  entire,  obtuse  ;  petals  lin- 
ear, condiiplicate  and  revolute. 

Root  creeping.  Stem  simple,  erect,  four  to  twelve  inches 
high,  round,  smooth,  leafless.  Flowers  alternate,  sessile,  with 
oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  concave  bractes,  twice  as  long  as  the 
flower.  Calyx  leaves  very  short,  acute.  Petals  white,  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  doubled  back- 
ward and  afterward  revolute.  Stamens  in  the  upper  flowers, 
erect,  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  anthers  oblong.  Germs  in  the  lower 
flowers,  four,  adnate;  stigmas  four,  persistent,  recurved,  pubes- 
cent, becoming  feathery.  Capsules  four,  growing  together. — In 
the  edge  of  Fresh  pond,  also  at  Tewksbury  and  Plymouth.  It  is 
sometimes  quite  out  of  water  and  is  then  very  small. — July. — 
Perennial. 

*  Myriophyllum  procumbens.  Dwarf  MyriophyUum.. 

M.  caiile  procumbente  ;  foliis  pinnatifidis ,  subsexji- 
dis  ;  floribus  axillaribus,  soliiariis,  sessilibus. 

Stem  procumbent  ;  leaves  pinnatifid,  about  six 
cleft;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile. 

Stem  slender,  round,  flexuous,  rooting,  branched.  Leaves 
alternate,  pinnatifid,  with  five  or  six  narrow,  fleshy  segments ; 
the  lower  ones  sometimes  linear.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  ses- 
sile. Calyx  segments  four,  oblong,  concave.  Anthers  four,  ob- 
long. Germs  four,  oblong,  tapering  upward;  stigmas  curving 
outwardly. — July. 

This  minute  plant  grows  upon  the  mud  about  ponds,  and  was 
first  sent  to  me  from  Danvers  by  Dr.  Nichols.  A  specimen 
which  Dr.  Boott  received  from  the  herbarium  of  Michaux, 
marked  "iW.  scabraium,''''  resembled  this  nearly,  except  in  being 
somewhat  larger.    Mr.  Nuttall's  M.  limosum  is  perhaps  a  variety. 

385.     CERATOPHYLLUM. 

Geratophyllum  echinatUxM.      Gray.  Hornwort. 

Fruit   elliptical,    slightly   compressed,   with    three 

short   spines,    strongly    muricated ;    margins   armed 

with  blunt  teeth,  which  finally  become  weak  spines. 


372  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  VIII. 

Syn.     Ceratophtllum  demersum.     Pursh. 

An  aquatic,  submersed  plant  like  some  of  the  Myriophylla. 
Stems  slender,  branched,  floating.  Leaves  whorled,  linear  di- 
chotomous,  toothed  on  the  beak.  Flowers  axillary,  sessile,  ob- 
scure. Fruit  armed  with  the  persistent  style,  and  usually  two 
other  spines.  It  has  been  considered  a  variety  of  C.  demersum  of 
Europe. 

3S6.     ARUM. 
Arum  triphyllum.   L.       Dragon  Roof.     Indian  Turnip. 
Stemless ;    leaves   trifoliate ;    leafets   oval,    entire. 
Mich. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  iv, 

A  singular  and  not  inelegant  plant,  native  of  our  swamps  and 
wet  woods.  The  root  is  round  and  flattened,  its  upper  part  tu- 
nicated  like  the  onion,  its  lower  and  larger  portion  tuberous  and 
fleshy,  giving  ofi"  numerous,  long,  white  radicles  in  a  circle  from 
its  upper  edge.  It  is  covered  on  the  under  side  with  a  dark, 
loose,  wrinkled  skin.  Leaves  usually  one  or  tw^o,  on  long,  sheath- 
ing footstalks,  composed  of  three  oval,  mostly  entire,  acuminate 
leafets,  which  are  smooth,  paler  on  the  under  side,  and  becoming 
glaucous  as  the  plant  grows  older,  the  two  lateral  ones  somewhat 
rhomboidal.  Scape  erect,  round,  green  or  variegated  with  pur- 
ple, invested  at  base  by  the  petioles,  and  by  acute  sheaths.  This 
supports  a  large,  ovate,  acuminate  spathe,  convoluted  into  a 
tube  at  bottom,  but  flattened  and  bent  over  at  the  top,  like  a 
hood.  Its  internal  color  is  exceedingly  various,  even  in  plants 
growing  together.  In  some  it  is  wholly  green,  in  others,  dark 
purple  or  black.  In  most,  it  is  variegated,  with  pale  greenish 
stripes  on  a  dark  ground.  The  spadix  is  much  shorter  than  the 
spathe,  club,  shaped,  rounded  at  the  end,  green,  purple,  black 
or  variegated,  suddenly  contracted  into  a  narrow  neck  at  base, 
and  surrounded  below  by  the  stamens  or  germs.  In  the  barren 
plants  its  base  is  covered  with  conical,  fleshy  filaments,  bearing 
from  two  to  four  circular  anthers  each.  In  the  fertile  plants  it 
is  invested  with  roundish,  crowded  germs,  each  tipped  with  a 
stigma.  Plants  which  are  perfectly  monoecious,  and  which  are 
the  least  common,  have  stamens  below  the  germs.     There  are 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  Vlll.  373 

also  frequently  found  irregular  reniform  substances,  much  larger 
than  the  anthers,  of  which  they  seem  to  be  a  disease.  The 
upper  part  of  the  spadix  withers  with  the  spathe,  while  the 
germs  grow  into  a  large,  compact  bunch  of  shining  scarlet 
berries. 

Every  part  of  the  Arum,  and  especially  the  root,  is  violently 
acrid,  and  almost  caustic.  Applied  to  the  tongue,  or  to  any  se- 
creting surface,  it  produces  an  effect  like  Cayenne  pepper,  but 
far  more  powerful,  so  much  so,  as  to  leave  a  permanent  soreness 
of  many  hours'  continuance.  This  acrimony  is  of  a  volatile 
nature  and  disappears  upon  boiling  or  drying.  It  consists  of  an 
inflammable  substance,  volatile  at  low  temperatures,  and  not 
combining  with  water,  or  alcohol.— May. — Perennial. 

387.     CALLA. 
Calla   palustris.     L.  Northern  Calla. 

Leaves  heart  shaped  ;  spathe  flat;  spadix  covered 
with  perfect  flowers. 

A  handsome  aquatic  plant.  Root  as  large  as  the  finger,  joint- 
ed, creeping.  Leaves  on  long  stalks,  smooth,  entire,  heart 
shaped,  acuminate  with  an  involute  point.  Scape  smooth,  a 
little  compressed.  Spathe  oval,  spreading,  recurved,  clasping  at 
base,  ending  in  a  cylindrical  or  involute  point ;  green  on  the 
outside,  white  within.  Spadix  oblong-oval,  covered  with  flow- 
ers which  present  the  appearance  of  large,  crowded,  greenish 
germs,  surrounded  with  white  stamens. 

The  root  is  acrid  like  that  of  Arum,  but  the  pungency  disap- 
pears in  drying.     Linnaeus  says  the  Laplanders  use  it  for  bread. 

Calla  Virginica.     Mich.  Virginian  Calla. 

Leaves  sagittate-hastate,  with  obtuse  lobes;  spathe 
elongated,  incurved.     Mich. 

Syn.     Arxjm  Virginicum.     L. 

The  leaves  of  this  plant  may  be  mistaken  at  sight  for  those  of 
Sagittaria,  from  which  they  differ  in  their  shorter  and  more  ob- 
tuse lobes,  and  the  different  distribution  of  their  nerves.  They 
are  radical,  numerous,  large  and  smooth,  with  semicylindricai 
petioles.  Spathe  erect,  green,  fleshy,  cylindrical,  acuminate,  and 
32 


374  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  VIII. 

waved  at  its  edge.  Spadix  shorter  than  the  spathe,  tapering  to 
a  point,  and  covered  with  flowers.  Anthers  oblong-hexagonal, 
covering  the  upper  part  of  the  spadix.  Germs  below,  roundish, 
tipt  with  the  stigma. — Borders  of  ponds. — June,  July. 

3S8.     FAGUS. 
Fagus   ferruginea.     Aif.  Beech  Tree. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  down 7  underneath,  with 
large  teeth,  ciliate  at  the  margin.      Willd. 

The  Beech  tree  is  known  in  winter  by  its  smooth  bark,  its 
narrow,  acute  buds,  and  marcescent  leaves.  The  leaves  are 
ovate,  fringed  with  fine  hairs  at  the  edge,  furnished  with  paral- 
lel veins  like  those  of  the  chesnut,  and  with  indentations  of 
moderate  depth  at  the  edge.  Calyx  investing  the  fruit  some- 
what ovate,  muricated,  with  soft,  short  prickles.     Nut  triangular. 

The  wood  of  the  beech  is  not  accounted  very  durable,  when 
exposed  to  the  vicissitudes  of  weather. 

389.     CASTANEA. 
Castanea  vesca.      JVilld.  Chesnut  Tree. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronate- 
serrate,  naked  underneath.      Willd. 

A  very  large  and  majestic  tree.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is 
coarsely  divided  by  longitudinal  fissures.  Leaves  half  a  foot 
long,  lanceolate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  with  simple,  prominent, 
parallel  veins  ending  in  large,  pointed  teeth  at  the  margin, 
which  are  separated  by  obtuse  indentations.  Aments  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  yellowish.  The  calyx  investing  the  fruit  forms  a 
large,  globular  burr,  with  acute,  compound,  crowded  spines. 
Nuts  two  or  three,  their  upper  part  villous. 

The  American  Chesnut  tree  is  generally  considered  a  variety 
of  the  European.  Its  wood  is  coarse  grained,  but  light  and  du- 
rable. It  is  principally  employed  in  fencing,  for  which  use  it 
furnishes  one  of  the  best  materials. 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  VIII.  375 

390.    QUERCUS. 
QuERCus  ALBA.     L.  White   Oak. 

Leaves  somewhat  equally  piiinatifid,  their  seg- 
ments oblong,  obtuse,  mostly  entire  ;  cup  bowl-shaped, 
rough  with  tubercles  ;  acorn  ovate.     Mich.  abr. 

The  white  oak  has  long  been  recognized  among  us  as  one  of 
the  most  valuable  productions  of  our  forests.  Its  name  is  derived 
from  the  whiteness  of  the  bark,  a  character  by  which  it  may  be 
distinguished  at  any  season  of  the  year.  The  leaves  are  divided 
at  their  sides  into  a  number  of  oblong,  rounded  lobes,  which  are 
perfectly  obtuse  or  entire,  not  terminating  in  points  or  bristles. 
They  are  acute  at  base,  their  under  side  pale  or  glaucous,  and, 
when  young,  pubescent.  The  acorns  are  pretty  large,  ovate, 
contained  in  the  enlarged  calyx,  which  forms  a  cup  of  a  hemis- 
pherical form,  scaly  and  uneven  on  the  outside. 

The  wood  of  the  white  oak  is  superior  to  any  species  in  the 
northern  states  for  strength  and  durability.  Its  timber  is  much 
used  in  ship  building,  in  frames,  in  mills,  in  wagons,  ploughs, 
&c.,  and  for  the  staves  and  hoops  of  casks.  The  great  consump- 
tion of  it  for  these  purposes,  has  rendered  it  comparatively 
scarce,  so  that  poorer  species  are  often  substituted  in  the  work- 
shops of  mechanics. 

QuERCus   BicoLOR.      WUId.  Swamp  White  Oak. 

Leaves   oblong-ovate,    downy,    white   underneath, 

largely  toothed,  entire  at  base,  the  teeth  unequal  and 

dilated  ;  fruit  on  long  peduncles.     Mich.  f.  sub.  syn. 

Syn.     QuERCus  prinijs  tomentosa.     Mich. 

QuERCUS    PRINUS    DISCOLOR.       Mlch.  f. 

This  species  grows  exclusively  in  swamps  and  low  grounds. 
It  is  often  brought  to  market  as  fuel,  and  is  easily  distinguished 
by  its  bark,  which  separates  into  large,  flat  scales  or  plates. 
The  leaves  are  inversely  ovate  or  wedge  shaped,  not  sinuated, 
but  bordered  with  a  serpentine  line,  producing  large,  obtuse 
teeth.  They  are  smooth  above,  but  white  and  downy  underneath. 
The  acorns  grow  in  pairs  or  single,  on  long  stalks.  They  are 
large,  oval,  with  a  rather  small,  hemispherical  cup. 


376  CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  VIII. 

The  wood  of  the  swamp  oak  is  strong,  heavy,  and  flexible, 
easy  to  split,  and  in  point  of  durability  approaches  the  while  oak. 

duERCus  TiNCTORiA.     Bartram.  Black   Oak. 

Leaves  slightly  lobed,  the  lobes  angular ;  cup  some- 
what saucer  shaped,  acorn  depressed-globular.  Mick, 
sub.  V.  angiilosa. 

The  black  oak  grows  to  a  large  size,  and  is  uniformly  charac- 
terized by  the  rough  and  very  dark  colored  outer  bark  of  its 
trunk.  The  leaves  have  their  sides  divided  into  a  number  of 
large,  broad,  but  rather  short  lobes,  furnished  with  a  few  mucro- 
nated  teeth  and  angles.  Their  base  is  obtuse,  and  their  under 
surface,  while  young,  is  slightly  pubescent,  or  glandular.  The 
cup  of  the  fruit  is  thick,  somewhat  terbinated  and  not  deep. 
Acorn  short  and  round,  with  its  summit  depressed. 

The  bark  of  this  oak  furnishes  the  Quercitron  used  in  dying. 
It  is  also  one  of  the  best  species  used  in  the  tanning  of  leather. 
The  wood  is  much  inferior  to  that  of  the  white  oak,  but  is  often 
used  as  a  cheaper  substitute. 

QuERCus  cocciNEA.      Wang.  Scarlet  Oak. 

Leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  deeply  sinuate, 
glabrous,  the  lobes  toothed,  acute;  cup  very  scaly; 
acorn  short,  ovate.     Mich.  f. 

A  large  species  of  oak.  The  leaves  are  divided  into  long,  acute 
lobes,  by  very  deep  and  large  sinuses  ;  the  lobes  ending  in  nar- 
row teeth,  which  aremucronated  with  long,  bristle  shaped  points. 
Both  sides  of  the  leaves  are  of  a  bright,  shining  green.  The 
acorn  is  short  and  ovate,  contained  in  a  cup  with  prominent 
scales,  and  tapering  at  base.  The  wood  of  this  species,  as  well 
as  of  the  next,  is  more  open  and  porous,  also  less  durable,  than 
that  of  the  white  oak. 

Qercus  rubra.      L.  Red  Oak. 

Leaves  on  long  petioles,  glabrous,  obtusely  sinuate  ; 
cup  saucer  shaped,  nearly  smooth  ;  acorn  nearly 
ovate.     Mich.  f. 

The  red  oak  is  one  of  the  largest  of  its  genus.    Its  leaves  are 


CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  VIII.  377 

smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides,  divided  into  narrow  lobes, 
which  end  in  mucronated  teeth,  and  are  separated  by  wide  and 
rounded  sinuses.  The  acorns  are  very  large,  and  contained  in  a 
remarkably  flat,  superficial  cup,  the  scales  of  which  are  so  com- 
pact as  to  produce  a  comparatively  smooth  surface. 

The  foregoing  species  constitute  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
growth  in  the  common  woodlands  of  this  vicinity.  Their  bark 
is  the  chief  material  used  in  tanning,  and  is  occasionally  applied 
in  medicine  to  the  purposes  of  an  astringent  and  antiseptic.  Next 
to  walnut,  their  wood  is  esteemed  the  best  fuel,  and  large  quan- 
tities are  consumed  in  town,  brought  from  the  south. shore,  the 
Middlesex  canal,  and  the  adjacent  country. 

QuERCus  MONTANA.      Willd.  Rock  Chcsnut  Oak. 

Leaves   obovate,    acute    with   large,  nearly  equal 
teeth;  cup  terbinate,  rough,  acorn  oblong. 
Syn.     QuERcus  prinus  monticola.     Mx. 

This  species  has  more  entire  leaves  than  the  others  here  de- 
scribed, being  not  sinuate,  but  edged  with  large,  numerous, 
roundish  teeth.  Its  wood  resembles  that  of  the  white  oak  in 
strength,  and  its  bark  is  in  much  request  for  tanning> — On  rocky 
hills  in  Hampshire  county.  Not  often  observed  in  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity  of  Boston. 

QuERCus  CHINQUAPIN.     Pit.  Dwarf  Chesnut  Oak. 

Leaves  on  short  petioles,  obovate,  acute  at  base, 
largely  toothed,  pale  underneath,  teeth  subequal,  cal- 
lous at  tip ;  cup  hemispherical,  aconi  ovate. 

A  shrubby  species,  one  of  the  smallest  of  our  native  oaks. — 
Found  at  Attleboro',  Mr.  Emerson,  and  near  Providence,  Michaux. 

duERCus  iLiciFOLiA.      WUlil.     Shruh  Oak  or  Scruh  Oak. 

Leaves  on  long  petioles,  with  five  acute  lobes,  en- 
tire at  the  margin,  ash  colored  on  the  underside;  cup 
somewhat   top   shaped ;  acorn   roundish.      Mich.  f. 
sub.  syn. 
Syn.     QuERcus  Banisteri.     Mich.  etf. 

The  leaves  of  the  shrub  oak  are  small,  commonly  divided  into 
32^ 


378  CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  Vllf. 

five,  and  sometimes  three  acute  lobes,  terminated  by  a  bristle. 
They  are  of  a  pale  color  underneath,  and  downy  on  the  same  side 
when  young.  The  acorns  are  small,  short,  dark  colored  and 
striated. 

The  shrub  oak  grows  on  dry  hills  and  barren  plains,  and  is 
comtnonly  considered  an  indication  of  a  sterile  soil.  On  account 
of  its  small  size,  it  is  rarely  appropriated  to  any  important  use. 

391.     JUGLANS. 
JuGLANs  CiNEREA.  Buttemut,  OUnut. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxxii. 

Leafets  numerous,  oblong  lanceolate,  rounded  at 
base,  downy  underneath,  serrate.  Fruit  oblong- 
ovate  with  a  terminal  projection,  viscid  and  hairy; 
nut  oblong,  acuminate,  with  a  rough,  indented  and 
ragged  surface. 

The  leaves  of  the  Butternut,  when  fully  grown,  are  very  long, 
consisting  of  fifteen  or  seventeen  leafets,  each  of  which  is  two 
or  three  inches  in  length,  rounded  at  base,  acuminate,  finely  ser- 
rate and  downy.  The  flowers  appear  in  May,  before  the  leaves 
are  expanded  to  their  full  size.  The  barren  flowers  hang  in 
large  aments  from  the  sides  of  the  last  year's  shoots,  near  their 
extremities.  The  scales  which  compose  them  are  oblong  and 
deeply  cleft  on  each  side  into  about  three  teeth  or  segments. 
The  anthers  are  about  eight  or  ten  in  number,  oblong  and 
nearly  sessile.  The  fertile  flowers  grow  in  a  short  spike  at  the 
end  of  the  new  shoot.  They  are  sessile,  pubescent,  and  viscid. 
When  fully  grown,  they  seem  to  consist  of  a  large  oblong  germ 
and  a  forked  feathery  style.  The  top  of  the  germ  presents  an 
obscurely  four  toothed  calyx.  Within  this  is  a  corolla  of  four 
narrow  lanceolate  petals,  growing  to  the  sides  of  the  style.  The 
style  divides  into  two  large,  diverging,  feathery  stigmas  nearly 
as  long  as  the  germ.  These  flowers  are  somewhat  later  than 
the  aments  in  their  appearance.  The  fruit  is  sessile,  several 
together  on  the  sides  and  extremity  of  a  long  peduncle.  It  is  of 
a  green  color,  brown  when  ripe,  oblong-oval,  pointed,  hairy 
and    extremely  viscid.     It   contains  a  nut  which  is   of  a  dark 


CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  VIII.  37^ 

color,  carinated  on  both  sides,  sharp  pointed,  its  whole  surface 
roughened  by  deep  indentures  and  sharp  prominences.  The 
kernel  is  more  regular  than  in  most  nuts  of  its  kind,  is  very  oily, 
pleasant  to  the  taste  when  fresh,  but  acquires  a  rancid  taste  by 
age. 

The  wood  is  lighter  and  weaker  than  that  of  the  Hickories, 
but  is  said  to  be  durable.  The  sap  affords  sugar,  and  an  extract 
made  from  the  bark  is  in  great  estimation  as  a  laxative  medicine. 

§  Subgenus  Cary A.  Afnents  171  threes,  with  three  parted  scales^ 
and  no  corolla.     Pericarp  four  valved.     Hickory. 

JcTGLANS  ALBA.   WHld.    White  Walnut.  Common  Hickory. 
Leafets   seven,   oblong-lanceolate,   acuminate,   ser- 
rate, pubescent  and  rough  underneath,   the  odd  one 
sessile;  fruit  somewhat  four  angled,  smooth.      Willd. 

Syn.     JuGLANS  TOMENTosA.     Mich.  et  f. 

The  trunk  of  this  walnut,  in  young  trees,  is  covered  with  a 
smooth  bark;  in  old  trees  the  bark  becomes  cracked,  rugged, 
and  thick,  but  never  scaly.  The  buds  in  winter  are  large,  hard^ 
and  of  a  greyish  white.  The  leaves  are  pinnate,  with  seven  or 
nine  large  leafets,  which  are  serrate  and  acuminate,  nearly  ses- 
sile, their  under  side  and  common  stalk  hairy.  The  barren 
flowers  are  in  long,  pendulous,  downy  aments,  connected  three 
together,  with  a  pair  of  acuminate  bractes,  connate  on  one  side, 
at  their  junction  ;  calyx  scales  three  parted,  the  middle  segment 
acute,  the  lateral  ones  obtuse  or  toothed  ;  anthers  oval  brownish,, 
from  six  to  eight.  Fertile  flowers  on  the  ends  of  the  branches; 
calyx  of  four  acute,  downy  leaves.  The  nut  is  hard,  thick 
shelled,  commonly  with  four  prominent  angles,  the  kernel  toler- 
ably good,  the  green  shell  rather  thick,  opening  two  thirds  of  its 
length  in  autumn,  when  the  fruit  is  ripe. 

JuGLANS  GLABRA.  MuM.  Pig  Nut.        Hog  Nut. 

Leafets  seven,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous 
on  both  sides,  with  resinous  dots  nnderneath,  the  odd 
one  sessile ;  fruit  and  nut  oblong  or  obcordate. 


380  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  VIIL 

Syn.     JcTGLANS  PORCINA.     Mich.  f. 

This  species  of  walnut  has  its  young  twigs  in  winter,  accord- 
ing to  the  observation  of  Michaux,  of  a  brown  color,  and  smaller 
by  half  than  those  of  the  white  walnut  and  shagbark.  The  buds 
are  also  small.  The  leaves  are  pinnate,  with  seven,  sometimes 
five,  nearly  sessile,  serrate,  acuminate  leafets,  smooth  on  both 
sides,  not  hairy.  Aments  in  threes,  long,  and  pendulous.  Nut 
small,  thick  shelled,  hard,  smooth;  the  outer,  green  shell  thin, 
frequently  pear  shaped  or  tapering  al  base,  its  quarters  separating 
half  way  down  when  the  fruit  is  ripe. 

JuGLANs  SQUAMOSA.     MicJi.  f.  Shelbavh.     Shagbark. 

Leafets  five,  on  long  petioles,  ovate-acuminate,  ser- 
rate, villous  underneath,  the  odd  one  sessile ;  aments 
of  barren  flowers  compound,  glabrous,  filiform  ;  fruit 
globular,  depressed  ;  nut  compressed.     Mich.  f.  abr. 

Syn.      JuGLANS   COMPRESSA.       G(:E7't.    Willd. 

The  bark  of  this  tree  separates  into  long,  flat  scales  or  plates, 
with  loose,  detached  ends,  giving  its  trunk  a  rugged  appearance 
at  a  distance.  Michaux  observes  that  the  buds  are  distinguished 
by  the  shortness  of  the  two  outer  scales,  which  extend  but  half 
their  length.  The  leaves  are  pinnate;  leafets  five  or  seven, 
large,  oblong,  acuminate,  pubescent  and  soft  underneath.  The 
fruit  is  large,  roundish,  depressed  at  top,  the  green  shell  exceed- 
ingly thick,  and  separating  completely  into  quarters.  The  nut, 
which  constitutes  but  a  small  part  of  the  whole  fruit,  is  white, 
angular,  flattened,  thin  shelled,  its  kernel  greatly  superior  to 
either  of  the  preceding,  and  in  considerable  request. 

The  wood  of  the  three  foregoing  species  of  walnut  possesses 
similar  properties.  It  is  hard,  compact,  heavy,  and  of  very  great 
strength.  At  the  same  time  it  is  liable  to  warp  and  decay,  espe- 
cially if  exposed  to  the  weather.  It  is  principally  used  for  pur- 
poses where  strength  is  required,  as  in  hoops,  bows,  the  handles 
of  tools,  &c.  It  furnishes  one  of  the  best  kinds  of  fuel  known, 
and  commands  a  higher  price  in  our  markets  than  any  other 
species  of  wood» 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  VIII.  381 

392.     BETULA. 
Betula  papyracea.     3Ix.f.  Canoe  Birch. 

Leaves  oval,  acuminate,  subeqnally  serrate  ;  petioles 
glabrous;  veins  hairy  beneath.     Ma:,  f. 

This  tree,  which  is  called  also  Large  white  lirch  and  Paper 
hirch,  atFords  a  great  portion  of  the  eastern  wood  consumed  as 
fuel  in  this  city.  It  is  abundant  in  the  northern  and  eastern 
parts  of  New  England.  Leaves  ovate,  much  less  acuminate 
than  those  of  the  following  species.  Fertile  aments  nodding. 
The  trunk  is  covered  with  a  tough,  white  cuticle  of  many  layers, 
from  which  the  Indians  manufacture  their  canoes.  The  wood  is 
hard,  close  grained,  and  used  in  furniture. 

Betula  popuLiFOLiA.     Aii.  Common  White  Birch. 

Leaves  extensively  acuminate,  unequally  serrate, 
glabrous.     Mich.  f. 

The  name  of  white  birch  is  indiscriminately  applied  to  this 
species,  and  to  Betula  papyracea.  The  present  species  is  com- 
mon here  in  swamps,  and  multiplies  very  fast  in  moist  lands 
that  are  not  properly  cleared.  Like  the  paper  birch,  its  trunk  is 
covered  with  a  white,  smooth,  outer  bark,  separable  into  thin 
layers,  and  very  inflammable.  Its  young  twigs  are  flexible,  of 
a  dark  brown,  spotted  with  white.  The  leaves  are  heart  shaped, 
tapering  to  a  long  point,  glutinous,  smooih  on  both  sides.  The 
flowers,  both  barren  and  fertile,  are  in  long,  pendulous  aments. 
The  wood  is  white,  soft,  and  very  perishable,  decaying  sooner 
than  the  bark. 

Betula  nana.     L.  Dwarf  Birch. 

Low,  smooth;  leaves  orbicular,  crenate,  reticulated 
underneath  ;  scales  of  the  ament  deeply  three  parted, 
seeds  orbicular,  nearly  wingless. 

A  very  small,  alpine  species,  found  on  the  summit  of  the 
White  mountains. 

Betula  lenta.     L.         Black  Birch.    Mahogany  Birch. 

Leaves    heart-ovate,    acutely   serrate,    acuminate, 

glabrous.     Mich.  f. 


382  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  VIII. 

Syn.     Betula  carpinifolia.     Mich. 

This  fine  tree,  sometimes  also  denominated  Sweet  birch,  and 
Cherry  birch,  is  well  known  for  its  fragrant  and  aromatic  bark. 
Its  young  twigs  are  dark  colored,  and  spotted  with  white.  Its 
leaves  are  smooth,  ovate,  heart  shaped  at  base,  ending  in  a  long 
point,  with  very  acute,  double  serratures  at  the  edge,  and  dis- 
tinct, parallel  veins  underneath.  The  barren  aments  are  pendu- 
lous ;  scales  of  the  calyx  three  cleft ;  corolla  three  petalled ; 
anthers  many ;  the  fertile  ones  straight. 

The  wood  of  the  black  birch  possesses  many  valuable  qualities. 
It  is  compact,  smooth,  of  a  reddish  color,  very  strong,  and  not 
liable  to  warp  and  crack.  It  is  considerably  used  in  cabinet 
work,  particularly  for  bedsteads. 

Betula  excels  a.     Ait.  Yellow  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,    serrate ;    petioles  pubescent. 
Mx.  f.  sub.  syn. 
Syn.     Betula  lutea.     Mx.f. 

Common  in  the  eastern  parts  of  New  England,  and  brought  to 
Boston  for  fuel.  It  has  considerable  resemblance  to  B.  lenta,  but 
the  cuticle  has  a  yellowish  color.  Fertile  aments  ovate,  erect. 
Bark  slightly  fragrant.     Wood  valuable. 

393.     CORYLUS. 
CoRYLus  Americana.      Walt.  Common  Hazel. 

Calyx  of  the  fruit  rounded  and  bell  shaped,  larger 
than  the  nut,  its  border  dilated,  tooth-serrate;  leaves 
roundish,  heart  shaped,  acuminate.    Willd. 

The  common  hazel  nut  is  a  slender  shrub,  usually  growing  in 
bundles  about  the  borders  of  fields.  The  barren  flowers  grow 
in  long,  pendulous  aments  ;  the  scales  of  the  calyx  ciliated  with 
the  middle  portion  acuminated.  Anthers  about  eight.  The  fer- 
tile flowers  grow  in  a  sort  of  buds,  on  a  different  part  of  the 
branch.  The  nuts,  which  are  nearly  equal  in  quality  to  the  Eu- 
ropean, grow  in  large  bunches,  each  one  invested  with  a  large, 
hairy  calyx,  extending  considerably  beyond  the  nut. — April* 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  VIII.  383 

CoRYLUs  ROSTRATA.     AiL  Beaked  Hazel. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  ;  stipules  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  calyx  of  the  fruit  campanulate-tubular, 
longer  than  the  nut,  two  parted,  with  toothed  segments. 

A  smaller  shrub  than  the  foregoing.  Leaves  ovate  or  obovate, 
somewhat  hearted,  unequally  and  sharply  serrate,  downy  under- 
neath. Calyx  inclosing  the  nut,  densely  hispid,  round  at  base, 
contracted  like  a  bottle  into  a  long,  narrow  neck  which  is  cut  and 
toothed  at  the  extremity. — Sudbury. — May. 

394.     CARPIINUS. 
Carpinus  Americana.      JVillcl.  Hornbeam. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate; 
calyx  of  the  fruit  three  parted,  the  middle  segment 
oblique,  toothed  on  one  side. 

A  small  tree  with  sharply  serrated  leaves.  Barren  and  fertile 
aments  small.  The  fruit  is  a  leafy  spike  formed  from  the  en- 
larged ament,  having  alternate  pairs  of  calyx  leaves,  which  are 
large,  oblique,  auricula te  at  base,  toothed  on  the  lower,  and  en- 
tire on  the  upper  side.  Seed  or  nut  naked,  dark  colored,  heart 
shaped,  acute,  ribbed. — Woods,  Roxbury,  rare. — April,  May. 

The  name  Hornbeam  is  often  applied  in  this  state  to  Nyssa 

aquatica. 

395.    OSTRYA. 

Ostrya  Virginica.  Hop  Hornheam.     Iron  Wood. 

Cones  oblong-ovate;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acumi- 
nate ;  buds  acute. 

This  tree  is  generally  of  small  size,  and  remarkable  for  the  fine 
division  of  the  outer  bark  of  its  trunk.  The  leaves  are  alternate, 
ovate,  a  little  hearted  at  base,  finely  and  acutely  serrate,  acumi- 
nate. Barren  flowers  in  pendulous  aments ;  scale  of  the  calyx 
entire,  acuminated,  strongly  ciliated;  anthers  many,  bearded  at 
tip.  Fertile  ones  enlarging  into  a  sort  of  oblong  cone,  in  appear- 
ance resembling  the  common  hop.  The  fruit  is  extended,  not 
pendulous,  and  composed  of  oval,  compressed,  mucronated  vesi- 
cles or  inflated  capsules,  bristly  at  base,  lying  over  each  other, 
and  containing  a  compressed,  ovate  seed  at  bottom. 


384  CLASS  XXI.    ORDER  IX. 

The  wood  is  hard,  close  grained,  and  heavy.  In  some  parts  of 
the  country  it  has  acquired  the  name  oi  Lever  wood,  from  the  use 
to  which  it  is  applied. 

396.    PLATANUS. 

pLATANUS  occiDENTALis.   L.    Plane  Tree.     Button  Wood. 

Sycamore. 

Leaves  lobed-angular;  branches  whitish.    Mich. 

This  tree,  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Button  wood,  at- 
tains to  an  extraordinary  size.  Trees  are  said  to  be  found  in 
the  western  states,  whose  trunks  measure  from  forty  to  fifty 
feet  in  circumference.  With  us  it  is  one  of  the  largest  native 
trees.  The  leaves  are  broad  and  lobed,  with  many  acute  seg- 
ments. When  young  they  are  downy  at  the  veins  underneath. 
On  breaking  off  the  petiole,  the  next  year's  bud  is  found  con- 
cealed within  its  base.  The  flowers  grow  in  balls  or  globular 
aments,  and  are  succeeded  by  long  seeds,  furnished  with  a  fine 
reddish  down  at  base.  The  receptacle  of  the  seeds,  constituting 
the  nucleus  of  the  ball,  is  hard  and  woody,  and  closely  enveloped 
by  a  regular  net  work,  which  may  be  easily  detached.  The  balls 
are  retained  all  winter  on  the  trees  by  their  tough,  fibrous  stalks. 
Each  year  the  outer  bark  of  the  branches  scales  off  to  a  deter- 
mined extent,  leaving  a  white  surface  beneath  it.  This  circum- 
stance distinguishes  the  tree  at  sight  from  all  others  around  it. 

The  wood  is  fine  grained,  and  is  susceptible  of  a  good  polish. 
It  is  however  said  to  be  liable  to  warp,  and  by  no  means  durable 
when  exposed  to  the  weather. 

MONADELPHIA. 

397.    PINUS. 
PiNus  RESiNOSA.  Norway  Pine. 

Leaves   in   pairs,    elongated,    with    long  sheaths; 
cones  conic-ovate,  rounded  at  base,  half  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  scales  unarmed,  dilated  in  the  middle. 
Syn.     PiNus  KUBRA.     Mx.  f. 

A  tall  tree,  sometimes  called  Red  pine  from  the  cast  of  color 
exhibited  by  its  bark.     The  timber  is  heavy,  impregnated  with 


CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  IX.  335 

turpentine,  and  useful  for  various  purposes. — At  Brookline.    Mr. 
Emerson. — Also  in  various  parts  of  the  interior. 

PiNus  RiGiDA.     L,  Pitch  Pine. 

Leaves  in  threes ;  cones  ovate,  clustered ;  spines  of 
the  scales  reflexed  ;  sheaths  of  the  leaves  short.  Lamb, 

The  Pitch  Pine  is  a  very  common  inhabitant  of  barren,  sandy 
tracts  of  land.  Its  bark  is  very  thick,  and  rough  with  deep,  irre- 
gular clefts.  The  leaves  are  of  moderate  length,  needle  shaped, 
and  united  three  together  in  a  common  sheath.  The  cones  are 
ovate  or  pyramidal,  the  scales  rigid,  each  one  armed  with  a 
short,  acute,  reflexed  spine. 

The  wood  abounds  in  turpentine,  and  contains  a  large  portion 
of  alburnum  or  sap.  It  is  occasionally  employed  in  building,  but 
is  chiefly  used  as  a  light  fuel,  under  the  form  of*'  split  pine." 

PiNus  STROBTJS,     L,  Wliitc  Pine, 

Leaves  in  fives ;  cones  cylindrical,  longer  than  the 
leaves,  loose.     Ait 

This  noble  and  very  useful  tree  rises  with  a  straight  trunk  to 
an  uncommon  height.  Its  bark  is  comparatively  smooth,  and  in 
young  trees  it  is  without  fissures.  The  branches  are  given  off 
in  whorls  or  circles.  The  leaves  are  much  finer  and  more  deli- 
cate than  in  the  last  species.  They  grow  in  fascicles  of  five 
together,  with  hardly  any  sheaths.  The  cones  are  very  long, 
cylindrical,  curved,  and  pendulous  ;  composed  of  large,  smooth, 
loose  scales. 

The  trunk  possesses  very  little  resin,  and  its  portion  of  sap 
wood  is  comparatively  small.  The  texture  of  the  wood  is  fine 
and  soft.  No  tree  is  more  extensively  employed  in  building,  or 
for  the  ordinary  purposes  of  carpenters'  and  joiners'  work.  The 
large  trees  are  particularly  in  request  for  the  masts  of  ships,  and 
vast  quantities  of  the  wood  have  been  annually  exported  from 
the  eastern  coast  in  the  form  of  timber  and  boards. 

PiNus  BALSAMEA.     L.  SUvcv  Fir, 

Leaves  sohtary,   flat,   entire  or  emarginate,  glau- 
cous underneath,  somewhat  two  ranked  and  recurv- 
33 


386  CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  IX. 

ed  ;  cones  cylindric,  erect;  scales  obovate,  miicronate, 

serrulate. 

Syn.     Abies  balsamifera.     Mx. 

The  Silver  Fir  is  a  small  tree,  forty  or  fifty  feet  high,  much 
cultivated  for  its  beauty,  but  not  very  valuable  for  its  wood. 
The  branches  are  clothed  with  lateral  leaves,  which  exceed  in 
length  those  of  the  species  which  follow,  and  appear  whitish  un- 
derneath. Cones  large,  erect,  bluish. — In  Maine  and  New 
Hampshire,  common. 

PiNus  NIGRA.     Ait.  Black  or  double  Spriice. 

Leaves  solitary,  four  cornered,  erect,  straight; 
cones  ovate,  scales  elliptical^  waved  at  the  edge, 
erect.     Lamb. 

Syn.     Abies  nigra.     Mich. 

The  branches  of  the  double  Spruce  are  thickly  covered  on  all 
sides  with  short,  dark  colored,  linear  leaves,  inserted  laterally 
and  singly.  The  cones  are  small,  oval,  pendulous,  composed  of 
thin  scales,  which  are  waved  and  crenate,  or  partially  cleft  on 
the  edge. 

This  tree  is  not  very  common,  unless  cultivated,  in  the  envi- 
rons of  Boston.  At  the  eastvi^ard  it  is  frequent.  Its  wood  is 
light,  strong,  and  elastic,  and  much  used  for  the  smaller  spars  of 
vessels. 

PiNus  ALBA.     Ait.  White  or  single  Spruce. 

Leaves  solitary,   four  sided,  incurved;  cones  sub- 
cylindric,  lax  ;  scales  obovate,  entire. 
Syn.     Abies  alba.     Mx. 

A  smaller  tree  than  the  black  Spruce,  and  its  wood  deemed 
inferior. — Principally  found  in  the  parts  of  New  England  east  of 
Boston. 

PiNus  Canadensis.     L.  Hemlock  Spruce. 

Leaves  solitary,  flat,  denticulate,  nearly  in  two 
rows;  cones  ovate,  terminal,  hardly  longer  than  the 
leaves.     Lamb. 


CLASS  XXL     ORDER  IX.  387 

Syn.    Abies  Canadensis.     Mich. 

The  Hemlock  spruce  occurs  frequently  in  woods  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boston.  It  is  a  straight  tree,  remarkable  for  the  horizontal 
arrangement  of  its  branches  and  leaves.  The  leaves  are  in  two 
rows,  close,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  flat  beneath,  a  little 
convex  above.  When  examined  with  a  glass,  they  are  found 
edged  with  minute  teeth.     Cones  ovate-oblong,  very  small. 

The  wood  of  the  Hemlock  is  occasionally  substituted  for  Pine, 
to  which  it  is  inferior,  in  building.  The  bark  possesses  the  tan- 
ning principle  in  great  perfection,  and  is  used  in  the  preparation 
of  leather  as  a  substitute  for,  or  in  combination  with  the  bark  of 
the  oaks. 

PiNus  MiCROCARPA.    Lamb.         Red  Larch.     HacmatacTc. 
Leaves  fascicled,   deciduous ;  cones  roundish,  few 
flowered,  with   inflected   scales  ;  bractes   elliptic,  ob- 
tusely acuminate.     Lmnh. 
Syn.    Larix  Americana.     Mich. 

The  Larch  is  a  fine  tree,  differing  remarkably  from  the  Pines, 
already  mentioned,  in  its  leaves,  which  fall  at  the  approach  of 
winter.  They  grow  in  tufts  or  fascicles,  on  the  sides  of  the 
branches,  which  are  mostly  horizontal.  The  tree  flowers  with 
small  aments,  the  barren  ones  containing  two  anthers  under 
each  scale,  and  the  fertile  ones  two  germs.  These  last  are 
succeeded  by  small  cones,  with  soft  scales,  inflected  at  the  edge. 
Seeds  small,  winged.  This  tree  attains  the  height  of  eighty  or 
ninety  feet.  Its  wood  is  strong  and  durable,  and  is  used  in  ship 
building.     It  frequents  a  low,  moist  soil. 

398.     CUPRESSUS. 
CuPRESsus  THUYOiDEs.     L.  White  Cedar. 

Branchlets  compressed;  leaves  in  four  rows,  imbri- 
cated, ovate,  tuberculated  at  base.      Willd. 

The  White  Cedar  grows  naturally  in  wet  situations,  some- 
times occupying  considerable  tracts  of  marshy  land,  known  by 
the  name  of  Cedar  swamps.  The  small  branches  are  finely  sub- 
divided,  their  last  divisions   compressed,   and  covered  by  four 


388  CLASS  XXI.     ORDER  IX. 

rows  of  short,  minute  leaves,  the  two  lateral  rows  longest.  Each 
leaf  is  furnished  with  a  minute  tubercle  or  gland  on  the  back, 
near  its  base.  Cones  extremely  small,  angular,  and  somewhat 
spherical. 

The  wood  is  light,  soft,  and  very  durable.  It  is  used  for 
shingles,  for  wooden  vessels,  also  for  fencing  and  other  pur- 
poses where  durability  is  required.  This  tree  and  the  last  are 
found  occasionally,  but  not  frequently^  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Boston. 

399.     THUYA. 
Thuya  occidentalis.     L.  Arbor  vifce.     Hacmatack. 

Branchlets  ancipital ;  leaves  imbricate  four  ways, 
ovate-rhomboidal,  appressed,  naked,  tuberculated ; 
cones  obovate,  the  inner  scales  truncated,  and  gibbons 
below  the  tip. 

This  tree,  remarkable  for  the  flat  or  two  edged  form  of  its 
twigs,  is  known  in  different  parts  of  the  country  by  the  name  of 
White  Cedar  and  Hacmatack.  The  twigs  are  much  broader  than 
those  of  Cupressus  Thuyoides,  the  cone  loose  with  few  long 
scales,  unlike  the  globular  fruit  of  the  Cedar.  Wood  soft,  but 
very  durable. — In  Maine,  New  Hampshire. 

400.    ACALYPHA. 
AcALYPHA  ViRGiNicA.     L.  Three  seeded  Mercury. 

Pubescent,  leaves  on  short  petioles,  lance-oblong, 
serrate ;  involucres  subsessile,  axillary,  nerved,  cut 
into  acute,  crested  segments.     Mich.  abr. 

An  annual  plant  of  ordinary  appearance.  Branches  pubescent. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  with  a  rather  obtuse  point,  remotely 
serrate  or  crenate  at  the  edge,  somewhat  three  nerved.  Involu- 
cres of  the  fruit  axillary,  hairy,  on  short  stalks,  their  edge  cut 
into  a  number  of  long,  acute,  ciliated  segments  oj  teeth. — 
WoodSj  Cambridge. — August. 


CLASS  XXII.    ORDER  II.  389 


Class  XXII.  DIGECIA.  Barren  and  fertile 

flowers  on  different  plarits. 

Order  II.     DIANDRIA.      Two  stamens. 

401.  Yallisnerta.  Barren  flowers,  spa  the  two- 
parted  ;  spadix  covered  with  florets ;  corolla  three- 
parted.  Fertile  flowers,  spathe  cloven,  one  flowered; 
calyx  three  parted,  superior;  corolla  three  petalled; 
stigma  three  parted  ;  capsule  one  celled. 

402.  Salix.  Calyx  scale  of  an  ament ;  corolla 
none.  In  the  barren  flowers,  from  one  to  five  sta- 
mens, with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  the  base.  In  the 
fertile  flowers,  two  stigmas;  capsule  one  celled,  two 
valved ;  seeds  downy. 

Order  III.      TRIANDRIA.     Three  stamens. 

403.  Empetrum.  Calyx  three  parted;  corolla  three 
petalled.  Barren  flowers,  stamens  from  three  to  nine, 
very  long.  Fertile  flowers,  styles  from  three  to  nine; 
berr}^  from  three  to  nine  seeded. 

Order  IV.      TETRANDRIA.     Four  stamens. 

404.  Myrica.  Calyx  a  concave  scale  of  the  ament ; 
corolla  none;  styles  two;  berry  one  seeded. 

Order  V.     PENTANDRIA.     Five  stamens. 

405.  HuMULus.  Barren  flowers,  cal  yx  five  leaved ; 
corolla  none.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  an  oblique,  en- 
tire scale  of  an  ament ;  corolla  none;  styles  two;  seed 
solitary,  coated. 

406.  Acnida.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  five  leaved; 
corolla  none.     Fertile  flowers,  calyx  two  leaved  ;  co- 

33^ 


390  CLASS  XXII.    ORDER  II. 

rolla  none;  styles  five;  seed  one,  covered  with  the 
succulent  calyx. 

Order  VI.     HEXANDRIA.     Six  stamens. 

407.  Smilax.  Calyx  six  leaved  ;  corolla  none  j 
styles  three  ;  berry  three  celled  ;  seeds  two. 

408.  DioscoREA.  Calyx  six  parted  ;  corolla  none. 
Fertile  flowers,  styles  three ;  capsules  three  celled, 
compressed ;  seeds  two,  membranaceous. 

Order  XII.     POLYANDRIA.     Many  stamens. 

409.  PopuLus.  Calyx  a  lacerated  scale  of  the 
ament;  corolla  turbinate,  oblique,  entire.  In  the  fer- 
tile flowers,  stigma  four  cleft ;  capsules  two  celled, 
many  seeded. 

Order  Xlll.    MONADELPHIA.    Stamens  united. 

410.  JuNiPERUs.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  the  scales 
of  an  ament ;  corolla  none  ;  stamens  three.  Fertile 
flowers,  calyx  scales  of  an  ament,  fewer,  three  parted, 
becoming  fleshy,  united  into  a  three  seeded  berry. 

411.  Taxus.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  none;  corolla 
none  ;  stamens  numerous  ;  anthers  peltate,  eight  cleft. 
Fertile  flowers,  calyx  cup  shaped,  entire ;  style  none ; 
seed  one,  imbedded  in  the  fleshy  calyx. 


DICECIA. 
DIANDRIA. 


401.    VALLISNERIA. 
Vallisneria  Americana.     Mx.  Vallisneriav 

Leaves  linear ;  stalks  of  the  barren  and  fertile  flow- 
ers straight. 


CLASS  XXII.    ORDER  II.  391 

The  long,  linear,  obtuse  leaves  of  this  plant  are  found  at  the 
bottom  of  stagnant  waters  stretching  upward  toward  the  surface. 
I  have  not  seen  it  in  flower,  but  have  repeatedly  collected  what, 
I  have  no  doubt,  are  the  leaves.  In  the  European  plant,  of  which 
this  appears  to  be  a  co-species,  or  variety,  the  fertile  flowers  float 
on  the  surface,  being  connected  with  the  root  by  spiral  stalks. 
The  barren  flowers  grow  near  the  bottom,  but  break  off",  and  rise 
to  the  surface  before  shedding  their  pollen.— In  Fresh  pond,  Cam- 
bridge. 

402.     SALIX. 

Salix  ERiocEPHALA.     MicTi.  Swamp  Willow. 

Diandrous ;  twigs  downy  ;  leaves  oblong-oval, 
somewhat  reliise  at  base,  serrulate;  aments  oval,  ex- 
ceedingly villous.     Mich. 

A  small  tree,  common  in  low,  moist  grounds,  where  its  woolly 
aments  expand  during  the  month  of  March,  and  are  usually  in 
flower  the  first  week  in  April.  The  scales  of  both  the  barren, 
and  fertile  aments  are  covered  with  very  long,  even,  smooth, 
silken  hairs,  which  at  a  distance  give  them  a  woolly  appearance. 
In  the  barren  aments  each  scale  produces  two  long,  yellow  an- 
thers ;  in  the  fertile  ones,  which  exceed  the  last  in  length,  they 
support  an  oblong,  tapering,  downy  germ.  Leaves  oval- oblong, 
nearly  entire,  green  above,  glaucous  and  somewhat  downy  be- 
neath.    Stipules  half  cordate,  deciduous. 

Salix  longirostris.     Mx.  Sage  Willow. 

Leaves   narrow,    wedge-lanceolate,   nearly  entire, 
cinerous-pubescent  on  both  sides  while  young ;  germs 
pedicelled,    acuminate  ;    style    elongated ;    capsules 
diverging,  long-beaked. 
Syn.     Salix  RE  CUR  VAT  A.     Pursh,? 

This  is  a  common  small  shrub,  growing  in  dry  sandy  woods. 
The  young  branches  and  leaves  are  pubescent,  giving  to  the 
whole  a  greyish  look.  The  leaves  are  small,  somewhat  revolute, 
and  become  nearly   smooth  when    old,   under   surface  veiny. 


392  CLASS  XXIT.     ORDER  II. 

Aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  small-oval.    Fruit  pubes- 
cent, with  long,  silken  down. 
Salix  discolor.      Willd.  Bog  Willow. 

Leaves  oblong,  rather  obtuse,  smooth,  remotely  ser- 
rate, entire  at  the  end,  glaucous  underneath;  stipules 
deciduous,  lanceolate,  serrate ;  aments  nearly  cotem- 
porary,  diandrous,  oblong,  downy,  the  scales  oblong, 
acute,  black,  hairy;  germs  subsessile,  lanceolate, 
downy  ;  stigma  two  parted. 

This  willow  with  dark  colored  branches,  and  a  whitish  under- 
side to  the  leaves,  grows  in  wet  swamps  at  Dedham. — April. 

SALI3t    VITELLINA.       L.  YelloW    WUloW. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  closely  serrate, 
smooth  above,  paler  beneath ;  stipules  none;  aments 
nearly  cotemporary,  cylindrical,  the  scales  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, pubescent  outside;  germs  sessile,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, smooth,  stigmas  subsessile,  two  lobed. 

This  tree,  distinguished  by  the  yellow  bark  of  its  twigs,  and 
now  become  extremely  common  in  all  soils,  was  probably  first 
introduced  from  Europe. — May. 

Salix  viminalis.     L.  Osier.     Basket  Willow. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  acuminate, 
entire,  silken  underneath ;  branches  virgated ;  style 
elongated.     Sm.  * 

This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  species,  remarkable  for  its 
long,  slender,  flexile  twigs,  and  the  silken,  silvery  pubescence 
which  covers  the  under  side  of  the  leaves. — In  swamps,  at  Dan- 
vers  and  elsewhere. — May. 

Saltx  repens.?     L.  Creeping  Willow. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  smooth, 
silken  underneath  ;  stem  prostrate. 

A  humble  species,  as  the  name  implies.  The  stems  are  pro- 
cumbent, woody,  spreading,  and  throwing  out  roots.     Leaves  on 


CLASS  XXII.    ORDER  III.,  IV.  393 

short  petioles,  quite  entire,  acute,  or  submucronate,  glaucous 
with  a  silken  down  underneath.  Aments  ovate,  with  obovate 
reddish  scales.  Capsules  pubescent  when  young,  smooth  when 
old.  Subject  to  many  varieties. — White  mountains. — June. 
Many  alpine  co-species  have  been  described,  the  discrimination  of 
which  involves  much  difficulty. 

TRIANDRIA. 

403.     EMPETRUM. 
Empetrum  nigrum.     L.  Crowberry .     Crakeberry. 

Stems  procumbent;  leaves  scattered,  imbri<;ated; 
flowers  axillary,  solitary. 

A  prostrate  shrub,  with  small,  dense,  evergreen  foliage,  like 
that  of  the  Heaths.  Leaves  imbricate,  scarcely  petioled,  oblong, 
obtuse,  revolute  at  the  edge.  Flowers  axillary,  very  small^  red- 
dish. Berry  roundish,  black. — On  the  summits  of  the  White 
mountains. — June. 

Empetrum  Conradi.      Torr.  Conrad's  Empetrum. 

Stems  procumbent,  leaves  verticillate,  imbricated, 
flowers  aggregated,  axillary  and  terminal. 

A  spreading  shrub  with  Heath-like  branches,  resembling  the 
preceding  species.  Leaves  linear,  firm,  not  half  an  inch  long, 
crowded,  and  mostly  verticillate,  as  may  be  seen  by  inspecting 
the  scars  on  the  lower  parts  of  the  branches,  from  which  the 
leaves  have  fallen  off.  Barren  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  at  the  summit  of  the  last  year's  branches,  with  crimson  sta- 
mens projecting  beyond  the  leaves.  Fertile  flowers  in  small  in- 
conspicuous, terminal  heads. — Found  at  Plymouth  by  many  of 
our  botanists,  flowering  early  in  April. 

TETRANDRIA. 

404.     MYRICA. 
Myrica  Gale.     L.  Sweet  Gale.     Dutch  Myrtle. 

Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate  above; 
barren  aments  imbricate,  the  scales  ciliate ;  fruit  in 
scaly  heads.     Mich. 


394  CLASS  XXII.    ORDER  IV. 

A  branching  shrub,  about  four  or  five  feet  in  height.  Leaves 
alternate,  lanceolate-wedge  shaped,  (their  termination  much 
more  obtuse  than  in  the  European  variety,)  serrated  and  nearly 
smooth.  Aments  alternate,  from  the  axils  of  the  last  year's 
leaves,  short,  oblong-ovate.  The  fruit  has  a  strong,  penetrating, 
spicy  scent. — About  the  edges  of  Fresh  pond. — April. 

Myrica  Cerifera.  Bayherry.      Wax  Myrtle. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xliii. 

Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  with  a  few  serratures  at 
top;  barren  aments  lax  ;  fruit  spherical,  naked,  dis- 
tinct.    Mx. 

The  Wax  Myrtle  is  found  in  dry  soils,  bearing  fruit  at  every 
size,  from  the  height  of  one  foot  to  that  of  six  or  eight.  The 
top  is  much  branched,  and  covered  with  a  greyish  bark.  The 
leaves  are  wedge-lanceolate,  varying  in  width,  sometimes  entire, 
but  more  frequently  toothed,  particularly  toward  the  end.  They 
are  somewhat  pubescent,  a  little  paler  beneath,  and  generally 
twisted  or  revolute  in  their  mode  of  growth.  They  are  inserted 
in  a  scattered  manner  by  short  petioles.  The  flowers  appear 
in  May  before  the  leaves  are  fully  expanded.  The  barren  ones 
grow  in  catkins,  which  are  sessile,  erect,  about  half  or  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  long;  originating  from  the  sides  of  the  last 
year's  twigs.  Every  flower  is  formed  by  a  concave  rhomboidal 
scale,  containing  three  or  four  pairs  of  roundish  anthers  on  a 
branched  footstalk.  The  fertile  flowers,  which  grow  on  a  dif- 
ferent shrub,  are  less  than  half  the  size  of  the  barren  ones,  and 
consist  of  narrower  scales,  with  each  an  ovate  germ,  and  two 
filiform  styles.  To  these  aments  succeed  clusters  or  aggrega- 
tions of  small  globular  fruits  resembling  berries,  which  are  at 
first  green,  but  finally  become  nearly  Avhite.  They  consist  of  a 
hard  stone  inclosing  a  dicotyledonous  kernel.  This  stone  is 
studded  on  its  outside  with  small,  black  grains  resembling  fine 
gunpowder,  over  which  is  a  crust  of  dry,  white  wax,  fitted  to 
the  grains,  and  giving  the  surface  of  the  fruit  a  granulated  ap- 
pearance. Botanically  speaking  this  fruit  has  been  improperly 
called  a  berry  and  a  drupe ;  since  it  is  always  dry  and  never 
invested  with  a  cuticle,  or  any  thing  but  the  grains  and  wax. 


CLASS  XXII.    ORDER  V.  395 

The  wax  is  procured  for  use  by  boiling  the  berries  in  water 
till  it  melts  and  floats  on  the  surface.  See  American  Medical 
Botany,  volume  iii. 

PENTANDRIA. 

405.     HUMULUS. 
HuMULus  LupuLus.  Common  Hop. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  Ix. 

The  root  of  the  Hop  vine  is  perennial.  Stems  annual,  twin- 
ing from  right  to  lift,  angular,  rough,  with  minute,  reflexed 
prickles.  Leaves  opposite,  on  long  winding  petioles,  the  smaller 
ones  heart  shaped,  the  larger  ones  three  or  five  lobed,  ser- 
rated, veiny  and  extremely  rough.  Flowering  branches  ax- 
illary, angular  and  rough.  Stipules  two  or  four,  between  the 
petioles,  ovate,  reflexed.  Flowers  numerous  and  of  a  greenish 
color.  Those  of  the  barren  plants  are  very  numerous  and  pan- 
icled.  Their  calyx  has  five  oblong,  obtuse,  spreading,  concave 
leaves.  Corolla  wanting.  Stamens  short ;  anthers  oblong,  and 
bursting  by  two  terminal  pores.  The  fertile  flowers,  growing  on 
a  separate  plant,  are  in  the  form  of  an  ament,  having  each  pair 
of  flowers  supported  by  a  calyx-scale,  which  is  ovate,  acute,  tu- 
bular at  base.  Corolla  of  one  scale,  obtuse,  smaller  than  the  ca- 
lyx, and  placed  one  on  each  side  of  it,  infolding  the  germ  by 
their  edge.  Germ  roundish,  compressed;  styles  two,  short; 
stigmas  long,  subulate,  downy.  The  scales  of  the  calyx  and  co- 
rolla swell  into  a  kind  of  persistent  cone  or  strobile,  each  flower 
producing  a  roundish  seed.  The  hop  vine  appears  to  be  a  na- 
tive of  this  continent,  being  found  wild  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States. 

406.     ACNIDA. 

AcNiDA   CANNABiNA.     L.  Sea  Hemp. 

Leaves  lanceolate  ;  capsules  smooth,  acute  angled. 

A  green-flowering  plant  of  the  salt  marshes.  Stem  erect,  fur- 
rowed, smooth,  fleshy.  Leaves  petioled  with  a  long,  obtuse 
point.  Flowers  in  leafy  spikes,  axillary  and  terminal.  Barren 
and  fertile  flowers  on  different  plants.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flow- 
ers three  leaved  ;  gerrn  ovate;  stigmas  three. — Marsh  near  the 
Punch-bowl,  Brookline. — August. — Annual. 


396  CLASS    XXII.    ORDER  VI. 

HEXANDRIA. 

407.     SMILAX. 
Smilax  rotundifolia.     L.  Green  Briar. 

Stem  prickly,  round ;  leaves  unarmed,  heart  shaped, 
pointed,  five  or  seven  nerved. 

A  hardy  and  very  troublesome  vine,  climbing  upon  trees  and 
bushes,  and  forming,  with  its  thorny  branches,  almost  impas- 
sable thickets.  Stem  smooth,  woody,  strong,  armed  with  short, 
straight,  rigid  thorns,  proceeding  from  the  wood.  Leaves  large, 
smooth,  roundish-heart  shaped,  ending  in  a  short  point,  com- 
monly five  nerved.  Tendrils  very  strong,  from  the  top  of  the 
stipules.  Umbels  of  flowers  small,  on  short,  axillary  stalks. 
Berries  small. — Moist  woods. — June. 

Smilax  peduncularis.     Muhl.  Long  stalked  Smilax. 

Stem  round,  unarmed  ;  leaves  roundish-ovate,  acu- 
minate, nine  nerved,  peduncle  of  the  fertile  umbel 
longer  than  the  leaves. 

A  rank,  herbaceous,  climbing  plant.  Stem  round,  smooth,  at- 
taching itself  to  other  plants  by  its  stipular  tendrils.  Leaves 
of  the  stem  large,  heart  shaped,  with  a  short  point,  petioled, 
smooth,  with  about  nine  nerves.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  with 
an  offensive  odor,  in  simple  umbels,  on  very  long,  axillary- 
peduncles.  The  fertile  ones  are  succeeded  by  large  bunches 
of  rounded,  compressed,  crowded,  bluish  berries.  The  axils  of 
many  of  the  leaves  give  rise  to  short,  barren  branches,  support- 
ing half  a  dozen  ovate,  five  nerved  leafets. — June. — Perennial. 

408.    DIOSCOREA. 
DioscoREA  viLLOSA.      .  VUlous  Dioscorett, 

Leaves    alternate,   opposite  and  whorled,  cordate, 
acuminate,   pubescent  underneath,  nine  nerved,  the 
lateral  nerves  simple. 
Syn.     DioscoREA  taniculata.     Mx. 

A  delicate,  slender-twining  vine.     Stem  twisted  and  winding 


CLASS  XXII.     ORDER  XII.  397 

from  right  to  left.  Petioles  reflexed,  contorted,  channelled. 
Leaves  heart  shaped,  acuminate,  entire,  beautifully  marked  with 
long,  distinct,  single  nerves,  glabrous  above,  smooth  or  villous 
beneath.  Flowers  minute,  alternate,  sessile,  on  long,  filiform, 
axillary  peduncles.  Calyx  in  the  barren  flowers  in  six  ovate 
segments,  witli  six  minute  anthers.  Fruit  inversely  heart 
shaped,  three  winged. — Woods  on  the  Concord  turnpike,  rare. — ■ 
May,  June. — Perennial. 

POLYANDRIA. 

409.    POPULUS. 
PoPULus  TREMULOiDEs.     MicTi.  American  Aspen. 

Leaves  roundish,  abruptly  acuminate,  serrulate, 
pubescent  at  the  edge.     Mich.  f. 

The  small,  tremulous  leaves  of  this  Poplar  have  great  affinity 
to  those  of  the  European  Aspen,  whose  quivering  foliage  has 
long  been  proverbial.  The  tree  somewhat  exceeds  the  middle 
size.  The  flowers  appear  in  April,  long  before  the  leaves,  ia 
pendulous,  silken  aments;  the  calyx  of  the  barren  flowers  of  a 
dark,  chesnut  color  with  a  fringe  of  white  hairs.  Corolla  white. 
Anthers  numerous,  deep  brown  with  white  pollen.  The  leaves 
are  small,  compared  with  other  species,  light,  roundish,  scarcely 
hearted  at  base.  The  bark  is  smooth,  and  the  wood  light,  fine, 
soft,  and  perishable. 

PopuLus  GRANDiDENTATA.  MicJi.  Large  Aspeu  or  Poplar, 
Petioles   compressed;    leaves   round-oval,    smooth 
both  sides,  unequally  sinuate,  with  large   teeth,  the 
younger  ones  villous.     Mich.  f. 
Syn.     PopuLUs  trepida.     Muhl. 

This  tree  is  occasionally  met  with  in  our  woods,  but  is  much 
less  common  than  the  preceding  species.  It  is  easily  distin- 
guished from  the  various  cultivated  poplars  by  the  large,  unequal 
indentations  on  the  margin  of  the  leaves.  The  leaves,  as  Mi- 
chaux  observes,  are  covered  when  young  with  a  white  down, 
which  disappears  as  they  grow  older.  In  many  instances  they 
are  furnished  with  a  pair  of  glands  at  base.  The  aments,  which 
34 


398  CLASS  XXII.     ORDER  XIII. 

are  two  or  three  inches  long,  appear  in  May.     Wood  much  like 
the  last. — Cambridge,  Milton. 

PopuLus  CANDicANs.     Alt.  Bulm  of  Gilcad  Tree. 

Leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  and  un- 
equally serrate,  whitish  and  somewhat  three  nerved 
beneath;  petioles  hairy;  buds  resinous;  branches 
round. 

This  poplar  is  abundantly  cultivated  in  New  England,  and 
proves  troublesome  by  the  rapidity  w^ith  which  it  spreads.  I 
have  never  seen  it  in  woods. 

MONADELPHIA. 

410.    JUNIPERUS. 
JuNiPERUs  Virginia  NA.  Red  Cedar. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xlv. 

Trunk  arboreous,  upper  leaves  imbricated  in  four 
rows,  ovate,  pungently  acute. 

The  Red  Cedar,  sometimes  called  in  this  vicinity  by  the  name 
of  Savin,  is  a  common  tenant  of  dry.  rocky  hills.  When  full 
grown,  it  is  a  middling  sized  tree.  Trunk  straight,  decreasing 
rapidly  from  the  ground,  and  giving  off  many  horizontal  branch- 
es. Its  surface  is  generally  unequal  and  disfigured  by  knots. 
The  small  twigs  are  covered  with  minute,  densely  imbricated 
leaves,  which  increase  in  size  as  the  branch  grows,  till  they  are 
broken  up  and  confounded  with  the  rough  bark.  These  leaves 
are  fleshy,  ovate,  concave,  rigidly  acute,  marked  with  a  small, 
depressed  gland  on  the  middle  of  their  outer  side,  in  pairs, 
united  at  base  to  each  other  and  to  the  pairs  above  and  below 
them.  A  singular  variety  sometimes  appears  in  the  young  shoots, 
especially  those  which  issue  from  the  base  of  the  trees.  This 
consists  in  an  elongation  of  the  leaves  to  five  or  six  times  their 
usual  length,  while  they  become  spreading,  acerose,  considera- 
bly remote  from  each  other,  and  irregular  in  their  insertion,  be- 
ing either  opposite  or  ternate.  These  shoots  are  so  dissimilar 
to  the  parent  tree,  that  they  have  been  repeatedly  mistaken  for 
individuals  of  a  different  species.  The  barren  flowers  grow  in 
small  oblong  aments,  formed  by  peltate  scales  with  the  anther 


CLASS  XXII.     ORDER  XIII.  399 

concealed  within  them.  The  fertile  flowers  have  a  proper  peri- 
anth, which  coalesces  with  the  germ  and  forms  a  small,  roundish 
berry,  with  two  or  three  seeds,  covered  on  its  outer  surface  with 
a  bright  blue  powder.  The  wood  of  the  Red  Cedar  is  light  and 
very  durable.  It  constitutes  an  excellent  material  for  posts,  to 
which  use  it  is  commonly  appropriated  with  us.  The  leaves  re- 
semble Savin  in  their  medicinal  properties,  and  are  particularly 
used  as  a  topical  stimulant. 

JuNiPERus  CoMMONUNis.  CoTTimoji  Jumper. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xliv. 

Leaves  ternate,  spreading,  rnucronate,  longer  than 
the  berry. 

Variety  depressa.     Stems  prostrate. 
Syn.     JuNiPERUs  repens.     Nutt. 

The  Juniper  is  with  us  always  a  shrub,  never  rising  into  a 
tree.  The  stems  are  prostrate,  rooting,  and  forming  large  beds. 
The  tips  of  the  branches  are  smooth  and  angular.  Leaves  in 
threes,  linear-acerose,  sharply  rnucronate,  shining  green  on  their 
lower  surface,  but  with  a  broad  glaucous  line  through  the  centre 
of  the  upper.  The  leaves  always  resupinate,  and  turn  their 
upper  surface  toward  the  ground.  The  barren  flowers  grow  in 
small  axillary  aments,  with  roundish,  acute,  stipitate  scales, 
inclosing  several  anthers.  The  fertile  flowers,  growing  on  a 
separate  shrub,  have  a  small  tbree  parted  calyx  growing  to  the 
germ  ;  and  three  styles.  The  fruit  is  a  fleshy,  roundish,  oblong 
berry,  of  a  dark  purplish  color,  formed  of  the  germ  and  con- 
fluent calyx,  marked  with  three  prominences  or  vesicles  at  top, 
and  containing  three  seeds.  It  requires  two  seasons  to  arrive 
at  maturity  from  the  flower. — In  dry  woods,  Roxbury,Brookline. 

411.     TAXUS. 
Taxus  Canadensis.      Willd.  Dicarf  Yew, 

Leaves  linear,  two  ranked,   revolute  at  the  edge; 
receptacles  of  the  barren  flowers  globose. 
Syn.     Taxus  baccata,  minor.  Mx. 

A  low,  spreading  shrub,  known  in  Maine  by  the  name  of 


400  CLASS  XXIII.     ORDER  I. 

Ground  hemlock.  The  leaves,  in  their  arrangement,  resemble 
those  of  Pinus  Canadensis,  but  are  larger.  The  fruit  resembles 
a  berry,  the  seed  being  imbedded  in  the  fleshy  calyx. — Hollowell, 
Maine. 


Class  XXIII.  POLYGAMIA.  Perfect  flowers  to- 
gether with  barren^  or  fertile^  or  both^  on  the  same 
or  distinct  plants. 

Order  I.     MONCECIA.      Barren,  fertile ,   and  perfect 
flowers,  found  on  one  plant. 

412.  Celtis.  Perfect  flowers,  calj^x  five  parted  ; 
corolla  none ;  stamens  five  ;  styles  two ;  drupe  one 
seeded.  Barren  flowers,  calyx  six  parted;  corolla 
none  ;    stamens  six. 

413.  Atriflex.  Perfect  flowers,  calyx  five  parted  ; 
corolla  none  ;  stamens  five  ;  style  two  parted  ;  seed 
one  depressed.  Fertile  flowers,  calyx  two  leaved ; 
corolla  none;  style  two  parted  ;  seed  one  compressed. 

414.  Veratrum.  Calyx  none  ;  corolla  six  parted; 
stamens  six.  Perfect  flowers,  pistils  three  ;  capsules 
three ;  many  seeded.  Barren  flowers  containing  the 
rudiment  of  a  pistil. 

Order  II.    DICECTA.     Barr  en  ^  fertile,  and  perfect  flowers 
on  different  plants. 

415.  Panax.  Umbel  simple.  Perfect  flowers,  ca- 
lyx five  toothed,  superior ;  corolla  five  petalled ;  sta- 
mens five ;  style  two ;  berry  two  seeded.  Barren 
flowers,  calyx  entire  ;  petals  five  ;    stamens  five. 

416.  Xanthoxylum.  Calyx  inferior,  five  parted ; 
corolla  none  ;  flowers  barren,  fertile,  and  perfect ;  cap- 
sules from  three  to  five,  one  seeded. 


CLASS  XXIII.     ORDER  I.  40J 

417.  Acer.  Calyx  fi\Ae  cleft:  corolla  five  petalled; 
stamens  eight ;  capsules  two  or  three,  one  seeded,  ter- 
minated by  a  wing.  Barren  flowers  without  germ  or 
style. 

418.  Nyssa.  Perfect  flowers,  calyx  five  parted; 
corolla  none  ;  stamens  five ;  pistil  one  ;  drupe  inferior. 
Barren  flowers,  stamens  ten. 

419.  Fraxinus.  Perfect  flowers,  calyx  none  or 
four  parted ;  corolla  none  or  four  petalled ;  stamens 
two ;  pistil  one  ;  capsule  flattened  ;  seeds  mostly  soli- 
tary, pendulous.  Fertile  flowers,  pistil  one,  lanceo-- 
late. 


POLYGAMIA. 

MONCECIA. 

412.     CELTIS. 
Celtis  occidentalis.     L.  Nettle  Tree, 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  une- 
qual at  base,  rough  on  the  upper  side,  hairy  under- 
neath ;  fruit  solitary. 

This  tree,  known  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States  by  the 
names  of  Hoop  Ash  and  Beaver  tree,  is  rarely  in  this  vicinity.  I 
have  only  met  with  it  at  Squantum  and  on  Bear  hill  at  Waltham. 
The  leaves  are  nearly  as  large  as  those  of  the  Elm  and  re- 
markably oblique  at  base.  Flowers  small,  whitish.  Fruit  dark 
purple,  pedunculated,  not  larger  than  the  whortleberry. — May. 

413.    ATRIPLEX. 

Atriplex  patula.     L.  Spreading  Orache. 

Stem  herbaceous,  spreading ;  leaves,  deltoid-lance- 
34=^ 


402  CLASS  XXIII.     ORDER  I. 

olate,  somewhat  hastate;  calyx  of  the  seed  somewhat 
muricate  on  the  disc.     Sm. 

Stem  spreading,  very  much  branched.  Leaves  powdery  un- 
derneath, the  lower  ones  mostly  hastate,  the  upper  ones  lanceO'- 
late.  Racemes  axillary  and  terminal.  The  seed  is  inclosed  be- 
tween two  large,  triangular  valves,  furnished  on  their  back  with 
an  irregular  number  of  short,  conical  points. — Salt  marshes. — 
August. — AnnuaL 

414.    VERATRUM. 

Veratrum  viride.     Ait.       Poke  Root.     American  Helle- 
bore. 
American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxxiii. 

Panicle  downy  ;  partial  bractes  longer  than  their 
pedicels.  Segments  of  the  corolla  thickened  on  the 
inside  at  base. 

A  large,  green,  leafy  plant,  not  uncommon  in  meadows  and 
swamps.  The  root  is  thick  and  fleshy,  its  upper  portion  tuni- 
cated,  its  lower  half  solid  and  sending  forth  a  multitude  of  large, 
whitish  radicles.  The  stem  is  from  three  to  five  feet  high, 
roundish,  solid,  striated  and  pubescent.  Throughout  the  greater 
part  of  its  length  it  is  closely  invested  with  the  sheathing  bases 
of  the  leaves.  The  lower  leaves  are  large,  from  half  a  foot  to  a 
foot  long,  oval,  acuminate,  pubescent,  strongly  plaited  and  nerv- 
ed ;  the  lower  part  of  their  edges  meeting  round  their  stem. 
The  upper  leaves  become  gradually  narrower,  and  the  upper- 
most, which  perform  the  office  of  bractes,  are  linear-lanceolate. 
The  flowers  are  numerous  and  distributed  in  compound  racemes, 
axillary  from  the  upper  leaves,  and  terminal ;  the  whole  form- 
ing a  sort  of  panicle.  Peduncles  roundish,  downy.  Bractes 
boat-shaped,  acuminate,  downy.  The  pedicel  of  each  flower  is 
many  times  shorter  than  its  bracte.  Calix  none.  Corolla  divid- 
ed into  six  green,  oval,  acute,  nerved  segments,  of  which  the 
alternate  ones  are  longest.  All  the  segments  are  contracted  at 
base  into  a  sort  of  claw  with  a  thickened  or  cartilaginous  edge. 
Stamens  six  with  recurved  filaments  and  roundish,  two  labed 


CLASS  XXIII.    ORDER  II.  403 

anthers.  Germs  three,  cohering,  with  acute  recurved  styles  as 
long  as  the  stamens.  A  part  of  the  flowers  are  barren,  and  have 
only  the  rudiments  of  styles,  so  that  the  plant  is  strictly  polyga- 
mous. The  seed  vessel  consists  of  three  capsules  united  toge- 
ther, separating  at  top  and  opening  on  their  inner  side.  Seeds 
flat,  imbricated. — June. — Perennial. 

The  root  of  this  plant,  when  taken  internally,  produces  violent 
effects,  and  is  dangerous  in  considerable  quantities.  It  is  chiefly 
used  in  the  country  as  an  external  application  in  cutaneous  affec- 
tions. From  its  great  affinity  in  habit  to  the  Veratrum  album, 
an  European  species,  which  has  lately  acquired  considerable 
celebrity  as  a  remedy  in  gout;  the  American  plant  is  particu- 
larly entitled  to  the  attention  of  physicians. 

DICECIA. 

415.     PANAX. 
Panax  Quinquefolium.  Ginseng, 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  xxix. 

Root  fusiform;  leaves  three,  quinate;  leafets  ovaJ, 
acuminate,  serrate,  petioled. 

The  root  of  the  Ginseng  consists  of  one  or  more  fleshy,  oblong 
and  somewhat  fusiform  portions,  of  a  whitish  color,  transversely 
wrinkled,  and  terminating  in  various  radicles.  Its  upper  portion 
is  slender  and  marked  with  the  scars  of  the  former  shoots.  Stem 
smooth,  round,  green,  with  often  a  tinge  of  red,  regularly  divided 
at  top  into  three  petioles,  with  a  flower  stalk  at  their  centre. 
Petioles  round,  smooth,  swelling  at  base.  Leaves  three,  com- 
pound, containing  five,  rarely  three  or  seven  leafets.  The  partial 
leafstalks  are  given  off  in  a  digitate  manner,  and  are  smooth, 
compressed  and  furrowed  above.  Leafets  oblong,  obovate, 
sharply  serrate,  acuminate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  with  scattered 
bristles  on  the  veins  above.  The  flowers,  which  are  small,  grow 
in  a  simple  umbel  on  a  round,  slender  peduncle,  longer  than  the 
petioles.  The  involucrum  consists  of  a  multitude  of  short  subu- 
late leafets,  interspersed  with  the  flower  stalks.  These  stalks  or 
rays  are  so  short  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  a  head,  rather  than 
an  umbel.     In  the  perfect  flowers  the  calyx  has  five  small,  acute 


404  CLASS  XXIII.    ORDER  II. 

teeth;  the  corolla  five  petals,  which  are  oval,  reflexed  and  decid- 
uous. Stamens  five,  with  oblong  anthers.  Styles  two,  reflexed, 
persistent;  germ  large,  inferior,  ovate-heart  shaped,  compressed. 
The  berries  are  kidney  shaped,  retuse  at  both  ends,  compressed, 
of  a  bright  scarlet  color,  crowned  with  the  calyx  and  styles,  and 
containing  two  semicircular  seeds.  In  most  umbels  there  are 
flowers  with  only  one  style,  in  which  case  the  berry  has  a  semi- 
cordate  form.  Sometimes  there  are  three  styles  and  three  seeds. 
The  outermost  flowers  ripen  first,  and  their  berries  often  obtain 
their  full  size  before  the  central  ones  are  expanded.  The  middle 
flowers  are  frequently  abortive.  There  are  also  barren  flowers, 
on  separate  plants,  which  botanists  describe  as  having  larger 
petals  and  an  entire  calyx. — In  Northampton  and  on  the  Ascut- 
ney  mountain. — June,  July. — Perennial. 

The  root  of  Ginseng  is  in  high  estimation  among  the  Chinese, 
and  formerly  constituted  a  profitable  article  of  export  to  Canton. 

Panax  trifolium.     L.  Dwarf  Ginseng, 

Root  tuberous ;  leaves  three,  ternate  or  quinate ; 
leafets  wedge-  lanceolate,  subsessile,  serrate. 

The  herb  considerably  resembles  that  of  Anemone  nemorosa. 
Root  tuberous,  deep  in  the  ground,  globular,  of  the  size  of  a  pis- 
tol bullet.  Stem  smooth,  simple.  Leaves  compound,  three  in 
number,  given  oflFin  a  whorl.  Petioles  smooth,  channelled  above. 
Leafets  three,  four  or  five,  nearly  sessile,  wedge-lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, smooth,  with  generally  a  few  short  bristles  from  the  upper 
side  of  the  veins.  Peduncle  a  little  angular,  terminating  in  a 
simple  umbel  of  small  white  flowers.  Involucre  many  leaved. 
The  barren  umbels  have  a  short  white  calyx,  scarcely  toothed, 
five  obovate  petals,  five  stamens,  growing  upon  the  calyx,  and 
one  style.  The  fertile  umbels  have  a  greenish  calyx,  white, 
deciduous  petals,  no  stamens,  and  three  styles.  Berry  three 
celled. — Low  grounds,  rare. —  Sent  from  Danvers  by  Dr.  Nichols. 
— Found  at  Maiden  by  Mr.  Little. — Perennial. 


CLASS  XXIII.     ORDER  II.  405 

416.     XANTHOXYLUM. 
Xanthoxylum  Fraxineum.  Prickly  Ash. 

American  Medical  Botany,  PI.  lix. 

Prickly;  leaves   pinnate;  leafets  ovate,   subentire, 
sessile,  equal  at  base;  umbels  axillary. 

The  branches  of  this  shrub  are  covered  with  strong,  sharp 
prickles,  arranged  without  order,  most  frequently  in  pairs,  at  the 
insertion  of  the  young  branches.  Leaves  pinnate,  the  common 
petiole  sometimes  unarmed  and  sometimes  prickly  on  the  back. 
Leafets  about  five  pairs,  with  an  odd  one,  nearly  sessile,  ovate, 
acute,  with  slight  vesicular  serratures,  somewhat  downy  under- 
neath. The  flowers  appear  in  April  and  May,  before  the  leaves 
are  expanded.  They  grow  in  sessile  umbels  about  the  origin  of 
the  young  branches,  are  small  and  greenish.  I  have  observed 
them  of  three  kinds,  making  the  shrub  strictly  polygamous.  In 
the  staminiferous  flower,  the  calyx  is  five  leaved,  leaves  oblong, 
obtuse,  erect.  Stamens  five,  with  subulate  filaments  and  sagit- 
tate four  celled  anthers.  In  the  place  of  the  pistils  are  three  or 
four  roundish  corpuscles  supported  on  pedicels  from  a  common 
base.  The  perfect  flowers  growing  on  the  same  plant  have  the 
calyx  and  stamens  like  the  last ;  the  germs  are  three  or  four, 
pedicelled,  and  having  erect,  converging  styles  nearly  as  long  as 
the  stamens.  The  pistiliferous  flowers  grow  on  a  separate  shrub. 
Calyx  smaller  and  more  compressed.  Germs  about  five,  pedi- 
celled ;  styles  converging  into  close  contact  at  top,  and  a  little 
twisted.  Stigmas  obtuse.  All  the  flowers  are  destitute  of  co- 
rolla. Each  fertile  flower  produces  an  umbel  of  as  many  stipi- 
tate  capsules  as  there  were  germs  in  the  flower.  These  cap- 
sules are  oval,  covered  with  excavated  dots,  varying  from  green 
to  red,  two  valved,  one  seeded;  seed  oval,  blackish. — Woods, 
Medford. — April,  May. — Perennial. 

The  rind  of  the  capsules  has  an  agreeable  leraon-like  scent. 
The  bark  is  pungent,  and  is  used  in  rheumatism. 

417.     ACER. 

Acer  rubrum.     L.  Stvamp  31aple.     Red  Maple. 

Leaves  palmate-five  lobed,  unequally  toothed,  pu- 


406  CLASS  XXIII.    ORDER  II. 

.  bescent,  and  at  length  glaucous  nnderneath,  the  si- 
nuses acute ;  fertile  flowers  aggregate,  with  rather 
long  stalks.     Mich. 

This  maple  grows  plentifully  in  our  swamps  and  low  woods. 
The  flowers  appear  in  April  and  May,  each  bud  producing  a  fas- 
cicle or  sessile  umbel  of  about  five  crimson  flowers.  In  the 
barren  flowers  the  calyx  is  about  five  parted,  with  oval  segments. 
Petals  five,  narrower  and  inflected.  Stamens  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx.  Perfect  flowers  on  separate  trees,  later  and  smaller, 
the  stamens  included  ;  styles  two,  exserted,  recurved,  pubescent. 
Germs  compressed,  united,  succeeded  by  a  red  fruit,  known  by 
the  name  of  maple  keys,  consisting  of  a  pair  of  small  capsules, 
each  terminated  by  a  long,  membranous  appendage,  resembling 
the  wing  of  an  insect.  The  leaves  are  opposite,  rounded,  or 
hearted  at  base,  and  divided  into  three  or  five  principal  lobes, 
separated  by  a  large,  acute  notch.  They  are  irregularly  toothed, 
and  glaucous  underneath. 

The  wood  of  this  species  is  close  grained,  smooth  and  hard. 
It  is  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of  tables,  chairs,  and  other 
kinds  of  furniture.  A  variety,  denominated  Curled  Maple,  oc- 
casioned by  the  serpentine  course  of  the  fibres  in  some  old  trees, 
has  a  beautiful,  shaded  appearance  in  cabinet  work,  and  is  also 
used  for  gun-stocks,  on  account  of  its  solidity  and  toughness. 

Acer  saccharinum.     L.         Rock  Maple.    Sugar  Maple. 

Leaves  five  parted-palmate,  glabrous,  entire  at  the 
margin,  glaucous  underneath  ;  flowers  pedunculated, 
pendant.     Mich.  f. 

The  Rock  Maple,  though  common  in  the  interior,  is  rarely 
met  with  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.  Some  young  trees  occur  in 
the  woods  at  Roxbury.  The  flowers  of  this  species  are  yellow- 
ish, small,  and  supported  by  slender,  drooping  footstalks.  The 
fruit  is  larger  than  in  the  Red  Maple,  and  of  a  light  greenish 
color.  The  leaves  have  three  or  five  principal  lobes,  separated 
by  a  sinus  or  notch,  which  is  rounded,  not  angular,  at  bottom. 
They  are  pale,  and  sometimes  downy  on  the  under  side. 

The  wood  is  hard,  compact,  and  smooth.     It  is  much  used  ia 


CLASS  XXIII.     ORDER  II.  407 

cabinet  work,  particularly  a  beautiful  variety  denominated  Bird's- 
eye  Maple,  and  a  curled  variety  like  that  in  the  last  species.  It 
makes  good  fuel,  though  inferior  to  walnut  and  oak  ;  and,  with 
the  Betula  papyracea,  it  constitutes  a  greater  portion  of  our  east- 
ern wood. 

But  the  peculiar  value  of  this  tree  consists  in  the  sugar  which 
is  obtained  from  its  sap.  A  tree  of  the  ordinary  size  will  yield 
from  twenty  to  thirty  gallons  of  sap  in  a  season.  This  sap  is 
collected  by  boring  holes  in  the  trees,  and  affixing  to  them  small 
troughs,  which  convey  it  into  reservoirs  prepared  for  its  recep- 
tion. It  is  then  put  into  large  kettles,  and  boiled  down  until  it 
is  sufficiently  inspissated  to  crystallize  or  grain.  It  thus  forms 
the  raw  sugar,  which  may  be  purified  in  the  usual  way. 

Acer  dasycarpum.      Willd.  White  Maple. 

Leaves  palmate-five  lobed,  truncated  at  base,  nne- 
qnally  cut  toothed,   white  and  smooth  underneath, 
with    obtuse    sinuses;    flowers   crowded,    with  short 
pedicels  and  downy  germs. 
Syn.     Acer  eriocarpum.     Mx. 

A  tall  tree  with  large  leaves  remarkably  white  underneath. 
Wings  of  the  fruit  very  large,  exceeding  those  of  any  species  here 
mentioned,  greenish.  Wood  softer  and  more  perishable  than  in 
the  other  kinds. — Hanover,  New  Hampshire,  and  Maine. 

Acer  striatum.     L.  Striped  Maple.     3Ioose  Wood. 

Leaves  rounded  at  base,  with  three  acuminate 
lobes,  sharply  serrate,  smooth;  racemes  simple,  pen- 
dulous. 

Syn.     Acer  Pennsylvanicum.     Willd. 

A  beautiful  small  tree  with  striped  bark.  Leaves  more  sim- 
ple in  their  structure  than  those  of  the  other  species,  being  sim- 
ply three  lobed.  Flowers  yellowish  green,  in  simple  pendulous 
racemes.  Petals  from  eight  to  ten,  obtuse.  Stamens  about  eight. 
Fruit  in  long  hanging  clusters  with  pale  greenish  wings.  Com- 
mon in  Worcester  county. — June. 


408  CLASS  XXIII.    ORDER  11. 

Acer  montanum.     L.  Mountain  Maple* 

Leaves  about  five  lobed,  acute,  toothed,  pubescent, 

underneath  ;  racemes  erect,  compound. 

A  shrub  with  pale  greyish  bark.  Leaves  three  or  five  lobed, 
toothed,  rugose,  slightly  pubescent  underneath.  Racemes  erect 
with  compound  branches.  Calyx  segments  short,  acute.  Petals 
five,  linear,  greenish  white.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  petals ; 
anthers  yellow.  Germ  compressed,  inversely  heart  shaped  or 
triangular.  Style  erect.  Fruit  winged,  in  compound,  pendulous 
racemes. — Woods  in  the  interior  of  Massachusetts,  &c. — June. 

418.     NYSSA. 
Nyssa  villosa.  Mich.      Tupelo  Tree.    Swamp  Hornbeam. 
Leaves  oval,  entire,  the  petiole,  middle  nerve,  and 
margin  villous ;  fertile  stalks   about  three  flowered  ; 
nut  short-obovate,  obtusely  striate.     Mich. 

This  tree  grows  in  swamps,  and  is  frequently  of  a  pyramidal 
form,  with  horizontal  branches.  The  leaves  are  oval,  entire, 
acute,  tough  and  firm,  paler  on  the  under  side,  slightly  pubescent 
on  the  margin  and  petiole,  two  or  three  inches  in  length.  The 
flowers  are  small,  obscure,  of  a  green  color,  collected  on  the  end 
of  a  long  peduncle.  Each  fertile  peduncle  produces  two  or  three 
small,  oblong  drupes,  of  a  deep  blue  color,  each  containing  an 
exceedingly  hard,  striated  stone. 

The  wood  of  this  tree  is  white,  and  moderately  hard.  Its 
fibres  are  closely  interwoven,  so  as  to  render  it  extremely  tough 
and  difficult  to  split.  In  Massachusetts  it  is  generally  called 
Hornbeam,  a  name  properly  belonging  to  the  genus  Carpinus. 

419.     FRAXTNUS. 

Fraxinus  Americana.     Mich.  f.  White  Ash. 

Leafets  elliptic,  acuminate,  slightly  toothed,  petio* 

led,  glaucous  underneath. 

Syn.     Fraxinus  discolor.     Muhl, 

Fraxinus  acuminata.     Lam. 
This  very  valuable  tree  grows   to  the  height  of  seventy  or 


CLASS  XXIV.     ORDER  I.  409 

eighty  feet.  Its  branches  are  opposite,  and  covered  with  bark 
of  a  very  light  color.  Leaves  pinnate,  consisting  of  about 
seven  oval,  acuminated  leafets,  whitish  underneath,  entire  or 
slightly  toothed.  The  flowers  grow  in  loose  panicles  from  the 
axils  of  the  last  year's  leaves.  Their  stalks  have  opposite 
branches  with  bracles  at  base.  The  barren  flowers  consist  sim- 
ply of  two  large,  oblong,  reddish  anthers,  proceeding  from  a 
minute  dentated  tubercle  which  seems  to  be  a  calyx.  The  fer- 
tile ones  have  a  small  calyx,  an  ovate  germ,  and  a  long  style 
ending  in  two  stigmas.  They  are  succeeded  by  winged  capsules, 
which  are  cylindrical  at  base,  but  dilated  at  their  end  into  a 
long,  flat  appendage,  somewhat  lanceolate  in  form,  but  blunt  or 
emarginate  at  the  end.  The  wood  of  the  common  Ash  is  ex- 
ceedingly durable,  firm,  and  elastic,  with  a  tolerable  degree  of 
lightness.  It  is  the  principal  material  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  carriage  frames,  of  light  agricultural  implements,  of  oars, 
blocks,  boxes,  &c. — May. 


Class   XXIV.       CRYPTOGAMIA.       Fructification 
anomalous  or  concealed. 

Order  I.     FILICES.     Ferns. 

420.  Equisetum.  Floral  receptacles  peltate,  many 
angled,  collected  into  a  spike;  indusiam  corniculate  ; 
stamina  four  ;  style  none  ;  seed  one. 

421.  Lycopodium.  Capsules  reniform,  one  celled, 
two  valved,  many  seeded;  seeds  very  minute,  resem- 
bling powder. 

422.  BoTRYCHiuM.  Capsules  subglobose  adnate  to 
the  rachis  of  the  compound  raceme,  separate,  naked, 
one  celled ;  valves  two,  connected  behind,  opening 
transversely. 

423.  Lygodium.  Spikes  unilateral;  capsules  in  two 
series,  opening  on  the  inner  side  from  the  base  to  the 

35 


410  CLASS  XXIV.    ORDER  I. 

summit;    indusium  (or  veil)   squamiform,  covering 
each  capsule. 

424.  OsMUNDA.  Capsules  subglobose,  pedicellate, 
striate,  semibivalvular  and  paniculated;  indusium 
none. 

425.  PoLYPODiuM.  Sori  (or  small  clusters  of  cap- 
sules) roundish,  scattered  ;  indusium  none. 

426.  WooDsiA.  Sori  roundish,  scattered;  indusium 
calyciform,  open,  with  a  hairy  margin,  including  the 
pedicellate  capsules. 

427.  AspiDiuM.  Sori  roundish  scattered  ;  indusium 
umbilicate  or  opening  on  one  side. 

428.  Onoclea.  Capsules  densely  covering  the  back 
of  the  frond  ;  indusia  squamiform,  connate  in  the  form 
of  berries  and  not  expanding. 

429.  Struthiopterts.  Capsules  densely  covering 
the  back  of  the  frond  ;  indusia  squamiform,  marginal, 
opening  internally. 

430.  AsPLENiuM.  Sori  linear,  transversal,  scatter- 
ed; indusia  arising  from  the  lateral  veins,  and  open- 
ing towards  the  rib. 

431.  Pteris.  Sori  continuous,  linear,  marginal; 
indusium  from  the  inflected  margin  of  the  frond, 
opening  inwards. 

432.  Woodwardia.  Sori  oblong,  distinct,  straight, 
parallel  with  the  ribs  of  the  frond  on  either  side  ;  in- 
dusia superficial,  arched,  opening  inwards. 

433.  Adiantum.  Sori  oblong  or  roundish  ;  indusia 
membranaceous,  arising  from  the  margin  of  the  frond 
and  opening  inwards. 

434.  DicKsoNiA.  Sori  punctiform,  marginal,  round- 
ish, and  distinct;  indusium  double,   one  superficial, 


CLASS  XXIV.    ORDER  I.  411 

opening  outwards,   the  other  marginal  and  opening 
inwards. 


CRYPTOGAMIA. 

FILICES. 

420.     EQUISETUM. 
Equisetum  hyemale.  L.  Rough  Horsetail.  ScouringRusH. 

Stem  naked,  very  rough,  mostly  branched  at  base; 
sheaths  whitish,  black  at  the  base  and  summit. 

Found  in  moist  woods  at  Lynn  and  elsewhere.  Stems  erect, 
without  branches,  except  at  base,  hollow,  naked,  furrowed,  the 
ridges  rough  with  minute  teeth,  which  are  hardly  visible  without 
a  glass.  The  joints  of  the  stem  are  surrounded  with  short 
sheaths,  colored  with  black  and  white  rings,  and  toothed  at  the 
top.  The  fruit  grows  in  an  ovate,  terminal  ament,  composed  of 
peltate,  six  sided  scales,  bearing  the  seeds  inside. 

The  whole  surface  of  the  stem  is  rough,  like  a  file,  and  is 
used  in  scouring  and  polishing  metallic  vessels.  Its  cuticle,  ac- 
cording to  Sir  H.  Davy,  contains  a  considerable  portion  of  sili- 
ceous earth.— Perennial. 

Equjsetum  uligjnosum.     Muhh  Pipes. 

Stems   somewhat   branched ;     branches    from    the 

middle  joints,  unequal. 

A  very  tall,  slender  species,  growing  in  the  water  at  the  edges 
of  rivers  and  ponds.  Stems  erect,  round,  furrowed,  nearly 
smooth.  Joiots  invested  with  smooth  sheaths  ending  ip  evep, 
acute,  black  teeth.  Both  the  barren  and  fertile  stems  are  fur- 
nished with  a  few  short  branches,  chiefly  from  about  the  middle 
joints.  The  lowermost  and  uppermost  of  these  are  generally 
single  or  in  pairs,  the  rest  in  unequal  whorls.  Ament  terminal, 
oblong-ovate. — Banks  of  rivers,  &c. — Perennial. 

Under  the  name  oi pipes ^  this  plant  is  prized  by  farmers  as  a 
valuable  food  for  cattle,  who  are  extremely  fond  of  it. 


412  CLASS  XXIV.  ORDER  I. 

Equisetum  arvense.     L.  Field  Horsetail. 

Fertile  scape  naked;  barren  frond  with  whorled 
branches,  decumbent.     L. 

The  fruiiful  stems  of  this  plant  appear  in  April,  and  soon  de- 
cay. They  are  erect,  smooth,  furrowed,  and  without  branches, 
their  joints  surrounded  with  large,  swelling  sheaths,  which  end 
in  long,  blackish  teeth.  Spike  terminal,  oblong-ovate,  with  a 
membranous  border  below  it.  The  barren  stems  are  taller  and 
more  durable ;  they  are  erect,  or  ascending  at  base,  roughish, 
their  joints  furnished  with  sheaths  and  large  whorls  of  simple 
ascending  branches.  These  branches  are  three  or  four  cornered, 
with  sheaths  at  their  joints,  ending  in  the  same  number  of  teeth. 
— Moist  ground,  South  Boston. — Perennial. 

Equisetum  sylvaticum.     L.  Wood  Horsetail. 

Branches  compound,  curving  downward,  rough. 

The  fertile  stems  are  erect,  round,  furrowed,  jointed.  Joints 
invested  with  large,  loose  sheaths,  which  divide  into  a  number 
of  broad  teeth  at  top.  Branches  very  slender,  in  a  whorl  pro- 
ceeding from  the  upper  joint,  immediately  below  the  sheath, 
divaricated  and  curving  downward.  The  second  joint  from  the 
top  is  furnished  with  a  whorl  of  shorter  branches,  and  sometimes 
also  the  third.  Ament  ovate,  terminal,  composed  like  the  rest, 
of  peltate,  hexagonal  scales.  The  barren  stems  are  smaller  and 
higher,  their  joints  all  furnished  with  whorls  of  branches,  which 
are  much  longer,  and  considerably  subdivided. — Low  grounds, 
Roxbury,  Cambridge. — Perennial. 

Equisetum  scirpoides.     Mx.  Small  Horsetail. 

Stems  simple,  ascending,  smooth,  filiform,  with 
spikes  at  top;  sheaths  three  toothed,  blackish,  teeth 
awned,  the  tips  caducous. 

A  very  small  species,  not  larger  than  the  leaves  of  the  fore- 
going. Stems  simple,  crowded,  three  or  four  inches  high. — In 
Plainfield,    Dr.  Porter. 


CLASS  XXIV.    ORDER  L  413 

421.     LYCOPODIUM. 
Lycopodium  Carolinianum.    JVilld.     Carolina  Club  Moss. 
Stem  creeping;  leaves  two  ranked,  spreading,  lan- 
ceolate; peduncle  erect,  solitary,  elongated,  one  spiked; 
bractes  snblanceolate. 

A  creeping  species,  keeping  close  to  the  ground  in  muddy 
soils,  the  peduncle  being  the  only  erect  part.  This  is  iong^  slen- 
der, and  bears  a  single  spike. — Faund  at  Sandwich. 

LYCoroDiuM  CLAVATUM.     L.  Common  Club  Moss. 

Leaves  scattered,  ending  in  hairs;  spikes  in  pairs 
cylindrical,  pe/diinciilated,  the  scales  ovate,  acuminate, 
toothed. 

Stems  very  long,  trailing  and  rooting.  Leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, spreading,  nerveless,  ending  in  a  curved  bristle.  Flower* 
ing  stalks  erect,  with  two  or  three  spikes.  Scales  or  bractes 
dilated  at  base.— rWoods,  Mount  Auburn. 

Lycopodium  complanatum,     L.  Flat  Club  Moss. 

Leaves  two  rowed,  united,  superficial  ones  soli- 
tary; spikes  in  pairs,  pedunculated. 

A  common,  trailing  evergreen.  The  stems,  which  creep  on 
the  ground  for  a  considerable  distance,  are  furnished  with  dis- 
tinct, somewhat  remote  scales  or  leaves.  Branches  spreading, 
subdivided  by  regular  forks,  flattened,  two  edged.  Leaves  v^ry 
short  and  acute.  Peduncles  elongated,  forked  at  top,  and  usually 
supporting  four  erect,  cylindrical  spikes.  Bractes  closely  im- 
bricated, heart  shaped,  acuminate. — Woods  and  pastures, — Pe- 
rennial.. 

Lycopodium  rupestre.     L.  MocTc  Club  3Ioss. 

Stems  branching,  rooting  ;  branches  subdivided,  as- 
cending; leaves  scattered,  imbricated,  linear-lanceo- 
late, ciliate,  tipt  with  bristles ;  spikes  solitary,  sessile. 

A  little  plant,  remarkable  for  the  square  form  of  its  spikes. 
Leaves  many  rowed.      Spikes  terminal,  four  rowed,  barely  dis- 

35^ 


414  CLASS  XXIV.     ORDER  I. 

tinguishable  from  the  leafy  stem  below  them. — On  rocks  and 
dry  hills. 

Lycopodiujm  obscurum.     L.  Radiated  Club  Moss. 

Erect  ;  branches  spreading;  leaves  in  six  unequal 

rows;  spikes  one  or  few,  solitary,  sessile. 

The  shoots  of  this  species  are  erect,  ascending  at  base,  covered 
with  small,  imbricated,  lanceolate  leaves.  Branches  alternate, 
dividing  by  successive  forks,  the  branchlets  diverging  like  rays 
from  a  centre.  Leaves  in  six  rows,  those  of  the  lateral  rows 
longest.  Spikes  terminal,  solitary,  sessile,  cylindrical.  Like 
others  of  the  genus,  they  give  out,  when  ripe,  a  great  quantity  of 
minute  seeds,  resembling  a  fine,  yellow  powder,  and  very  inflam- 
mable.— Woods. — Perennial. 

Lycopodium  dendroideum.     Mx.  Tree  Club  Moss. 

Erect ;  branches  erect ;  leaves  in  six  equal  rows ; 
spikes  numerous,  solitary,  sessile. 

Commonly  quoted  as  a  synonym  of  the  preceding,  but  very 
distinct.  The  branches  are  always  erect,  and  appear  cylindrical 
from  the  equality  of  the  leaves,  whereas  in  the  former  they  are 
spreading  and  appear  flat  from  the  unequal  rows  of  leaves. 
Spikes  in  this  numerous,  in  the  other  most  frequently  one. — 
Woods,  Sudbury. 

Lycopodium  selago.     L.  Fir  Club  Moss, 

Leaves  scattered,  entire,  lanceolate,  awnless,  in 
eight  equal  rows ;  stems  dichotomous,  erect,  fastigi- 
ate;  fruit  axillary. 

A  dense,  leafy  species,  distinguished  from  the  following  by  its 
smaller  size  and  entire  leaves,  while  it  resembles  it  in  being  des- 
titute of  spikes,  the  capsules  growing  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
— On  the  highest  summit  of  the  White  mountains. 

Lycopodium  lucid ulum.     Mich.  Shining  Club  Moss. 

Stems  assurgent  with  a  few  longish  branches;  leaves 
spreading,  shining,  linear-lanceolatCj  serrate;  fructifi- 
cation axillary,     Mich. 


CLASS  XXIV.    ORDER  I.  415 

Stems  nearly  erect,  simple  or  dichotomous.  Leaves  in  about 
eight  rows,  longer  than  in  any  of  the  preceding  species,  linear- 
lanceolate,  somewhat  reflexed,  distinctly  serrate,  very  acute,  pol- 
ished on  both  sides.  Capsules  axillary,  semicircular.  A  small 
stem  bulb  is  sometimes  found  occupying  the  place  of  a  leaf. — 
Shady  borders  of  ponds,  &c. 

422.     BOTRYCHIUM. 
BoTRYCHiuM  FUMARiOTDES.      WUld.        Small BotrycMum. 
Stipe  naked ;  frond  glabrous,  radical,  three  parted- 
bipinnate  ;  segments  crenate  ;  spikes  bipinnate. 

A  rather  small  fern  with  a  single  frond  given  oif  from  the 
stipe  near  the  root.  This  frond  is  petioled,  more  or  less  com- 
pound according  to  the  size  of  the  plant,  but  commonly  ternate, 
the  divisions  pinnate  and  pinnatifid.  Capsules  globular,  sessile, 
in  two  rows  on  the  branchlets  of  a  bipinnate  panicle. — Dry  pas- 
tures, Cambridge. 

BoTRYCHiuM  ViRGiNicuM.      WUld.  Rattlesnake  Fern. 

Stipe  bearing  the  frond  in  the  middle;  frond  three 
parted-bipinnatifid,  segments  cut-toothed ;  spikes  bi- 
pinnate. ' 

Many  times  larger  than  the  foregoing.  The  frond,  which  is 
given  off  about  half  way  up  the  stem,  is  nearly  sessile,  divided 
into  three  principal  branches,  which  are  twice  pinnate,  the  divis- 
ions pinnatifid  and  the  segments  toothed.  Capsule  in  a  twice 
pinnate,  terminal  panicle  of  little  spikes. — Woods,  Chelsea  beach 
island. 

423.     LYGODIUM. 
Lygodium  palmatum.     Sw.  Climbing  Lygodium. 

Stem  flexuous,  climbing;  fronds  conjugate,  cordate, 
palmate  with  five  lobes,  lobes  entire,  obtuse ;  spike- 
lets  oblong-linear,  in  a  compound  terminal  panicle. 

Syn.     Hydkoglossum  palmatum.     Pursh. 
Cteisium  paniculatum.     Mr. 
An  exceedingly  delicate  plant,  and,  I  believe,  the  only  climb- 
ing fern   in  our   latitudes.     Stem   slender,   smooth.     Petioles 


416  CLASS  XXIV.     ORDER  I. 

alternate,  forked  near  the  stem,  supporting  two  leaves  of  fronds, 
which  are  palmately  divided  into  from  five  to  nine  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  obtuse  segments,  paler  underneath.  The  fructification 
is  found  on  the  upper  fronds,  which  grow  like  the  lower  on 
forked  stalks,  but  are  subdivided  by  alternate  branches  into  a  mul- 
titude of  small,  oblong-linear  segments,  having  the  fruit  in  two 
imbricated  rows  on  the  back. — At  the  Botanic  garden,  Cam- 
bridge, brought  from  Granby,  Massachusetts. — On  the  Blackstone 
canal. — Mr.  Eddy. 

424.     OSMUNDA. 
OsMUNDA  ciNivAMOMEA.     L.  Toll  Osmunda. 

Barren  fronds  pinnate;  divisions  elongated,  pinna- 
tifid  ;  segments  nearly  oval  and  entire;  fertile  fronds 
with  opposite  racemes.     Mich. 

This  noble  fern  grows  in  large  bunches  in  damp  woods  and 
low  grounds,  sometimes  attaining  to  the  length  of  a  man.  The 
greatest  part  of  the  plant  is  composed  by  the  barren  fronds, 
which  are  pinnate,  their  divisions  cut  into  oblong,  tapering, 
rounded,  and  somewhat  acute  segments.  The  fruit  grows  on  a 
small  separate  frond,  resembling  a  cluster  of  minute,  brownish 
seeds.  Its  stipe  is  invested  with  loose,  reddish  wood,  its  divis- 
ions opposite,  and  completely  covered  with  small,  two  valved, 
globular  capsules. — Perennial, 

Osmunda  interrupta.     Mich.  Interrupted  Fern, 

Fronds  pinnate;  divisions  opposite,  pinnatifid  ;  seg- 
ments nearly  oval  and  entire  ;  some  of  the  intermedi- 
ate divisions  fruitful.     Mich,  ahr, 

A  pretty  large,  smooth  fern,  in  habit  resembling  the  last. 
The  divisions  of  the  frond  are  principally  opposite,  or  nearly  so, 
and  subdivided  into  segments,  much  like  the  last  species.  Only 
a  few  pairs  of  the  divisions,  occupying  a  central  part  of  the 
frond,  become  fruitful.  These  are  much  shorter  than  the  rest; 
when  full  grown,  they  resemble  compound,  pyramidal  racemes, 
and  are  covered  on  all  sides  with  minute,  brownish  capsules.-— 
Low  grounds. — Perennial. 


CLASS  XXIV.     ORDER  1.  417 

OsMUNDA  REGALis.   L.     Osmund  Royal.  Flowering  Fern. 

Frond  twice  pinnate,  terminating  in  a  compound 
cluster  of  fructification. 

A  handsome,  branching  fern,  found  in  meadows  and  moist 
grounds.  Stipe  smooth.  Divisions  pinnate.  Leafets  or  seg- 
ments perfectly  distinct  and  remote,  oblong,  very  slightly  ser- 
rated, the  lower  half  of  base  longest.  Capsules  small,  globular, 
two-valved,  like  the  preceding  species,  arranged  in  a  large,  com- 
pound raceme  at  the  top  of  the  stipe. — Perennial. 

425.     POLYPODIUM. 
PoLYPODiuM  vuLGARE.     L.  Common  Polypody. 

Frond  pinnatifid;  segments  linear-oblong,  obtuse, 
slightly  serrate. 

A  handsome  fern,  not  uncommon  on  the  sides  of  rocks  and 
steep,  shady  hills,  forming  beds  by  means  of  its  creeping  roots. 
The  stalk  or  stipe  is  perfectly  smooth,  grooved  in  the  upper 
side.  Fronds  about  half  a  foot  long,  divided  in  a  pinnate  man- 
ner almost  to  the  stalk  or  midrib,  by  sinuses  which  are  more 
acute  than  in  the  European  variety.  Segments  of  the  frong  ob- 
long, parallel,  rounded  at  the  end,  very  slightly  serrate,  fur- 
nished on  the  back  with  a  double  row  of  large,  round,  yellowish, 
granular,  naked  dots  of  fructification. — Perennial. 

PoLYPODiuM  coNNECTiLE.     Mx.  Connected  Polypody. 

Fronds  twice  pinnate,  ciliate,  the  divisions  oppo- 
site, contiguous,  adnate  ;  segments  subeliptical ;  stipe 
chaffy,  sori  minute. 

A  middle  sized  fern,  having  its  divisions  connected  at  base,  so 
as  to  form  a  contiguous  frond.  Fructification  in  minute  dots  on 
the  back. — Woods,  Hallowell,  Maine. 

PoLYPODiuM  DRYOPTERis.     L.  Teruute  Polypody. 

Frond  ternate,  twice  pinnate;  branches  defiexed; 
segments  obtuse,  subcrenate  ;  root  filiform. 

A  tender  and  beautiful  fern  found  in  mountain  woods.  Stipe 
slender,  smooth,  less  than  a  foot  long.     The  frond  divides  into 


418  CLASS  XXIV.    ORDER  I. 

three  branches,  wliich  are  spreading  and  somewhat  reflexed. 
Each  of  these  is  pinnate,  the  divisions  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  wiili 
the  larger  segments  crenate.  Fructification  is  very  small,  dis- 
tinct dots. — Near  Hanover,  New  Hampshire. 

426.  WOODSIA. 

WooDSiA   iLVENSis.     Puvsh  ?  Hairy  Woodsia. 

Fronds   pinnate ;    divisions    pinnatifid ;    segments 
obtuse ;  fructification  near  the  margin,  at  length  con- 
fluent ;  stipe  villous. 
Syn.     PoLYPODiUM  ilvense.     Willd. 

This  little  plant  is  the  Polypodium  ilvense  of  Muhlenberg's 
catalogue,  but  seems  somewhat  different  from  the  plant  of  Brown 
and  Pursh.  Stipe  from  three  to  six  inches  high,  chaffy  below, 
villous  and  woolly  above.  Frond  pinnate,  woolly  underneath, 
the  margin  covered  with  fructification.  Barren  rocks  and  dry 
woods, 

427.  ASPIDTUM. 

AspiDiuM  AcRosTiCHOiDES.  MuM.     Terminal  Sill  eld  Fem. 

Stipe    chaffy ;    frond  long,   pinnate,    its    divisions 
alternate,  subsessile,  auriculated  on  one  side  at  base, 
slightly  serrate,  ciliate;  only  the  upper  ones  fruitful, 
Mich.  sub.  syn. 
Syn,     Nephrodium  Acp^ostichoides.     Mich, 

Remarkable  for  the  difference  between  its  lower  and  upper 
leaves.  The  stipe  is  covered  with  loose,  membranous,  chaflfy 
scales.  The  leaves  or  pinnse  are  numerous,  oblong,  somewhat 
acute,  edged  with  small,  mucronate  serratures,  furnished  with 
an  angular  lobe  on  their  upper  side  at  base.  The  lower  leaves 
are  without  fruit ;  the  upper  ones  much  smaller,  covered  with 
dots  of  fructification,  which  unite,  so  as  to  overrun  the  whole 
under  surface. — Rocks  and  hills,  Roxbury. — Perennial. 

AspiDiuM  NovEBORACENSE.  Sm.      New  York  Shield  Fern, 

Frond  pinnate ;  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  pinna- 


CLASS  XXIV.    ORDER  I.  419 

tifid,    segments  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,    ciliate ;  fruit 

marginal ;  stipe  smooth. 

Syn.    PoLTPODiuM  Noveboracense.     L. 

About  the  middle  size,  smooth  and  even,  with  obtuse  segments, 
mostly  entire. — Roxbury,  Bussey's  hill. — Perennial. 

AspiDiuM  Thelypteris.     Srn.  Meadow  Shield  Fern. 

Frond  pinnate,  its  divisions  pinnatifid,  subcrenate, 
distinct  at  base,  decussating;  dots  of  fructification 
confluent.     JSm. 

Common  in  low,  racist  grounds,  about  the  edges  of  meadows 
and  swamps.  Stipe  glabrous.  Divisions  of  the  frond  long  and 
slender,  the  lower  pairs  frequently  decussating,  or  crossing  each 
other;  a  circumstance  which  Dr.  Smith  has  noticed  in  his  spe- 
cific character.  They  are  pinnatifid,  or  deeply  cut  into  oblong, 
roundish  segments,  which  are  slightly  crenate  at  the  edge,  and 
revolute  when  in  fruit.  The  first  segments  of  each  division  are 
at  a  little  distance  from  the  stipe,  and  seem  to  form  a  parallel 
line  on  each  side  of  it,  running  through  the  whole  length  of  the 
frond,  a  character  well  represented  in  the  figure  of  Plukenet. 
The  fruit  commences  in  small  dots,  and  finally  overruns  the 
whole  under  surface  of  the  frond. — Perennial. 

AsPiDiuM  Lancastriense.   3Iuhl.    Lancaster  Shield  Fern. 
Frond  pinnate  ;  divisions  nearly  opposite  ;  segments 
triangular-ovate,  acutely  serrate;  stipe  naked. 

Rather  long  and  narrow.  Fructification  chiefly  confined  to 
the  upper  divisions,  and  in  large,  blackish  dots. — Wet  meadows, 
West  Cambridge. — Perennial. 

AsPiDiuM  MARGiNALE.     Sw.  Marginal  Shield  Fern. 

Frond  pinnate,  its  divisions  subpinnate,  glabrous, 
with  oblong,  entire  lobes,  sinuate-repand  at  the  base; 
dots  marginal. 

Syn.     POLYPODIUM  marginale.     L. 

Nephrodium  marginale.     Mich. 
A  larger  fern  than  either  of  the  preceding.     Stipe  chafiy.    Di- 


420  CLASS  XXIV.    ORDER  I. 

visions  of  the  frond  nearly  pinnate.  Subdivisions  or  segments 
distinct,  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  contracted  at  base,  afterward 
decurrent,  so  that  their  common  stalk  becomes  slightly  winged, 
or  the  division  pinnatijfid.  Dots  of  fructification  distinct,  round, 
close  to  the  margin.  Their  umbilicated  involucre  is  very  obvi- 
ous.— Woods,  Roxbury. — Perennial. 

AspiDiuM  AsPLENioiDEs.     MuM.  Dark  SMeM  Fcm. 

Stipe  glabrous;  frond  twice  pinnate;  segments  ob- 
long, cut,  toothed ;  dots  reniform,  arranged  near  the 
nerve. 

This  is  a  large,  smooth,  brittle  fern.  Divisions  of  the  frond 
pinnate ;  the  segments  oblong,  acute,  with  distinct  teeth,  sepa- 
rated by  deep  indentations.  The  teeth  are  again  denticulate,  and 
the  lower  ones  somewhat  obtuse.  Fructification  with  reniform 
or  lunulate  involucres,  at  first  resembling  lines,  as  in  Asplenium, 
afterwards  extending  over  the  whole  under  surface  of  the  frond, 
giving  it  a  brownish  appearance. — Moist  woods. 

AsPiDiuM  BULBiFERUM.     L.  JBulbiferous  Fern. 

Frond  twice  pinnate,  oblong-lanceolate,  segments 
opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  the  lower  ones  pin- 
natifid,  midrib  bulbiferous. 

A  delicate,  thin  leaved  fern,  with  small  roundish  fructification, 
and  stem  bulbs  attached  to  the  midrib  in  the  upper  parts  of  the 
plant. — Norwich,  Connecticut,  Mr.  Eddy. 

428.     ONOCLEA. 
Onoclea  SENsiBiLis.     L.  Sensitive  Fern. 

Barren  fronds  pinnate ;  segments  cut,  the  upper 
ones  united ;  fertile  fronds  doubly  pinnate,  with  re- 
curved, globular  subdivisions. 

A  great  difference,  in  appearance,  exists  between  the  barren 
and  fertile  fronds  of  this  plant.  The  barren  frond  is  composed 
of  large,  broad,  oblong,  sinuated  leaves  or  divisions,  the  lower 
ones  distinct,  the  upper  ones  connected  by  their  base.  The  fer- 
tile  frond   is  much  narrower,  its   divisions  short,  its  segments 


CLASS  XXIV.     ORDER  I.  421 

nearly  globular,  enclosing  the  fruit,  and  forming  a  sort  of  raceme. 
— Low  grounds. — Perennial. 

429.     STRUTHIOPTERIS. 
Struthiopteris  Pennsylvanica.     Willd.      Ostrich  Fern. 
Barren  fronds  twice  pinnate;  segments  entire,  ob- 
tuse, the  lowest  elongated,  acute. 
Syn.     Onoclea  nodulosa.     Schkiihr. 

One  of  our  largest  native  ferns.  Stipe  of  the  barren  frond  re- 
markably channelled  or  hollowed  out  in  front.  Divisions  of  the 
frond  pinnatifid,  the  segments  curved  forward  and  subacute, 
those  next  the  stipe  curved  backward,  falcate  and  acute.  Fer- 
tile frond  a  sixth  part  as  large,  composed  of  a  multitude  of  dense, 
turgid,  brownish  segments,  the  edges  recurved,  and  the  back  cov- 
ered with  fruit. — Low  grounds,  Hanover,  New  Hampshire, 

430.     ASPLENIUM. 
AsPLENiUM  RHizoPHYLLUM.     L.  Walking  Leaf. 

Frond  lanceolate,  stipitate,  subcrenate,  auriculate- 
cordate  at  base,  the  point  very  long,  linear,  rooting. 

A  curious  fern,  striking  root  at  the  extremity  of  the  frond,  from 
which  root  new  plants  arise. — In  rocky  woods  in  the  western 
parts  of  the  state. 

AsPLENiUM  TRicHOMANES.     3Ix.  Divarf  SpUenwort. 

Frond  pinnate  ;  divisions  roundish,  crenate,  wedge 
shaped  at  base. 
Syn.     AsPLENiUM  melanocaulon.     Muhl. 

An  extremely  small  and  delicate  fern.  Frond  pinnate.  Stipe 
smooth,  of  a  shining  black  color.  Divisions  or  leafets  sessile, 
nearly  round,  crenate  upon  their  outer  edge,  entire  and  acute 
at  base.  Fructification  in  about  five  or  six  linear,  divero-insr 
dots,  which  become  roundish  when  old. — Found  among  hi2:h, 
shady  rocks  in  Roxbury. — Perennial. 

On  comparison  of  the  European  with  the  American  plant  I  do 
not  find  any  specific  difference. 

36 


422  CLASS  XXIV.     ORDER  I. 

AsPLENiuM  EBENEUM.     Alt.  EboTii/  Splccnwort. 

Frond  pinnate  ;  divisions  lanceolate,  somewhat  fal- 
cate, serrate,  auricled  at  base ;  stem  quite  smooth. 

S]/n.       ASPLENIUM    TEICHOMANOIDES.       Mich. 

Considerably  larger  than  the  last.  Stipe  slender,  of  a  smooth, 
polished,  jet  black.  Divisions  or  leafets  sessile,  oblong,  tapering 
to  a  point,  sometinoesa  little  curved,  somewhat  serrate,  furnished 
with  an  acute  lobe  on  each  side  at  base,  which  gives  them  a  sort 
of  hastate  form.  Fructification  in  short,  diverging  lines,  arranged 
in  a  double  row  on  the  back  of  the  divisions. — Dry  woods  and 
hills. — Perennial. 

AsPLENiuM  THELYPTERoiDES.    MicJi.     SUvery  SpUenwort. 
Frond  pimiate;  divisions  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oval, 
round-obtuse,    slightly  denticulate;    fructification   in 
short,  equal,  oblique,  parallel  lines.     Mich.  abr. 

This  most  beautiful  fern  grows  to  a  pretty  large  size.  Stipe 
smooth,  pale.  The  divisions  of  the  frond  are  long  and  pinnatifid. 
Segments  oblong,  close,  even,  parallel,  rounded  at  the  end  and 
nearly  entire.  Fructification  in  two  rows  of  short,  oblique,  close 
parallel  lines,  the  opposite  pairs  forming  nearly  a  right  angle. 
The  involucres,  when  young,  have  a  bright,  silvery  appearance. 
— Found  by  a  brook  in  Roxbury. — Perennial. 

AsPLENiuM  RUTA  MURARiA.     Li.  Dwavf  Splecnwort. 

Fronds  twice  pinnate  at  base,  simply  pinnate  at 
top ;  segments  rhomboid- wedge  shaped,  obtusely  den- 
ticulate. 

A  very  small  spreading  fern  foiind  on  dry  rocks  and  hills  in 
the  western  parts  of  the  slate. 

AsPLENiuM  ANGusTiFOLiuM.  WilM.  Swamp  Splecnwort. 
Fronds  pinnate,  the  divisions  alternate,  upper  ones 
opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  repand,  their 
base  trimcated  on  the  upper,  and  rounded  on  the 
lower  side. 


CLASS  XXIV.     ORDER  I.  423 

About  a  foot  high  with  broad,  entire  leafets,  with  the  fructifi- 
cation diverging  like  veins  from  the  midrib. — Swamps  and  low 
woods. 

431.     PTERIS. 
Pterts  aquilina.     Ij.  Common  Brake. 

Frond  more  than  decompound;  divisions  pinnate; 
segments  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid, 
upper  ones  entire  and  smaller. 

Very  common  in  woods,  and  about  the  borders  of  fields  and 
pastures.  Stipe  erect,  smooth,  dividing  by  large,  opposite 
branches,  which  are  again  subdivided.  Segments  or  leafets  ses- 
sile, oblong,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point,  the  lower  ones  largest, 
their  edge  divided  into  large,  obtuse  teeth,  by  a  sort  of  serpen- 
tine line  ;  upper  ones  entire,  obtuse.  The  fructification  grows 
in  a  continued,  narrow  line  at  the  edges  of  the  frond,  and  is  cov- 
ered by  its  reflexed  margin. — Perennial. 

432.    WOODWARDIA. 
WooDWARDiA  oNOCLEOiDEs.  Willd.     Simple  Woodioardia. 

Barren  fronds  pinnatifid,  the  segments  lanceolate, 
repand,  slightly  serrulate;  fertile  fronds  pinnate; 
segments  linear,  entire,  acute. 

Syn.     Onoclea  nodulosa.     Mx. 

About  a  foot  high.  Stipe  smooth  or  slightly  paleaceous.  Bar- 
ren frond  composed  of  oblong-lanceolate  segments  connected  at 
base,  the  lower  ones  often  distinct,  the  edges  minutely  but  sharp- 
ly serrulate.  Barren  fronds  about  the  same  length  with  linear 
divisions,  revolute  at  the  edge,  bearing  the  fruit  in  oblong  masses 
on  the  back,  parallel  to  the  middle  rib. — Wet  swamps. — Pe- 
rennial. 

WooDWARDiA  ViRGiNicA.  JVUld.    Virginian  TVoodivardia. 
Frond  pinnate  ;  the  divisions  pinnatifid  ;  fructifica- 
tion in  interrupted  lines  near  the  midrib  of  the  divis- 
ions and  segments.     Ma;,  sub.  syn. 


424  CLASS  XXIV.     ORDER  I. 

Syn.     WooDWARDiA  Banisteriana.     Mr. 

About  two  feet  high.  Segments  obtuse,  oblong,  nearly  entire, 
the  edges  not  more  revolute  than  in  other  ferns. — Tewksbury. 
Mr.  Greene. 

433.  ADIANTUM. 

Adiantum  pedatum.     L.  Maidenhair.     Mowhair. 

Frond  pedate;  divisions  pinnate;  segments  rhom- 
boid-oblong, somewhat  lunate,  cnt-lobed. 

Few  vegetables  possess  a  greater  delicacy  of  structure  than 
is  exhibited  by  the  glossy  stems,  and  fine,  regular  leaves  of  the 
Maidenhair.  The  stipe,  which  is  of  a  shining,  jet  black,  divides 
by  a  large  fork  into  two  principal  branches,  each  of  which  gives 
off  several  successive  branches  from  its  upper  side;  so  that  the 
whole  frond  has  the  appearance  of  a  pedate  leaf  without  its 
middle  division.  The  segments  or  leafets  are  alternate,  oblong, 
entire  on  the  lower  edge,  cut  and  toothed  on  the  upper.  The 
fruit  grows  in  semicircular  points  at  the  margin  of  the  leaf, 
covered  by  the  folding  back  of  its  edge. — Found  in  moist,  rocky 
woods. — Perennial. 

434.  DICKSONIA. 

DiCKSONiA  pilosiuscula.   WUld.  Small  fruited  DicJcsonia, 

Frond    twice    pinnate;    divisions   pinnatifid ;    seg- 
ments toothed  ;  stipe  somewhat  hairy. 
Syn.     Nephrodium  punctilobulum.     Mich. 

A  pretty  large,  thin,  and  very  delicate  fern.  The  common 
stalk  is  smooth,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  fine,  short  hairs, 
which  also  invest  its  divisions.  The  divisions  of  the  frond 
are  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the  segments  decurrent,  oval-oblong, 
deeply  cut  or  pinnatifid,  the  partial  segments  again  toothed  upon 
their  edge.  Dots  of  fructification  minute,  near  the  margin. — 
Road  sides  and  pastures. — Perennial. 


GLOSSARY 


BOTANICAL    TERMS 


NoTE.^The  figures  in  the  American  Medical  Botany,  by  the  author, 
are  occasionally  referred  to  for  farther  illustration  of  the  terms. 


Abnormal.     Departing  from  the  usual  structure. 

Abortive.     Producing  no  fruit. 

Abrupt.     Terminating  suddenly,  as  if  cut  off;  as  in  the  root  of 

Sanguinaria  Canadensis.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  7. 
Abruptly  pinnate.    Pinnate  with  even  pairs  only.    Wanting  the 

odd  or  terminal  leafet. 
Accumbent  cotyledons.    Having  the  radicle  lying  along  the  cleft 

between  them. 
Acerose.     Stiff,  linear  and  sharp,  as  in  the  leaves  of  the  Pines. 
Acheniiim.     A  one  seeded  fruit  with  a  permanent,  indehiscent 

shell. 
Acicular.     Needle  shaped. 
Acinaciform.     Shaped  like  a   scimetar.     Linear,   crooked   and 

sharp  edged. 
Acinus.     One  of  the  protuberances  which  make  up  a  compound 

berry,  as  in  Rubus  villosus.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  38. 
36^ 


426  GLOSSARY. 

Acotylcdonous.     Having  no  cotyledons  or  seed  lobes  ;  as  ferns. 
Aculeate.     Prickly. 

Aculeus.     A  prickle,  growing  to  the  bark,  not  to  the  wood. 
Acuminate.     Ending  in  a  long,  produced,  sharp  point.    More  thaa 

acute  ;    as  in  the  leaves  of  Gilleniu  trifoliata.     Med.  Bot. 

PI.  41. 
Acute.     Ending  in  a  sharp  point.     Less  than  acuminate;  as  ia 

the  leaves  o{  Phytolacca  decandria.     Med.  Bot.  PL  3. 
Adnate.     Growing  to.     Affixed  laterally. 

JEslivation.     The  mode  in  which  the  parts  of  the  calyx  and  co- 
rolla are  arranged  in  the  flower  bud. 
Agamous  plants.     Same  as  the  Cryptogamous. 
Agglomerated.     Bunched.     Crowded  together. 
Aggregate.     Standing  together,  many  on  the  same  receptacle, 

but  not  compound. 
Aigrette.     The  downy  or  feathery  appendage  of  certain  seeds. 

Same  as  Pappus. 
Alated.  See  Winged. 
Albumen.     A  tough,  hard  or  fleshy  substance  which  forms  the 

bulk  of  certain  monocotyledonous  seeds. 
Albumiiious.     Partaking  the  nature  of  albumen. 
Alburnum.     The  external,  or  sap  wood. 
AlgcB.     An  order  of  the  class  Cryptogamia,  containing  the  sea 

weeds,  &;c. 
Alternate.     Placed  alternately  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem. 
Alveolate.     With  cells  like  those  of  a  honey  comb. 
Ament,  or  Catkin.     A  collection  of  small  scales,  serving  for  ca- 
lyxes, on  the  side  of  a  slender  stalk ;  as  in  Juglans  cinerea, 

Med.  Bot.  PI.  32. 
Amphisarca.     A  superior,  indehiscent  fruit,  which  is  many  celled 

and  many  seeded,  hard  externally  and  pulpy  within. 
AmplexicauL     See  Clasping. 
Ancipital.     Two  edged. 
Androgynous.     Having  barren  and  fertile  flowers  on  the  same 

spike,  or  the  same  plant,  but  no  perfect  ones. 
Anisate.     Having  the  odor  of  ajiise. 
Annual.     Living  but  one  year,  during  which  it  produces  flowers 

and  seed. 
Anther.     That  part  of  a  stamen  which  contains  the  pollen. 


GLOSSARY.  427 

Antheroid.    Resembling  anthers. 

Anthodium.     A  compound  flower. 

Apetalovs.     Without  petals. 

Apex.    End,  tip,  or  sharp  extremity. 

Aphyllous.     Without  leaves. 

Apocarpous.     When  ovaries  are  distinct  or  unconnected. 

Appendiculate.     Having  some  appendage. 

Appressed.     Pressed  against  or  close  to. 

Apterous.  Without  wings  ;  as  in  the  radical  flowers  of  Poly  gala 
rubella.     Med.  Bot.  PL  54. 

Arachnoid.     Resembling  a  spider's  web. 

Arboreous.     Like  a  tree. 

Arborescent.     Approaching  to  the  size  of  a  tree. 

Aril.  An  outer  covering  of  certain  seeds,  which  is  deciduous  or 
separates;  as  in  Geranium  maculatum.     Med.  Bot.  PL  8. 

Aristate.     Awned.     Ending  in  a  bristle. 

Armed.     Furnished  with  thorns  or  prickles. 

Aroma.     The  aromatic  quality  of  plants. 

Arrow  shaped.     Like  the  head  of  an  arrow. 

Articulated.     Jointed. 

Arundinaceous.     Resembling  reeds,  or  stiff  large  grass. 

Ascending.     Rising  from  the  ground  obliquely. 

Aspergilliform.     Having  hairs  growing  in  whorls  around  it. 

Attenuated.     Gradually  diminished  or  tapering. 

Auriculate.  Furnished  with  lateral  projections,  or  leafets  resem- 
bling ears,  at  base;  as  in  the  leaves  of  Solanum  dulcamara. 
Med.  Bot.  PL  18. 

Awn.  A  stiff  bristle,  frequently  rough  or  bearded;  as  in  the 
flowers  of  certain  grasses,  and  in  the  anthers  of  Gaultheria 
procurnbcns.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  22. 

Aivned.     Having  awns. 

Awnless.     Without  awns. 

Axil.    The  angle  between  a  leaf  and  stem  on  the  upper  side. 

Axillary.    Growing  in  or  from  the  axil. 

B 

Balausta.  A  many  celled,  many  seeded,  inferior  indehiscent 
fruit ;  the  seeds  with  a  pulpy  coat,  and  attached ;  as  in 
Pomegranate. 


428  GLOSSARY. 

Banner.  The  upper  and  commonly  largest  petal  of  a  papiliona- 
ceous flower. 

Barren.  Producing  no  fruit.  Containing  stamens  only ;  as  ia 
the  barren  flowers  of  Rhus  vernix.     Med.  Bot.  PL  10. 

Bearded.     Crested  with  parallel  hairs. 

Bell  shaped.  Rounded  and  hollow  at  base,  without  a  tube;  as  in 
the  corolla  oi  Apocynum  androscemifolium.     Med.  Bot.  PL  36. 

Berry.  A  juicy  fruit  without  valves,  with  the  seeds  imbedded  in 
the  pulp,  without  any  intermediate  covering;  as  in.  Phyto- 
lacca decandra.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  3. 

Bicuspidate.     With  two  points. 

Biennial.  Living  two  years,  in  the  second  of  which  the  flower 
and  fruit  are  produced;  as  in  Conium maculatum.  Med.  Bot. 
PI.  n. 

Bifarious.    In  two  rows,  pointing  in  difierent  directions. 

Bifid.    Two  cleft.     Cut  nearly  into  two  parts. 

Bi glandular.     Having  two  glands. 

Bilocular.     Having  two  cells. 

Bijugate.     Bearing  two  pairs. 

Bilabiate.     Having  two  lips  and  an  open  throat. 

Bipinnate.  Twice  pinnate.  When  both  the  leaf  and  its  subdi- 
visions are  pinnate. 

Bipinnatifid.  Twice  pinnatifid.  Both  the  leaf  and  its  segments 
being  pinnatifid. 

Biternaie.  Twice  ternate.  The  petiole  supporting  three  ternate 
leaves. 

Bivalve.     Two  valved. 

Bloom.  A  superficial  coloring  substance  which  easily  rubs  oflf; 
apparently  a  fine  powder. 

Border.    The  brim,  or  spreading  part  of  a  corolla. 

Brachiate.  Branches  opposite,  and  each  pair  at  right  angles  with 
the  preceding. 

Bracte,  or  Floral  leaf.  A  leaf  near  the  flower  which  is  different 
from  the  other  leaves  of  the  plant. 

Bracteate.     Furnished  with  bractes. 

Bulb.  A  solid,  coated  or  scaly  part  of  a  plant,  capable  of  contin- 
uing its  existence  ;  usually  found  at  the  root,  but  sometimes 
on  the  stem. 

Bulbous.     Formed  of  a  bulb. 


GLOSSARY.  429 


G. 

Caducous.     Falling  early  ;  sooner  than  deciduous. 

CcBspitose.     Forming  tufts. 

Calcarate.     Resembling,  or  furnished  with  a  spur. 

Calyciform.     Shaped  like  a  calyx. 

Calyculated.     Furnished  with  an  additional  outer  calyx. 

Calyx.  The  lowest  portion  of  a  flower,  or  that  which  forms 
its  outer  covering  in  the  bud  ;  usually  of  a  green  color. 

Campanulate.     Bell  shaped  ;  which  see. 

Canescent.     Whitish.     Hoary. 

Capillary.     Hair  like. 

Capitate.     Shaped  like  a  head  ,  or  bearing  a  head. 

Capitulum.     See  Head. 

Capsule.  A  hollow  seed  vessel,  which  opens  by  valves  and  be- 
comes dry  when  ripe. 

Carcerulus.  A  superior,  many  celled  fruit,  the  cells  dry,  inde- 
hiscent,  and  few  seeded^  cohering  by  a  common  style  round 
a  common  axis;  as  in  Mallows. 

Carinated.  Keeled.  Furnished  with  a  sharp  or  prominent  back 
like  the  keel  of  a  vessel. 

Carnose.     Fleshy  in  consistence. 

Carpel.     A  little  fruit.     The  integrant  part  of  a  compound  fruit. 

Cartilaginous.     Hard  and  tough,  like  gristle. 

Caryopsis.     A  grain,  or  fruit  like  wheat  and  the  seeds  of  grasses. 

Catkin.     See  Ament. 

Caudate.     Having  a  tail. 

Caudex.    The  upper  part  of  a  root,  which  gives  rise  to  the  stem. 

Caulescent.     Having  a  true  stem,  or  caidis. 

Cauline.     Growing  on  the  stem. 

Cell.     A  cavity  or  compartment  of  a  seed  vessel  or  anther 

Cellular.     Made  up  of  little  cells  or  cavities. 

Cernuous.     Drooping  or  nodding. 

Cespitose.     See  Csespitose. 

Chaffy.     Made  of  short  membranous  portions  like  chaflf. 

Chartaceous.     Resembling  paper. 

Ciliate.     Fringed  with  parallel  hairs. 

Cinereous.    Ash  colored. 


430  GLOSSARY. 

Cirrose»    Bearing  a  tendril. 

Clasping.     Surrounding  the  stem  partly  or  quite,  with  the  base 

of  the  leaf. 
Clavate.     Club  shaped.     Larger  at  top  than  bottom. 
Claw.     The  narrow  part  by  which  a  petal  is  inserted  or  attached. 
Cleft.     Split  or  divided  less  than  halfway. 
Club  shaped.     Larger  at  top  than  bottom. 
Coadunate.     United  at  base. 

Collet,  or  Neck.     The  dividing  point  between  the  root  and  stem. 
Colored.     Different  from  green,  which  is  the  common  color  of 

plants. 
Columella.     The  axis  of  a  fruit. 
Column.     The   central  pillar  of  a  capsule.     Also  the  style  of 

gynandrous  plants. 
Compound.     Made  up  of  similar  simple  parts. 
Compound  flower.     A  flower  of  the  class  Syngynesia,  consisting 

of  florets  with  united  anthers. 
Compressed.     Flattened. 

Cone.    A  scaly  fruit  like  that  of  the  pine.     See  Strobilus. 
Conglomerate.     Crowded  together. 
Coniferous.     Bearing  cones. 
Connate.     Opposite  with  the  bases  united  or  growing  into  one  ; 

as  in  Triosteum  perfoliatum,     Med.  Bot.  PI.  9. 
Connectivum.     The  part  which  separates  the  cells  of  an  anther. 
Connivent.     Converging.   The  tips  inclining  towards  each  other. 
Contorted.     Twisted.     Bent  from  a  common  position. 
Convolute.     Rolled  into  a  cylindric  form. 
Corculum.     The  embryo  or  miniature  of  the  future  plant,  which 

is  found  in  seeds,  often  between  the  cotyledons. 
Cordate.     Heart  shaped,  with  the  stalk  inserted  in  the  largest 

end. 
Coriaceous.    Resembling  leather.     Tough  and  thick. 
Cormus.    A  roundish,  subterranean,  stationary  body,  which  sends 

branches  or  leaves  upward,   and  roots  downward,  as  the 

solid  bulbs  of  tulips,  &c. 
Corneous.     Horny.     Having  a  consistence  like  horn. 
Corniculate.     Horn  shaped. 
Corolla.    The  secondary  covering  of  a  flower,  being  the  part 


GLOSSARY.  431 

which  is  usually  colored.     When  the  calyx  is  wanting,  the 
corolla  is  then  the  primary  covering. 

Cortical.     Belonging  to  the  bark. 

Corymb.  A  mode  of  inflorescence  in  which  the  flowers  form  a 
Bat  top,  while  their  stalks  spring  from  different  heights  on 
the  common  stem;  as  in  Eupatorium  perfoliaiiim.  Med.. 
Bot.  PL  2. 

Costate.     Ribbed. 

Cotyledons.  Seed  lobes.  The  fleshy  part  of  seeds,  which  in 
most  plants  rises  out  of  ground,  and  forms  the  first  leaves. 

Creeping.  Running  horizontally  or  close  to  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  Examples  of  a  creeping  root  are  found  in  Coptis 
trifoha.  Med.  Bot.  PL  5.  And  of  a  creeping  stem  in  Gaul- 
theria  procumbens.     PL  22. 

Cremocarpium.  An  inferior  fruit,  from  two  to  five  celled,  the 
cells  dry  and  indehiscent,  separating  when  ripe  from  a  com- 
mon axis. 

Crenate.  Scolloped.  Having  sharp  notches  on  the  edge,  sepa- 
rated by  round  or  obtuse  dentures  ;  as  in  the  leaves  of  Coptis 
trifolia.     Med.  Bot.  PL  5. 

Crenulate.     Finely  or  minutely  crenate. 

Cristate.     Having  a  crest. 

Croioned.  Having  a  circle  of  projections  round  the  upper  part  of 
the  tube  of  a  flower,  on  its  inside. 

Cruciform.     Consisting  of  four  petals  placed  like  a  cross. 

Crypto gamous.  Belonging  to  the  class  Cryptogamia,  the  last  of 
the  Linnsean  arrangement,  in  which  neither  stamens  nor 
pistils  are  visible. 

Cucullate.  Hooded  or  cowled.  Rolled  or  folded  in;  as  in  the 
spathe  oi  Arum  triphyllum.     Med.  Bot.  PL  4. 

Cucurbitaceous.     Like  gourds  or  melons. 

Culm,  or  Straw.     The  stem  of  grasses,  reeds,  and  similar  plants. 

Cuneiform.  Shaped  like  a  wedge,  with  the  stalk  attached  to  its 
point. 

Cupule.     The  cup  of  an  acorn. 

Cuspidate.     Prolonged  into  a  gradual,  straight  point. 

Cuspidate.     Having  a  sharp,  straight  point. 

Cuticle.     The  outside  skin  of  a  plant,  commonly  thin. 

Cyathiform.     Shaped  like  a  common  wine-glass. 

Cylindrical.     Round,  and  not  tapering.     Cylinder  shaped. 


432  GLOSSARY. 

Cyme.  A  mode  of  inflorescence  in  which  the  flower  stalks  arise 
from  a  common  centre,  but  are  afterwards  variously  subdi- 
vided ;  as  in  Elder  and  Viburnum. 

Cymose.     Bearing  or  flowering  in  cymes. 

Cynarrliodum,  Acheuia  inclosed  within  the  fleshy  tube  of  the 
calyx  ;  as  in  the  fruit  of  the  Rose. 

Cypsda.  An  Acheniura  invested  with  the  membranous  tube  of 
the  calyx,  as  in  the  seeds  of  compound  flowers. 

!>• 

Decagynous.    Having  ten  styles. 

Decandrous.     Having  ten  stamens. 

Deciduous.  Falling  ofi".  In  opposition  to  persistent  and  ever- 
green.    Later  than  caducous. 

Declined,  or  declinate.  Tending  downwards,  as  the  stamens 
and  style  of  Rhododendron  maximum.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  51. 

Decompound.    Twice  compound.     Composed  of  compound  parts. 

Decumbent.     Leaning  upon  the  ground,  the  base  only  erect. 

Decurrent.     When  the  edges  of  a  leaf  run  down  the  stem  or  stalk. 

Decursive.     See  Decurrent. 

Decussated,  or  Decussating.     In  pairs  crossing  each  other. 

Deflected.     Bent  off". 

Dehiscent.     Gaping,  or  cracking  open  at  maturity. 

Deltoid.  Nearly  triangular.  Leaves  of  this  form  approach  in 
shape  to  an  isoceles  triangle  with  the  base  projecting  where 
the  petiole  is  inserted. 

Dentate.  Toothed.  Edged  with  sharp  projections  separated  by- 
notches.     Larger  than  serrate. 

Denticulate.     Minutely  toothed. 

Dentures.     Teeth.     The  sharp  parts  which  separate  notches. 

Depauperated.     Few  flowered. 

Depressed.     Flattened  or  pressed  in  at  top, 

Diadelphous.  Having  the  stamens  united  in  two  parcels  or  sets. 
Flowers  of  this  kind  have  commonly  a  papilionaceous  corol- 
la and  a  leguminous  fruit. 

Diandrous.     With  two  stamens. 

Dichotomous.     Forked.     Dividing  into  two  equal  branches. 

Diclesium.  An  indehiscent,  one  seeded  pericarp,  inclosed  within 
an  indurated  perianth,  as  in  Mirabilis. 


GLOSSARY.  433 

Diclinous.    Having  stamens   and  pistils  on  different  flowers, 

whether  in  one  or  in  two  plants. 
Dicoccous.     Containing  two  grains  or  seeds. 
Dicotyledonous.     Having  two  cotyledons  or  seed  lobes. 
Didymous.     Twin. 
Didynamous.    Belonging  to  the  class  Didynamia,  with  two  short 

and  two  long  stamens  and  a  ringent  corolla. 
Digitate.     When  a  petiole  gives  off  five  or  more  leafets  from  a 

single  point  at  its  extremity ;  as  Panax  quinquefolium.   Med. 

Bot.  PI.  39. 
Digynous.     Having  two  styles. 
Dimidiate.     Halved. 
Dioecious.    Having  the  barren  and  fertile  flowers  on  different 

plants. 
Diplotegia.     A  capsule  invested  with  a  membranous  calyx-tube, 

as  in  Campanula. 
Disc.    The  surface  or  top  in  distinction  from  the  edge. 
Discoid.     Having  a  disc  covered  with  florets,  but  no  ray. 
Dissepiment.     The  partition  or  internal  wall  of  a  capsule. 
Distichous.     Growing  in  two  opposite  ranks  or  rows. 
Divaricate.    Diverging  so  far  as  to  turn  backward. 
Divergent.     Spreading.     Separating  widely. 
Dodecandrous.     With  twelve  stamens. 
Dorsal.     Growing  on,  or  belonging  to,  the  back. 
Down.     The  hairy  or  feathery  appendage  of  certain  seeds.    Also 

a  short,  soft  pubescence. 
Drooping.     Inclining  downward.     More  than  nodding. 
Drupe.     A  fleshy  fruit  inclosing  a  stone  or  nut ;  like  the  cherry. 
Drupaceous.     Bearing,  or  resembling,  drupes. 

E. 
Echinate.     Beset  with  prickles.     Hedgehog  like. 
Elliptic.     Oval;  as  the  leaves  of  Magnolia  glauca.     Med.  Bot. 

PI.  27. 
Elongated.     Exceeeding  a  common  or  average  length. 
Emarginate.     Having  a  notch  in  the  end. 
Endocarp.     The  inner  lining  of  a  fruit. 

37 


434  GLOSSARY. 

Endogenous.  Stems  or  trunks  in  which  the  wood  consists  o( 
bundles  of  vessels  and  fibres,  promiscuously  imbedded  in 
cellular  substance ;  and  the  growth  takes  place  about  the 
centre^  as  in  the  Rattan. 

Enneandrous.     With  nine  stamens. 

Ensiform.  Sword  shaped,  two  edged  ;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris  ver- 
sicolor.    Med.  Bot.  PI.  16. 

Entire.  Even  and  whole  at  the  edge ;  as  the  leaves  of  Rhus 
vernix.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  10* 

Ephemeral.    Lasting  but  a  day. 

Epicarp.    The  outer  coating  of  a  fruit* 

Epidermis.     See  Cuticle. 

Epigynous.     Situated  on  the  upper  part  of  the  ovary  or  gerra^ 

Epiphyllous.     Growing  upon  the  leaf. 

Epiphytic.  Growing  on  other  plants,  but  not  deriving  nourish- 
ment from  them. 

Episperm.     The  skin,  or  the  integuments  of  a  seed. 

Eroded.    Appearing  as  if  gnawed  at  the  edge. 

Esculent*    Eatable. 

Evergreen.  Remaining  fresh  through  the  winter.  Not  decidu- 
ous. 

Exogenous  plants.  Those  whose  wood  increases  annually  by 
the  addition  of  an  external  ring  or  cylinder  to  those  which 
previously  existed ;  as  in  the  oak  and  most  of  our  trees. 

Exserted.    Projecting  or  extending  out  of  the  flower  or  sheath. 

F. 

Falcate.     Sickle  shaped*    Linear  and  crooked* 

Farina.    The  pollen.     Also  meal  or  flour. 

Farinaceous.     Mealy. 

Fascicle.     A  bundle. 

Fascicled,  or  fasciculate.     Collected  in  bundles* 

Fasti giate,     Flat  topped. 

Favose.     Resembling  a  honey  comb. 

Ferns.  An  order  of  cryptogamous  plants  bearing  the  fructification 

commonly  on  the  back  of  the  leaf,  or  in  spikes,  made  up  of 

minute  capsules  opening  transversely. 
Fertile.     Containing  perfect  pistils  and  yielding  fruit. 


GLOSSARY.  435 

Filices.     Ferns. 

Filiform.    Thread  like,  or  very  slender. 

Fimbriate.    Finely  divided  at  the  edge  like  fringe. 

Fistulous.    Hollow  or  tubular. 

Fldbelliform.     Spreading  like  a  fan. 

Flagelliform.     Like  a  whip  lash. 

Flexuous.     Serpentine  or  zigzag. 

Floral  leaf.     See  Bracte. 

Floret.  A  little  flower.  One  in  an  aggregate  or  compound 
flower. 

Floscular.  A  floret  in  a  compound  flower  which  is  tubular,  not 
ligulate. 

Follicle.  A  seed  vessel  which  opens  lengthwise  or  on  one  side 
only ;  as  in  Apocynum  androscBmifolium.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  36. 

Frond.    The  leaf  of  cryptogamous  plants. 

Fructification.     The  flower  and  fruit  with  their  parts, 

Frutescent.     Becoming  shrubby. 

Fruticose.     Shrubby. 

Fungi.  The  order  of  cryptogamous  plants  to  which  the  mush- 
rooms belong. 

Fungous.  Growing  rapidly  and  preternaturally,  with  a  soft 
texture  like  the  fungi. 

Funiculus.  A  little  cord  which  attaches  the  seed  to  its  recep- 
tacle. 

Funnel  shaped.  Tubular  at  bottom  and  gradually  expanding  at 
top ;  as  the  flowers  of  Datura  Stramonium,     Med.  Bot.  PI.  1. 

Furfuraceous.    Resembling  bran. 

Fusiform.  Spindle  shaped.  When  a  root  is  large  at  top  and 
tapers  downward,  as  in  the  carrot  and  radish. 

G. 

Galls.    Excrescences  caused  by  the  bite  of  an  insect. 
Gemmaceous.    Belonging  to  a  bud.     Made  of  the  scales  of  a  bud. 
Generic.     Belonging  to  a  genus. 
Geniculate.    Bent  like  a  knee. 

Genus.    A  family  of  plants  agreeing  in  their  flower  and  fruit. 
Germ.    The  lower  part  of  the  pistil,  which  afterwards  becomes 
the  fruit. 


436  GLOSSARY. 

Germination.     The  sprouting  of  a  seed. 

Gibbous.     Swelled  out,  commonly  on  one  side. 

Glabrous.     Smooth,  as  it  regards  hairiness  or  pubescence. 

Gland.     A   small  roundish  appendage,   apparently  performing 

some  function  of  secretion  or  excretion. 
Glandular  pubescence.     Hairs  tipped  with  little  heads  or  glands. 
Glaucous.     Sea-green.    Pale  bluish  green. 
Glume.     The  scales,  valves  or  chaff,  which  make  the  calyx  and 

corolla  of  grasses. 
Glutinous.     Adhesive,  viscid,  covered  with  an  adhesive  fluid. 
Gramina.     Grasses  and  grass  like  plants. 
Gramineous.     Resembling  grasses. 
Granular.     Formed  of  grains,  or  covered  with  grains. 
Gymnospermous.    Having  naked  seeds. 
Gynandrous.     Having  the  stamens  growing  on  the  pistils. 

H. 

Habit.    The  general  external  appearance  of  a  plant,  by  which  it 

is  known  at  sight. 
Halbert  shaped.     See  Hastate. 
Hastate.     Shaped  like  a  halberd.     It  differs  from  arrow  shaped  in 

having  the  barbs  or  lateral  portions  more  distinct  and  di- 
vergent. 
Head.    A  dense,  round  collection  of  flowers,  which  are  nearly 

sessile. 
Helmet.    The  concave  upper  lip  of  a  labiate  flower. 
Heptandrous.     Having  seven  stamens. 
Herb.     All  that  portion  of  a  plant  which  is  not  included  in  the 

root  or  fructification  ;  as  the  stem,  leaves,  &c. 
Herbaceous.     Not  woody. 
Hermaphrodite.     See  Perfect. 
Hesperidium.     A  plant  like  the  orange,  many  celled,  few  seeded, 

superior,  indehiscent,  with  a  separate  spongy  rind. 
Hexandrous.     With  six  stamens. 
Hilum.    The  scar  or  mark  on  a  seed,  where  it  was  attached  to 

the  plant  or  seed  vessel. 
Hirsute.  Rough  with  hairs. 
Hispid.    Bristly.    More  than  hirsute. 


GLOSSARY,  437 

Hoary.    Grayish  white  pubescent. 

Hooded.     See  Cucullate, 

Horn.     See  Spur. 

Hybrid.  A  mongrel  or  intermediate  species  between  two  others, 
from  which  it  is  descended, 

Hypocrateriform.  Salver  shaped.  With  a  tube  abruptly  ex- 
panded into  a  flat  border. 

Hypogynous.  Inserted  under  the  ovary,  or  germ,  but  not  adher- 
ing to  it,  nor  to  the  calyx. 

Hypogcean.    Under  ground. 

Hysteranthous.    When  the  flowers  appear  before  the  leaves « 

I. 

Icosandrous.  Having  about  twenty  stamens  growing  on  the 
calyx  and  not  on  the  receptacle.  Belonging  to  the  class 
Icosandria. 

Imlricate.  Lying  over  each  other  like  scales,  or  the  shingles  of 
a  roof. 

Jncanous.     Hoary. 

Included.  Wholly  received  or  contained  in  a  cavity.  The  op- 
posite of  exserted. 

Incrassated.     Thickened  upward.    Larger  toward  the  end. 

Incumbeni;.     Lying  against  or  across. 

Indehiscent.    Not  opening,  or  gaping,  at  maturity. 

Indigenous.    Native.     Growing  originally  in  a  country. 

Indusium.  Plural  Indusia.  The  involucre  or  veil  which  covers 
the  fruit  of  ferns. 

Inferior.  Lowermost.  Used  to  express  the  relative  situation  of 
thfi  calyx  and  germ.  An  inferior  flower  is  one  in  which  the 
calyx  and  corolla  are  below  the  germ. 

Inflated.    Tumid  and  hollow.     Blown  up  like  a  bladder. 

Inflorescence.  The  manner  in  which  the  flowers  are  situated  or 
connected  with  the  plant,  and  with  each  other. 

Infundihidiform.     Funnel  shaped,  which  see. 

Innate.     Growing  to  the  apex  or  extremity. 

Inserted  into.     Growing  out  of. 

Intcinwde.     The  space  between  jointg. 
37^ 


438  GLOSSARY. 

Interruptedly  pinnate.      "When   smaller  leafets  are   interposed 

among  the  principal  ones. 
Involucre  or  Involucrum.    A  sort  of  general  calyx  serving  for 

many  flowers ;  generally  situated  at  the  base  of  an  umbel, 

or  head;  as  in  Conium  maculatum.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  11,  and 

Cornus  florida,  PI.  28.     Also  the  Indusium. 
Involucel.     A  partial  involucre. 
Irregular  corolla.    Having  its  upper  and  lower  sides  unlike. 

K. 

Keel.    The  under  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  flower.    Also  the 

lower  side  of  the  midrib  of  a  leaf. 
Keeled.     Shaped  like  a  keel. 
Kernel.     The  nucleus  or  seed  of  a  nut. 
Kidney-shaped.    Heart  shaped  without  the  point,  and   broader 

than  long. 


Labiate.     Having  an  upper  and  lower  lip,  as  in  flowers  of  the 

class.     Didynamia. 
Laciniate.     Cut,  torn  and  jagged. 

Lactescent.     Yielding  a  white,  or  milkly  juice,  when  wounded. 
Lacunose.     Having  pits  or  depressions. 
Lamellated.     In  thin  plates. 
Lamina.     The  border  or  flat  end  of  a  petal,  in  distinction  from 

its  claw.     Also  a  thin  layer,  plate  or  membrane  of  any  kind. 
Lanate.    Woolly. 
Lanceolate.     Spear  shaped.     Narrow,  with  both  ends  acute,  as 

in  the  leaves   of   Erytlironiam  Americanum.      Med.  Bot, 

PI.  58. 
Lanuginous.    Woolly. 
Lateral.     At  the  side. 

Leafet.    A  partial  leaf.     A  constituent  of  a  compound  leaf. 
Legume.    A  pod  or  seed  vessel  having  its  seeds  attached  to  one 

side  or  suture  ;  commonly  of  a  long  form  and  not  jointed. 
Leguminous.    Bearing  legumes. 
Lenticels.     The  spots  upon  cuticle  of  young  twigs. 
Lenticular.     Shaped  like  a  convex  lens. 


GLOSSARY.  '      439 

Lepidote  or  Leprous,  covered  with  minute  scales. 

Liber.     The  inner  bark. 

Ligneous.    Woody. 

Ligulate.  Ribbon  shaped.  A  kind  of  corolla  found  in  compound 
flowers,  consisting  of  a  tube  at  bottom,  continued  into  a 
long  flat  portion  at  top;  as  in  the  florets  of  the  Dandelion. 

Liliaceous.     Resembling  the  lily.  - 

Limb.     The  border  or  spreading  p"art  of  a  monopetalous  corolla. 

Linear.  Long  and  very  narrow  with  parallel  sides;  as  the  leaves 
of  grasses. 

Lif.  The  upper  or  under  side  of  the  mouth  of  a  labiate  corolla, 
or  nectary.  In  Orchideous  plants  the  lower  lip  of  the  nec- 
tary is  usually  the  most  conspicuous  part  of  the  flower. 

Lohe.    A  large  division  or  distinct  portion  of  a  leaf  or  petal. 

Lobed.  Divided  into  lobes ;  as  the  leaves  of  Laurus  sassafras. 
Med.  Bot.  PI.  35. 

Loculicidal  dehiscence.  "When  the  carpels  of  a  compound  fruit 
open  inwardly  at  their  backs. 

Loment.  A  pod  resembling  a  legume,  but  divided  by  transverse 
partitions. 

Lorate.     Same  as  ligulate.  ' 

Lyrate.    Pinnatifid  with  a  large  roundish  leafet  at  the  end. 

M. 

Marcescent.     "Withering. 

Maritime.     Growing  near  the  salt  water. 

Medulla.     The  pith. 

Membranous.     Very  thin  and  delicate. 

Midrib.  The  large  central  vein  of  a  leaf  which  is  a  continua- 
tion of  the  petiole. 

Monadelphous.    Having  the  stamens  united  into  a  tube  at  base.' 

Monandrous.    Having  one  stamen. 

Moniliform.     Arranged  like  the  beads  of  a  necklace. 

MoncEcious.  Having  barren  and  fertile  flowers  on  the  same 
plant. 

Monogynous.     "With  one  style. 

Monojjetalous.  Having  but  one  petal,  i.  e.  the  corolla  of  one 
piece. 

Monophyllous.    Consisting  of  one  leaf,  or  piece. 


440  GLOSSARY. 

Mosses.    The  second  order  of  the  class  Cryptogamia.     Small 

plants  with  lids  on  the  capsules. 
Mucronate.    Having  a  small  point  projecting  from  an  obtuse  end. 
Multipartite.     Many  parted. 
Muricate.     Covered  with  sharp  spines  or  prickles. 
Musci.     See  Mosses. 

N. 
Nectariferous.     Bearing  honey. 

Nectary.  The  part  of  the  flower  which  produces  honey.  The 
term  is  also  applied  in  certain  instances  to  any  internal, 
supernumerary  part  of  the  calyx  or  corolla. 

Nerves.     Parallel  veins. 

Nerved.     Marked  with  nerves. 

Nodding.    Inclining  to  one  side.     Partly  drooping. 

Nucleus.     The  kernel  or  seed  of  a  nut. 

Nuculanium.  A  fruit  like  the  grape,  which  differs  from  a  berry 
in  being  superior. 

Nut.    A  seed  inclosed  in  a  hard  shell, 

0. 
Oh.    A  particle,  which  when  prefixed  to  any  other  term,  denote^ 

the  inversion  of  the  usual  position ;  as  obovate,  obcordate, 

&c.,  i.  e.,  inversely  ovate,  inversely  cordate,  &c. 
Ohconic.     Conic  with  the  apex  downward. 
Obcordate.     Heart  shaped  with  the  point  inward,  or  downward. 
Oblong.     Longer  than  oval  with  the  sides  parallel. 
Obovate.     Ovate,  but  inverted. 
Obsolete.     Indistinct.     Appearing  as  if  worn  out. 
Obtuse.     Blunt,  rounded,  not  acute. 
Ochroleucous.     Whitish  yellow. 
Octandrous.     With  eight  stamens. 
Officinal.     Kept  for  sale  as  medicinal. 
Opaque.     Not  transparent. 

Operculum.     The  lid  which  covers  the  capsules  of  mosses. 
Opposite.     Standing  directly  against  each  other  on  opposite  sides 

of  the  stem ;  as  the  leaves  of  Spigelia  Marilandica.     Med. 

Bot.  PI.  14. 
Orbicular.     Circular. 


GLOSSARY.  441 

Orchideous  plants.  A  natural  order  of  plants  in  the  class  Gynan- 
dria,  having  irregular  flowers,  a  remarkable  lip,  and  gluti- 
nous pollen.    Related  to  the  genus  Orchis. 

Oval.  Elliptical;  as  the  leaves  of  Magnolia  glaiica.  Med.  Bot. 
PI.  27. 

Ovary,    The  same  as  the  Germ,  which  see. 

Ovate.  Egg  shaped.  Oval  with  the  lower  end  largest;  as  the 
leaves  of  Sabbatia  angularis.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  57. 

Ovules.     The  rudiments  of  future  seeds. 

P. 

Palate.  A  large  obtuse  projection  which  closes  the  throat  of  a 
personate  flower. 

Paleaceous.     Chaffy. 

Palmate.  Hand  shaped.  Deeply  divided  into  spreading  and 
somewhat  equal  segments ;  as  the  leaves  of  Podophyllum 
peltatum.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  23. 

Panduriform.     Contracted  in  the  middle  like  a  violin. 

Panicle.  A  loose,  irregular  bunch  of  flowers,  with  subdivided 
branches ;  as  in  Statice  CaroUniana.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  25. 

Papilionaceous.  Having  an  irregular  corolla  like  the  pea  blos- 
som ;  consisting  of  four  petals,  of  which  the  uppermost  is 
called  the  banner;  the  two  lateral  ones  ivings ;  and  the 
lower  one,  which  is  commonly  boat  shaped,  the  keel.  Mostly 
belonging  to  the  class  Diadelphia. 

Papillose.     Pimpled. 

Pappus.     The  down  of  seeds.     A  feathery  appendage. 

Parasitic.  Growing  on  another  plant  and  drawing  nourishment 
from  it. 

Parenchyma.     The  cellular  substance  of  vegetables. 

Partial.  This  term  is  applied  to  small  or  constituent  parts  in 
distinction  from  general. 

Partition.     The  dividing  wall  in  seed  vessels. 

Parted.     Deeply  divided  ;  more  than  cleft. 

Pectinate.  Like  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  Intermediate  between 
fimbriate  and  pinnatifid. 

Pedate.  Having  a  central  segment  or  leaf  which  is  simple,  and 
two  lateral  ones  which  are  compound. 


442  GLOSSARY. 

Pedicel.     The  ultimate  branch  of  a  peduncle.    A  little  stalk. 

Peduncle.  A  stem  bearing  flowers  or  fruit,  which  is  the  branch 
of  another  stem. 

Pellicle.    A  very  thin  stratum  or  coat. 

Peltate.  Having  the  stalk  attached  to  some  part  of  the  surface 
or  disc,  and  not  to  the  margin. 

Pendulous.     Hanging  down. 

Pencilled.     Ending  like  a  painter's  pencil  or  brush. 

Pentandrous.     Having  five  stamens. 

Pepo.  A  fruit  like  the  Melon,  one  celled,  many  seeded,  inferior, 
indehiscent,  fleshy,  with  the  seeds  attached  to  pulpy  recep- 
tacles outwardly. 

Perennial.     Lasting  more  than  two  years. 

Perfect  jiower.  One  which  possesses  stamens  and  pistils,  and 
produces  fruit. 

Perfoliate.  Surrounding  the  stem  on  all  sides  and  perforated  by 
it.     It  differs  from  connate,  in  not  consisting  of  two  leaves. 

Perianth.  A  sort  of  calyx  which  is  immediately  contiguous  to 
the  other  parts  of  fructification. 

Pericarp.     A  seed  vessel,  or  whatever  contains  the  seed. 

Periclinium.     The  calyx  of  a  compound  flower. 

Perigynous.     Growing  from  the  calyx,  surrounding  the  pistil. 

Pe7^manent.     See  Persistent. 

Persistent.  Not  falling  off".  Those  parts  of  a  flower  are  persis- 
tent which  remain  till  the  fruit  is  ripe. 

Personate,  Masked.  Having  the  mouth  of  the  corolla  closed 
by  a  prominent  palate. 

Petal.     The  leaf  of  a  corolla,  usually  colored. 

Petaloid.    Resembling  petals. 

Petiole.     The  stalk  which  supports  a  leaf. 

Phccnogamous.  Not  Cryptogamous.  Applied  to  all  plants  which 
have  visible  stamens  and  pistils. 

Phyllodium.  A  spurious  leaf,  formed  by  the  spreading  of  the 
petiole. 

Pilose.     Hairy.     With  a  stiff*  pubescence. 

PinncB.     The  leafets  or  divisions  of  a  pinnate  leaf. 

Pinnate.  A  leaf  is  pinnate  when  the  leafets  are  arranged  in  two 
rows  on  the  sides  of  a  common  petiole ;  as  in  Bhus  vernix. 
Med.  Bot.  PL  10. 


GLOSSARY.  443 

Pinnatijid.     Cut  in  a  pinnate  manner.    It  differs  from  pinnate  in 

consisting  of  a  simple  or  continous  leaf,  not  compound. 
Pistil.     A  constituent  part  of  a  flower  including  the  germ,  style, 

and  stigma.    In  a  regular  flower  it  forms  the  central  part. 
Pistillate.     Having  pistils,  but  no  stamens. 
Placenta.     The  part  of  the  pericarp  to  which  seeds  are  attached. 
Plaited.     Folded  like  a  ruffle  or  fan ;  as  the  leaves  of  Veratfum 

viride.    Med.  Bot.  PI.  33. 
Plumose.     Feathery.    Feather  like. 
Plumula.    Part  of  the  corculum  of  a  seed,  which  afterwards  forms 

a  new  plant  with  the  exception  of  the  root. 
Pod.    A  dry  seed  vessel,  not  pulpy ;  most  commonly  applied  to 

legumes  and  siliques. 
Pointal.     See  Pistil. 
Polyadelphous.     Belonging  to  the  class  Polyadelphia,  in  which 

the  stamens  are  united  into  several  parcels. 
Polyandrous.    Having  many  disconnected  stamens  inserted  into 

the  receptacle. 
Polycarpous.     Many  fruited. 

Polycotyledonous.    Having  seeds  with  more  than  two  cotyledons. 
Polygamous.    Having  some  flowers  which  are  perfect,  and  others 

which  have  stamens  only,  or  pistils  only. 
Polygynous.     Having  many  styles. 

Polymorphous.     Changeable.     Assuming  a  variety  of  forms. 
Polypetalous.     Having  many  petals. 
Polyphyllous.     Having  many  leaves. 
Pome.     A  fruit  like  the  apple  in  which  the  seeds  are  inclosed  in 

cartilaginous   coverings,   and  imbedded  in    the   thickened 

and  pulpy  calyx. 
PrcEfloratium.     Same  as  JEstivation. 
Prcefoliation.     The  manner  in  which  the  young  leaves  are  folded 

together  in  the  bud. 
PrcEmorse.     Bitten  off".     The  same  as  alrupt. 
Prickle.     The  prickle  differs  from  the  thorn  in  being  fixed  to  the 

bark  only  and  not  to  the  wood. 
Prismatic.     Having  several  parallel,  flat  sides. 
Procumbent.    Lying  on  the  ground. 


444  GLOSSARY. 

Proliferous.     An  umbel  or  flower  is  said  to  be  proliferous  when 

it  has  smaller  ones  growing  out  of  it.     A  proliferous  stem 

has  joints  growing  one  out  of  another. 
Proteranthous.    When  the  leaves  appear  before  the  flowers. 
Pseudopinnate.    Falsely  or  imperfectly  pinnate. 
Pubescent.     Hairy  or  downy. 
Pulp.     The  soft,  juicy,  cellular  substance  found  in  berries  and 

similar  fruits. 
Pulpy.     Filled  with  pulp. 
Pulverulent.     Dusty.     Composed  of  powder,  or  appearing  as  if 

covered  with  it. 
Pulvinate.     Like  a  cushion. 

Punctate.     Appearing  as  if  pricked  full  of  small  holes,  or  dots. 
Punctiform.     Resembling  dots. 
Pungent.     Sharp,  acrid,  pricking. 
Putamen.     A  hard  shell. 
Pyxidium.    A  one  celled,  many  seeded,  superior  fuit,  with  a  dry, 

or  thin  pericarp,  opening  transversely,  as  in  Anagallis. 

Q. 

Quaternate.     Four  together. 
Quinate.     Five  together. 

R. 

Raceme.  A  cluster ;  a  kind  of  inflorescence  in  which  the  flowers 
are  arranged  by  simple  pedicels  on  the  sides  of  a  common 
peduncle. 

Rachis.  The  common  stalk  to  which  the  florets  and  spikelets  of 
grasses  and  other  plants  are  attached.  Also  the  midrib  of 
some  leaves  and  fronds. 

Radiate.  Having  ligulate  florets  placed  like  rays  at  the  circum- 
ference, as  in  certain  compound  flowers  ;  or  having  the  outer 
petals  largest,  as  in  certain  cymes  and  umbels. 

Radical.     Growing  immediately  from  the  root. 

Radicle.  The  part  of  the  corculum  which  afterwards  forms  the 
root.     Also  the  minute  branch  of  a  root. 

Ray.  The  diverging  florets  or  petals  which  form  the  outside  of 
radiate  flowers,  cymes  and  umbels. 


GLOSSARY.  445 

Receptacle.  The  end  of  a  flower  stalk,  being  the  base  to  which 
most  or  all  the  parts  of  fructification  are  attached. 

Reclined,  or  Reclining.  Bending  over,  with  the  end  inclining  to- 
ward the  ground. 

Recurved.     Curved  backwards. 

Reflexed.     Bent  backward,  more  than  recurved. 

Regma.  A  few  seeded,  superior  dry  fruit,  with  three  or  more 
cells,  bursting  from  the  axis  elastically,  and  separating  into 
two  valves,  as  in  Ricinus. 

Reniform.     Kidney  shaped.     Heart  shaped  without  the  point. 

Repand.  Slightly  wavy  or  serpentine  at  the  edge  ;  as  the  leaves 
of  Menyanthes  trifoliata.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  46. 

Resupinate.  Turned  upside  down  ;  as  the  leaves  of  Juniperus 
communis.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  44. 

Reticulate.     Netlike.     Having  veins  distributed  like  net  work. 

Retrorse.     Turned  backward. 

Retuse.  Having  a  slight  sinus,  or  superficial  notch  in  the  end. 
Less  than  emarginate. 

Revolute.     Rolled  backward  or  outward. 

Rhizoma.  A  horizontal  part,  partly  or  wholly  subterraneous, 
which  produces  roots  and  stems,  and  increases  by  its  ante- 
rior extremity. 

Rhizocarpous.  Perennial  plants,  in  which  the  stem  dies  annually 
and  the  root  only  endures. 

Rhomboidal.     Having  four  sides,  with  unequal  angles. 

Ribbed.     Marked  with  parallel  ridges  or  veins. 

Ringent.    Irregular,  with  an  upper  and  under  lip.    See  labiate. 

Rooting.     Sending  out  lateral  roots. 

Root  stock.     Same  as  Rhizoma. 

Rostellum.     See  radicle. 

Rostrate.     Furnished  with  a  beak. 

Rotate.  Wheel  shaped.  Flat  without  a  tube  ;  as  in  the  flowers 
of  Solanum  dulcamara.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  IS. 

Rugose.     Wrinkled. 

Ruminated.  Wrinkled  as  in  the  Nutmeg.  Applied  to  the 
albumen  of  seeds. 

Runcinate.  Having  large  teeth  pointing  backward ;  as  the  leaves 
of  the  dandelion. 

38 


446  GLOSSARY. 

S. 

Sagittate.     Arrow  shaped.     Like  the  head  of  an  arrow. 

Salver  shaped.     See  Hypocrateriform. 

Samara.  A  seed  vessel  not  opening  by  valves,  having  a  winged 
or  membranous  appendage,  as  in  the  Maple,  &c. 

Sarcocarp.     The  fleshy  inner  coating  of  a  fruit;  as  the  Walnut. 

Sarmentose.  Running  on  the  ground  and  striking  roots  from  the 
joints,  as  the  Strawher'ry. 

Scape.  A  stalk  Avhich  springs  from  the  root,  and  supports  flow- 
ers and  fruit  but  no  leaves. 

Scabrous.     Rough. 

Scarious.     Having  a  thin  membranous  margin. 

Scions.     Lateral  shoots  or  offsets  from  the  root. 

Scrohiculate.     Covered  with  deep,  round  pits. 

Seed  vessel.     A  vessel  enclosing  the  seed. 

Segment.     A  part  or  principal  division  of  a  leaf,  calyx  or  corolla. 

Semihivalnular.     Half  divided  into  two  valves. 

Seminal  leaves.  The  first  leaves  of  a  plant,  or  those  formed  from 
the  cotyledons. 

Sepals.  The  divisions  of  the  calyx,  corresponding  to  petals  of  the 
corolla. 

Septicidal.     Dehiscing  or  opening  through  the  dissepiment. 

Sericeous.     Silky. 

Serrate.  Notched  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw,  the  points  tending  up- 
ward ;  as  in  strawberry  and  rose  leaves. 

Serrulate.     Minutely  serrate. 

Sessile.  Placed  immediately  on  the  stem,  without  the  interven- 
tion of  a  stalk;  as  the  leaves  of  Spigelia  Marilandica.  Med. 
Bot.  PI.  14. 

Setaceous.     Bristle  like. 

Sheath.     A  tubular  or  folded  leafy  portion  inclosing  the  stem. 

Silicle.  A  seed  vessel  constructed  like  a  silique,  but  not  longer 
than  it  is  broad. 

Silique.  A  long  pod  or  seed  vessel  of  two  valves,  having  its 
seeds  attached  to  the  two  edges  alternately. 

Siliquose.     Having  siliques. 

Simple.     Not  divided,  branched,  or  compounded. 

Sinuate.     Having  sinuses  at  the  edge. 


GLOSSARY.  447 

Sinus.     A  large,  rounded  indentation  or  cavity. 

Sort.  Plural  of  Sorus.  The  most  common  fruit  of  ferns,  con- 
sisting of  small  clusters  of  minute  capsules  on  the  back  of 
the  leaf. 

Sorosis.  A  spike  or  raceme  converted  into  a  fleshy  mass,  as  in. 
the  Mulberry. 

Spadix.  An  elongated  receptacle  of  flowers,  commonly  proceed- 
ing from  a  spathe  ;  as  in  Arum  triphyllum.    Med.  Bot.  PI.  4. 

Spathe.  A  sheathing  calyx  opening  lengthwise  on  one  side,  and 
consisting  of  one  or  more  valves.     See  Spadix. 

Spatulate,  or  spathidate.  Obtuse  or  large  at  the  end,  and  gradu- 
ally tapering  into  a  stalk  at  base  ;  as  in  the  leaves  of  Stactice 
Caroliniana.     Med.  Bot.  PI.  25. 

Species.  A  group  or  subdivision  of  plants  agreeing  Avith  each 
other  not  only  in  their  fructification,  but  in  all  other  essen- 
tial and  permanent  parts  ;  and  always  reproducing  the  same 
kind. 

Specific.    Belonging  to  a  species  only. 

Sphalerocarpium.  A  one  seeded,  indehiscent  pericarp  enclosed 
within  a  fleshy  perianth,  as  in  Taxus. 

Spike.  A  kind  of  inflorescence  in  which  the  flowers  are  sessile 
or  nearly  so  on  the  sides  of  a  long  peduncle. 

Spikelet.    A  small  spike. 

Spindle  shaped.     See  Fusiform. 

Spine.     A  thorn,  or  sharp  process  growing  from  the  wood. 

Spores,  or  sporules.  The  substances  produced  by  cryptogamous 
plants  answering  to  seeds. 

Spur.  A  sharp  hollow  projection  from  a  flower,  commonly  the 
nectary. 

Squamiform.     Scale  shaped. 

Squarrose  or  Squarrous.  Ragged.  Having  reflected  or  divergent 
scales. 

Stamen.  The  part  of  the  flower  on  which  the  Linnaean  classes 
are  founded.  It  commonly  consists  of  the  yzZame/ji  or  stalk, 
and  the  anther  which  contains  the  pollen. 

Staminate.     Having  stamens,  but  no  pistils. 

Staminoids.     Bodies  resembling  stamens. 

Standard.     See  Banner. 

Stellate.     Like  a  star. 


448  GLOSSARY. 

Stem.     A  general  supporter  of  leaves,  flowers  and  fruit. 

Stemless.    Having  no  stem  properly  so  called,  but  only  a  scape* 

Sterile.     Barren. 

Stigma.     The  summit  or  extremity  of  the  pistil. 

Stipe.     The  stem  of  a  fern  or  fungus ,  also  the  stem  of  the  down 

of  seeds;  also  a  particular  stalk  of  germs,  seeds  &;c.,  which 

is  superadded  to  the  pedicel;  as  in  the  Coptis  trifolia.    Med. 

Bot.  PI.  5. 
Siipitate.     Supported  by  a  stipe. 
Stipule.    A  leafy  appendage  situated  at  the  base   of  petioles  or 

leaves. 
Stipular.     Belonging  to  stipules. 
Stoloniferous.     Having  scions  or  running  shoots. 
Striate.     Marked  with  fine  parallel  lines. 
Strigose.     Bristly. 
StroUle.     A  cone;  an  ament  with  woody  or  rigid  scales,  as  in 

the  fruit  of  pines,  firs,  &c. 
Style.     The  part  of  the  pistil  which  is  between  the  germ  and 

stigma. 
Sub.     A  particle  prefixed  to  various  terms,  to  imply  the  existence 

of  a  quality  in  a  diminutive  or  inferior  degree,  as 
Subacute.     Somewhat  acute.     Less  than  acute,  &c. 
Subcoriaceous.     Somewhat  like  leather. 
Suberose.    Like  cork. 
Subsessile.     Nearly  sessile. 
Subserrate.     Slightly  serrate,  fee. 

Subulate.    Awl  shaded.     Narrow,  stiff,  and  sharp  pointed. 
-Succulent.     Juicy. 

Sucker.     A  shoot  from  the  root,  or  lower  part  of  the  stem. 
Suffruticose.     Somewhat  shrubby.     Shrubby  at  base. 
Sulcate.     Furrowed. 

Swpradecompound.     More  than  decompound.     Many  times  sub- 
divided. 
Suture.     The  line  or  seam  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  valves 

of  a  seed  vessel. 
Synanthous.     When  leaves  and  flowers  appear  at  the  same  time 

as  in  the  Apple  tree. 
Syncarpium.     A  fruit   in  which  the  ovaries  cohere  into  a  solid 

mass,  on  a  slender  receptacle,  as  in  Magnolia. 


GLOSSARY.  449 

Si/ncarpous.     When  the  ovaries  are  connected  or  grown  together. 
Synconus.     A  fruit  like  the  Fig,  which  is  a  fleshy  rachis,  having 
the  form  of  a  hollow  receptacle  or  flattened  disc. 

T. 

Tendril.     A  filiform  appendage  of  certain  vines,  which  supports 
them  by  twining  round,  or  adhering  to  other  objects. 

Tei'ete^    Round,  cylindrical. 

Terminal.     Extreme,  situated  at  the  end. 

Ternate.     Three  together ;  as  the  leaves  of  Menyanthes  trifoliata. 
Med.  Bot.  PL  46. 

Tetradynamous.     Having  four  long  and  two  short  stamens. 

Tetrandrous.     Having  four  stamens. 

Thec(£.     The  little  capsules  of  Ferns. 

Thorn.     See  Spine. 

Throat.     The  passage  into  the  tube  of  a  corolla. 

Thyrse.    A  close,  compact  panicle. 

Tomentose.     Downy.     Covered  with  fine  matted  pubescence. 

Torose.     Knobby. 

Torus.     The  same  as  Receptacle. 

Triandrous.     With  three  stamens. 

Tricuspid.     Having  three  points. 

Trifid.     Three  cleft. 

Trifoliate.     Three  leaved.     See  Ternate. 

Trilobate.     Three  lobed. 

Trilocular.     Three  celled. 

Tripartite.     Three  parted. 

Trivial  name.     The  specific  name. 

Truncate.  Having  a  square  termination  as  if  cut  ofi*,  as  the 
leaves  of  Liriodendron  tulipifera.     Med.  Bot.  PL  31. 

Tryma.  A  fruit  like  the  Shagbark,  superior,  by  abortion  one 
celled,  one  seeded,  with  a  two  valved  indehiscent  endocarp, 
and  a  coriaceous  or  fleshy  sarcocarp. 

Tuber.     A  solid,  fleshy  knob. 

Tuberous.  Thick  and  fleshy,  containing  tubers ;  as  the  roots  of 
the  Potatoe,  PcEony,  &c. 

Tubular.  Shaped  like  a  tube.  In  a  compound  flower,  the  flor- 
ets which  are  not  ligulate,  are  called  tubular. 

Tunicated.     Coated  with  concentric  layers ;  as  the  Onion. 
38=^ 


450  GLOSSARY. 

Turbinate.     Shaped  like  a  top  or  pear. 

Turion.     A  young  shoot  from  the  Rhizoma,  as  in  Asparagus, 

V. 

Valves.  The  segments  or  parts  of  a  seed  vessel,  into  which  it 
finally  separates.  Also  the  leaves  which  make  up  a  glume 
or  spathe. 

Variety.  A  subdivision  of  a  species,  distinguished  only  by  char- 
acters which  are  not  permanent ;  and  which  does  not  with 
certainty  reproduce  its  kind;  as  the  varieties  of  tulipSf 
peaches,  &c. 

Vaulted.    Arched  over ;  with  a  concave  covering. 

Veined.  Having  the  divisions  of  the  petiole  irregularly  branched 
on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf. 

Venation.     The  veining  of  a  leaf. 

Ventricose.     Swelling.     Inflated. 

Vei-nicose^     Varnished  in  appearance. 

Verrucose.    Warty.     Covered  with  little  protuberances. 

Vertical.     Perpendicular  to  the  earth. 

Verticillaie .  Whorled.  Having  leaves  given  off  in  a  circle 
round  the  stem. 

Vesicular.     Made  of  vesicles  or  little  bladders. 

Villous.     Hairy,  the  hairs  long  and  soft. 

Virgate.     Long  and  slender.     Wandlike. 

Virose.     Poisonous,  nauseous  and  strong  to  the  smell. 

Viscid.     Thick,  glutinous,  covered  with  adhesive  juice. 

Vitellus.  A  part  of  certain  seeds  distinct  from  the  albumen^  bat 
not  rising  out  of  the  ground  at  germination. 

Viviparous.     Producing  a  collateral  offspring  by  means  of  bulbs. 

U. 

Umbel.  A  kind  of  inflorescence  in  which  the  flower  stalks  di- 
verge from  one  centre  like  rays  ;  as  in  Conium  maculatum. 
Med.  Bot.  PL  11. 

Umbelliferous.     Bearing  umbels. 

Umbilicate.    Marked  with  a  central  depression. 

Unarmed.     Without  prickles  or  thorns. 

Uncinate.     Hooked,  hook  shaped. 


GLOSSARY.  45  i 

Undulated.    Wavy,  serpentine,  gently  rising  and  falling. 

Unguiculate.     Inserted  by  a  claw. 

Unilateral.     Growing  all  on  one  side,  or  with  the  flowers  lean." 

ing  to  one  side. 
Urceolate.     Pitcher  shaped.     Swelling  in  the  middle  and  slightly 

contracted  at  top. 

W. 

Wedge  shaped.     Formed  like  a  wedge,  and  commonly  rounded 

at  the  largest  end. 
Wheel  shaped.     See  Rotate. 

Wings.     The  two  lateral  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  flower. 
Winged.    Having  the  sides  extended  into  a  leafy  expansion. 


INDEX    OF   THE   GENERA, 

WITH    ACCENTS. 


The  Subgenera  and  Generic  Synonyms  are  in  Italics. 


Abies 

Acalypha 

A'cer 

Acerates 

Achillea 

Acnida 

A'corus 

Actaea 

Adiantum 

Adlumia 

^thusa 

Agrimonia 

Agropyron 

Agrostemma 

Agrosiis 

Aira 

Alchemilla 

Aletris 

Alisma 

A'llium 

A'lnus 

Alopecurus 

Althaea 


Page. 

386 

388 

405 

110 

336 

395 

146 

224 

424 

281 

121 

200 

47 

197 

31 

33 

63 

1S9 

154 

137 

367 

27 

277 


Page. 

Alyssum 

268 

Amaranthus 

368 

Ambrosia 

368 

Amelanchier 

208 

Ammannia 

55 

Ampelopsis 
Anagallis 

98 
77 

Andromeda 

176 

Andropogon 
Anemone* 

44 
237 

Angelica 

117 

Anthemis 

336 

Anihoxanthum 

29 

.Antirrhinum 

259 

Anychia 
Apargia 
Apios 

105 
303 
295 

Apocymim 

Aqnifegia 

Aralia 

105 

232 
129 

A'rabis 

269 

A'rbiitus 

175 

A'rctium 

309 

Avsiimrj.     The  usual  English  pronunciation  is  Anemone. 


454 


INDEX. 


Aren^ria 

190 

Caltha 

235 

ArethOisa 

347 

Calystegia 

82 

Arethusa 

347 

Cameiina 

268 

Aristolochia 

351 

Campanula 

88 

Aristida 

32 

Caprifolium 

91 

Aronia 

208 

Cardamine 

270 

Arrhenatherum 

34 

Carduus 

309 

A'rum 

372 

Carex 

359 

Artemisia 

3J8 

Carpi  nu3 

383 

Arundo 

40 

Carya 

379 

A'sarum 

199 

Cassandra 

78 

Asclepias 

106 

Cassia 

181 

Asparagus 

143 

Castanea 

374 

Aspidiurn 

418 

Caslilleja 

260 

Asplenium 

421 

Caulinia 

537 

A'Sier 

329 

Caulophyllum 

135 

Atragene 

234 

Ceanothus 

95 

A' triplex 

401 

Celastrus 

96 

Avena 

34 

Celtis 

401 

Azalea 

85 

Centaur^a 

338 

Centaurella 

54 

B. 

Cephalanthus 

52 

Ballota 

252 

Cerastium 

195 

Baptisia 

181 

Cei'asus 

204 

Bartisia 

260 

Ceralophyllum 

371 

Bartonia 

54 

Chara 

357 

Berberis 

136 

Chelidonium 

224 

Beiula 

381 

Cheloae 

264 

BiHens 

312 

Chenopodium 

113 

Blitum 

4 

Chimaphila 

185 

Boehmeria 

366 

Chironia 

79 

Bootia 

219 

Chcerophyllum 

121 

Botrychium 

415 

Chlora 

79 

Brachstemum 

253 

Chrysanthemum 

320 

Brachyletrum 

28 

Chrysopsis 

321 

Brasenia 

246 

Chrysosplenium 

164 

Briza 

36 

Cichorium 

303 

Brornus 

39 

Cicuta 

121 

Bunias 

267 

Cimicifuga 

233 

Cinna 

31 

C. 

Circea 

12 

Cactus 

203 

Cist  us 

226 

C(Enotus 

323 

Claytonia 

104 

Cakile 

267 

Clematis 

233 

Calamagrostis 

40 

Cleome 

272 

Calla 

373 

Clethra 

183 

Callitriche 

3 

Clinopodium 

255 

INDEX. 


455 


Ctiicus 

Cochlearia 

Collinsonia 

Comandra 

Comaropsis 

Coinarum 

Comptonia 

Coniiim 

Convallaria 

Convolvulus 

Conyza 

Conyza 

Coptis 

Corallorhiza 

Coreopsis 

Coriius 

Corydalis 

Corylus 

Crantzia 

Crataegus 

Crossopetala 

Crotalaria 

Crypta 

CryplotcETiia 

Cuc-ubalus 

Ciinila 

Cupressus 

Cuscuta 

Cynibidium 

Cynoglossum 

Cyperus 

Cyprip^dium 


Dactyl  is 

Dalibarda 

Danihonia 

Datura 

Daucus 

Dentaria 

Desmodium 

Dianthus 

Diapensia 

Dicksonia 

Ditlytra 

Diervilla 

Digiiaria 


D. 


309 

Dioscorea 

268 

Diplopappus 

]2 

Dirca 

104 

Draba 

215 

Dracena 

216 

Dracontium 

364 

Dilepyrum 

117 

Dry  as 

140 

Drosera 

82 

Dulichium 

318 

3-29 

235 

Echinochloa 

349 

E'chium 

337 

Eleocharis 

59 

ELodea 

280 

E'lyraus 

382 

EMiipetrum 

115 

Epifagus 

206 

Epigaea 

111 

Epilobium 

285 

E})ipactis 

12 

Equisetum 

121 

Erica 

195 

Erigeron 

11 

Eriocaulon 

387 

Eriophorum 

112 

Erysimum 

349 

Ery  thro  Ilium 

75 

Euosmus 

19 

Euchroma 

350 

Eupatoriura 

Euphorbia 

Eurybia 

as 

214 

34 

Fagus 

83 

Festuca 

116 

Fragaria 

271 

Fraxinus 

293 

Furuaria 

190 

86 

424 

Galega 

281 

Galeopsis 

92 

Gaultheria 

42 

Galium 

E. 


G. 


396 

331 

159 

266 

143 

61 

28 

219 

131 

20 


42 
73 
21 

299 
47 
393 
261 
174 
156 
346 
411 
158 
321 
358 
24 
271 
144 
170 
260 
314 
201 
335 


374 

38 

215 

408 
280 


296 

252 

174 

55 


456 

INE 

)EX. 

Genista 

285 

I. 

Gentiana 

110 

Ict6des 

61 

Geranium 

274 

Mex 

64 

Gerardia 

262 

Inipatiens 

98 

GJeum 

220 

1  nula 

321 

Glaux 

104 

I'lis 

18 

Gleclioma 

249 

Isnardia 

62 

Glycine 

295 

Isolepis 

24 

Glyceria 

38 

I'va 

339 

Gnaphalium 

318 

Ixodia 

246 

Goodyera 

346 

Grat  61a 

7 

J. 

Gymnostichum 

48 

Juglans 

378 

Gyromia 

150 

Juncus 

147 

Juniperus 

398 

H. 

Hamam^lis 

63 

K. 

Hedeoma 

11 

Kalmia 

179 

Hedera 

98 

KopJeria 

33 

Hcdypnois 

304 

Krigia 

307 

Hedysarum 

292 

Heleninm 

336 

L. 

Helianihemum 

226 

Lactuca 

305 

Helianthus 

337 

Laniium 

250 

Helonias 

150 

Larix 

387 

Hepatica 

236 

Lathyrus 

286 

Herpestis 

12 

Laurus 

170 

Heracleum 

116 

Lechea 

49 

Heiichera 

112 

Ledum 

183 

Hibiscus 

277 

Leersia 

31 

Hieracium 

306 

Lemna 

358 

Hierochloa 

45 

Ltontodon 

304 

Hippuris 

3 

Leoniirus 

251 

Holcus 

45 

L(  ontice 

135 

Hordeutn 

48 

Lepidium 

266 

Hottonia 

80 

Leptandra 

7 

Hudsonia 

226 

Lespedeza 

290 

Huraulus 

395 

Liatris 

312 

Houston  ia 

54 

Limodorum 

349 

Hydrocotyle 

115 

Linnaea 

257 

Hydrophyllum 

76 

Ligusticum 

118 

Hydropeltis 

236 

Ligustrum 

5 

Hyoscyamus 

84 

Lilium 

145 

Hypericum 

297 

Lirnosella 

258 

Hypopithys 

187 

Linum 

130 

Hypoxis 

138 

Lindernia 

8 

Hyssopus 

250 

Liriod^ndron 

244 

INDEX. 

457 

Listera 

347 

N^peta 

252 

Litliospermum 

73 

JVtphrodium 

418 

Lobelia 

89 

Nuphar 

230 

Loliiiin 

46 

Nyinpha^a 

231 

Lonicera 

91 

Nyssa 

408 

Lud  wigia 

62 

Lupin  us 

285 

O. 

Lychnis 

197 

QEnothera 

157 

Lycopodium 

413 

Onoclea 

420 

Lycopsis 

74 

Onopordon 

311 

Lycopus 

10 

Onostnodiiim 

74 

Lygocliiim 

415 

Ophrys 

347 

Lysiinachia 

77 

O' re  his 

340 

Ly  thrum 

2C0 

Ornithogalum 

145 

Orobanche 

261 

M. 

Oroniium 

146 

Macrotrys 

2133 

Oryzopsis 

26 

Magnolia 

244 

Osmorrhiza 

119 

Malaxis 

347 

Osinunda 

416 

Malva 

277 

O'Strya 

383 

Medeola 

150 

O'xaiis 

275 

Medicago 

297 

Oxycoccus 

164 

Melarnpyrum 

257. 

Melilotus 

290 

P. 

IV'Jenispermuni 

2:i2 

Panax 

403 

Mentha 

249 

Panicum 

41 

Menyanthes 

80 

Panicum 

42 

Menztesia 

158 

Parnassia 

129 

MespUus 

208 

Pastinaca 

120 

Mikania 

314 

Pedicularis 

261 

Milium 

27 

Penthorum 

195 

Mimulus 

264 

Peplis 

12 

Mitciiella 

54 

Phalaris 

32 

Mitella 

189 

Phaseolus 

286 

Mollugo 

50 

Phleum 

29 

Monarda 

11 

Phragmites 

41 

Monotropa 

186 

Phryma 

256 

Muhlenbergia 

28 

Phytolacca 

197 

Myagrum 

268 

Pin  us 

384 

Myoi^otis 

75 

Piptatherum 

27 

Myiica 

393 

Pisum 

286 

Myriophyllum 

370 

Planfago 

53 

Myrrhis 

121 

P  an  tan  us 

384 

I'oa 

34 

N. 

Podalyria 

180 

Najas 

357 

Podo|)hyllum 

229 

Neottia 

345 

Podostemum 

3 

39 


458 

INDEX. 

Poo^onia 

348 

S. 

Pollinia 

45 

Sahhkia 

79 

Polyfjala 

282 

Sfigiiia 

65 

Polyfi^onurn 

165 

Sagirtaria 

369 

Polypodiura 

417 

Snliconiia 

2 

Polypogon 

31 

Salix 

391 

Poh/gonatum 

141 

Salsola 

112 

Poniederia 

138 

Sail)  hue  us 

125 

Popiilus 

297 

Sa  mollis 

88 

Portiilaca 

199 

Sanguinaria 

238 

Potainog^ton 

65 

Saiiguisorba 

64 

Pot«ntilla 

216 

Sanicula 

116 

Pothos 

61 

Saf)onaria 

190 

Prenanthes 

304 

Saioihra 

128 

Prinos 

136^ 

Sarracenia 

226 

Prose  rpinaca 

50 

Satyrium 

346 

Prunella 

255 

Saxifraga 

188 

Prunus 

204 

Scandix 

121 

Psamma 

40 

Scheuchzeria 

152 

Pteris 

423 

Scho^nus 

18 

Pycnanthemum 

253 

Scliwalbea 

258 

Pyrola 

183 

Scirpus 

21 

Pyrus 

207 

Scleranthus 

188 

Scirpus 

22 

Q. 

Sfro()hul^ria 

258 

Quercus 

375 

Scutellaria 

255 

Q,u6ria 

105 

Seleucia 

77 

Seii^cio 

327 

R. 

Striocarpus 

329 

Ranunculus 

238 

Serratula 

312 

Raphanus 

269 

Setaria 

41 

Rhamnus 

95 

S  icy  OS 

365 

Rhexia 

158 

Sida 

276 

Rhinanthus 

258 

Sil^ne 

194 

RhoHoflendron 

178 

Sinapis 

271 

Rhododendron 

85 

Sison 

121 

Rhodora 

182 

Sisymbrium 

270 

Rhus 

125 

Sisyrinchium 

273 

Rhyncospora 

18 

Slum 

118 

Rihps 

93 

SmilarAna 

40 

Robinia 

295 

Srnilax 

S96 

Rochelia 

76 

Smyrnium 

120 

Rosa 

209 

Solanum 

87 

Rulius 

210 

Solidago 

323 

Rudbeckia 

338 

Soiichus 

308 

Rutnex 

152 

Sophora 

181 

Ruppia 

66 

Sorbus 

207 

INDEX. 


459 


Sparganium 

S  parti  n  a 

Specularia 

Spergula 

S})iraea 

Spiranthes 

Stachys 

Staphylea 

Statice 

Steliaria 

Stipa 

StrejJtopus 

Struihiopteris 

Swertia 

Symplocarpus 


Tanacetum 

Tax  us 

Tephrosia 

Teucrium 

Thalictrum 

Thapsium 

Thesiiim 

Thlaspi 

Thuya 

Thymus 

Tiai^lla 

Tilia 

Torresia 

Trachynotia 

Trichodium 

Trichophorum 

Trichostema 

Trientalis 

Trifoliurn 

Triglochin 

Trillium 

Triosteum 

Tiiticum 


363 

Tiollius 

25 

88 
J  96 

Tussilago 
Typha 

209 

U'lmus 

345 

Uniola 

251 
128 

Uraspermuni 
U'ltica 

132 

Utricularia 

193 

Uvularia 

32 

139 

421 

Vaccinium 

62 

Vallisneria 

61 

Veratrum 

Verbascum 

Verbena 

318 

Vernonia 

399 

Veronica 

296 

Viburnum 

250 

Vicia 

234 

Villarsia 

118  121 

Viola 

104 

Vitis 

267 

388 

253 

Woodsia 

189 

Woodwardia 

227 

46 

25 

Xanthium 

28 

23 

256 

154 

Xanthoxylum 

Xylosteum 

Xyris 

288 

152 

Zizania 

166 

Zizea 

93 

Zosteria 

47 

u. 


V. 


w. 


X. 


238 
323 
363 

114 
33 
119 
365 
8 
143 


159 

390 

402 

84 

254 

312 

5 

123 

287 

81 

98 

97 


418 
423 


367 

405 

92 

18 


369 
121 
358 


ENGLISH    INDEX. 


Agrimony 
Alder 

Alum  Root 
Alpine  Enchanter's 

shade 
Alpine  soft  Grass 
Alpine  Swertia 
Amaranth 
Ambrosia 
American  Trollius 
Ammannia 
Andromeda 
-Anemone 
Angelica 
Arabis 

Aralia  Bristly 
Arbor  Vitse 
Arenaria 
Arethusa 
Aristida 
Arrow  Grass 
Arrow  Head 
Arrow  Wood 
Asclepias 
Ash 

Asparagus 
Aspen 
Aster 
Atragene 
Balm  of  Gilead 
Barberry 
Bartsia 


Night- 


405, 


200 

Basil 

253,  255 

367 

Bass  Wood 

227 

1L2 

Bayberry 
Beach  Pea 

394 
286 

11 

Beach  Plumb 

205 

46 
62 

Beach  Drops 
Bean  Vine 

261 

.   288 

36S 

Beard  Grass 

44 

363 
238 

Bearberry 
Bed&traw 

75 
57 

55 

Beech  Tree 

374 

176 

Bellflower 

88 

236 

Bellwort 

142 

117 

Bent  Grass 

30 

269 

Bethlehem  star- 

138,  145 

130 

Bidens 

313 

388 
191 

Bilberry 
Bindweed 

160 

82,  168 

348 

Birch 

381 

32 

Bitter  Sweet 

87 

152 

Black  Alder 

136 

369 
124 

Blackberry 
Black  Grass 

211 
148 

110 

Black  Snake  Root 

233 

408 

Bladder  Tree 

128 

143 

Bladder  wort 

8 

397 

Bloodroot 

228 

329 
234 

Blue  Berry 
Blue  eyed  Grass 

160 
273 

398 

Blue  Flag 

15 

136 

Blue  Grass 

35 

260 

Bcehmeria 

366 

39^ 


462 


INDEX. 


Bog  Rush 

18 

Chestnut  Tree 

374 

Boston  Iris 

17 

Chickweed 

193,  196 

Botrychium 

415 

Chokeberry 

207 

Brake 

423 

Cicuta  Buibiferous 

122 

Brome  Grass 

39 

Cinna 

31 

Broom  Grass 

45 

Cinquefoil 

216 

Broom  rape 

261 

Cistus 

226 

Buckthorn 

95 

Claytonia 

104 

Buckwheat 

169 

Cleavers 

55 

Buck  Bean 

80 

Clethra 

183 

Bugle  Weed 

9 

Cleome 

272 

Bugloss 

73 

Clivers 

55 

Bulrush 

23,  147 

Cloud  Berry 

214 

Burdock 

309 

Clover 

289 

Burr  Marygold 

312 

Club  Moss 

413 

Burr  Reed 

363 

Club  Rush 

21 

Butter  Cups 

240 

Cohush 

225 

Butterfly  Weed 

106 

Columbine 

232 

Butternut 

378 

'Coltsfoot 

323 

Button  Bush 

52 

Conyza 

318 

Button  Wood 

384 

Corncockle 

197 

Calla 

373 

-  Coreopsis 

338 

Camelina 

268 

Corydalis 

280 

Campion 

195 

Cornel 

59 

Canary  Grass 

32 

Cotton  Grass 

24 

Canada  Reed 

40 

Couch  Grass 

47 

Canada  Burnet 

64 

Cow  Berry 

163 

Canada  Rice 

369 

Cow  Parsnep 

116 

Canada  Naiad 

357 

Cowslip 

235 

Cardaraine 

270 

Cow  Wheat 

257 

Cardinal  Flower 

89 

Crakeberry 

393 

Carpet  Weed 

50 

-  Cranberry 

164 

Carrot 

116 

Cranesbill 

274 

Cassia 

181 

Creeper 

97 

Catchfly 

194 

Cress 

270 

Catmint 

252 

Crow  Berry 

393 

Catnep 

252 

Crowfoot 

238 

Cat's  Tail  Grass 

29 

Crypta 

12 

Cedar,  Red 

398 

Cucumber 

365 

Cedar,  White 

387 

Cucumber  Root 

150 

Celandine 

224 

Cud  Weed 

320 

Centaurella 

54 

Currant,  Mountain^ 

94 

Cerastium 

196 

Cut  Grass 

31 

Chaffseed 

258 

Cymbidium 

349 

Chara 

357 

Cyperus 

19 

Chequer  Berry 

54 

Dalibarda 

215 

Cherry  Tree 

204 

Dandeliott 

304 

INDEX. 


463 


Darnel 

Deerberry 

Dewberry 

Diapensia 

Dicksonia 

Diervilla,  Yellow 

Dioscorea 

Diich  Grass 

Dock 

Dodder 

Dog's  Bane 

Dogwood 

Dracaena 

Dragon's  Claw 

Draofon  Root 

Duck  Meat 

Dutch  Myrtle 

Dutchman's  Breeches 

Dyer's  Weed 

Eel  Grass 

Eglantine 

Elder 

Elecampane 

Elm  Tree 

Empetrum 

Enchanter's  Night  Shade 

Epilobium 

Epipactis 

Erigeron 

Eryihronium 

Eupatorium 

Feather  Grass 

Fern 

Fescue  Grass 

Fever  Bush 

Feverwort 

Fever  Root 

Figwort 

Flag 

Flag,  Blue 

Flag,  Sweet 

Flax,  Virginian 

Flea  Bane 

Flowering  Currant 

Fools'  Parseley 

Forked  Aristida 

Fox  Tail  Grass 

Fumitory 


46 
162 
213 

86 
424 

92 
396 

26 
152 
112 
105 
59,  126 
143 
349 
372 
358 
393 
281 
285 
358 
209 
125 
321 
114 
393 

12 
157 
346 
322 
144 
314,  316 

32 
415,  417,  418 

38 


170 

89 

93 

258 

364 

16 

146 

130 

322 

94 

121 

3-2 

27 

280 


Galium 

Garlic 

Gaultheria 

Gentian 

Gerardia 

Geranium 

Germander 

Gill 

Ginger,  Wild 

Ginseng 

Glycine 

Golden  Alexanders 

Golden  Club 

Goldenrod 

Goldthread 

Goosefoot 

Goose  Tongue 

Grape 

G  rass  Poly 

Gromwell 

GRASS. 

Alpine  Soft 
Arrow 
Beard 
Bent 

Black  seeded  Millet 
Blue 

Blue  eyed 
Brome 
•Broom 
Canary 
Cat's  tail 
Cotton 
Couch 
Cut 
Darnel 
Ditch 
Feather 
Fescue 
Foxtail 
Hair 

Hedgehog 
-Herds 
Knot 
Lyme 
Millet 
Oat 


Grass 


55 
137 
175 
111 
263 
275 
250 
249 
199^ 
403 
295 
120 
146 
323 
235 
113 
336 

97 
200 

73 


46 
152 
44 
30 
27 
35 
273 
39 
45 
32 
29 
24 
47 
31 
48 
26 
32 
38 
27 
33 
48 
29 
165 
47 
27 
34 


464 


INDEX. 


Orchard  Grass 

Panic  

Quaking  

Rattlesnake  

Ray  

Red  Top  

Reed  

Rough  

Rye  Brome  

Soft  

Spear  

Spike  

Sedge  

Scratch  

Seneca  

Squirrel  Tail  

Star  

SweetscentedVernal 

Thin  

Tiniothy  

Truncate  Hair  

Velvet  

Wood  Hair  

Yellow  eyed  


Gooseberry 

Grass  of  Parnassus 

Green  Briar 

Ground  Ivy 

Ground  Laurel 

Groundnut 

Groundsel 

Hackmatack 

Hair  Grass 

Hairy  Onosmodium 

Hairy  Uraspermum 

Hardback 

Harebell 

Hawkweed 

Hazel 

Hedgehog  Grass 

Hedge  Hyssop 

Hedge  Mustard 

Hedge  Nettle 

Hedysarurn 

Hellebore 

Henoilock 


33  Hemlock,  American  121 

—  41  Hemlock,  Spruce  386 

—  37  Hemp,  Indian  106 

—  37  Hemp  Nettle  252 

—  46  Hemp,  Sea  395 

—  30  Henbane  84 

—  40  Henbit  250 

—  25  Hepatica  236 

—  39  Herb  Robert  274 

—  46  Herds  Grass  29 

—  34  Hibiscus  277 

—  33  Hickory  379 

—  359  High  water  Shrub  339 

—  168  Hobble  Bush  124 

—  45  Hogweed  113 

—  45  Hog  Nut  379 

—  139  Holly  64 

—  29  Honewort  121 

—  28  Honeysuckle  91 

—  29  Hop  397 

—  33  Horehound,  Water  9 

—  45  Horehound,  Black  252 

—  33  Hornbeam  383,  408 

—  18  Horned  Utricularia  9 
Horn  wort  371 

93  Horse  Mint  249 

129  Horseradish  268 

346  Horsetail  412 

249  Horseweed  12 

174  Hotlonia  80 

295  Hound's  Tongue  75 

327  Houstonia  54 

387,  388  Hudsonia  226 

33  Hydrocotyle  115 

74  Hydrophyllum  76 

120  Hypericum  297 

209  Hyssop  250 

88  Indian  Hemp  106 

303,  306  Indian  Tobacco  90 

382  Indian  Turnip  372 

48  Indigo,  Wild  180 

7  Inula  321 

271  Iris  16 

251  Iron  Wood  383 

292  Isnardia  62 

402  Ivy  127 

117  Jersey  Tea  92 


INDEX. 


465 


Juniper 

399 

Menziesia 

158 

Kalmia 

130 

Mercury,  Three  seeded 

388 

Knapweed 

338 

Mikania 

314 

Knawel 

18S 

Millfoil 

370 

Knot  Grass 

155 

Milk  Weed 

107 

Labrador  Tea 

183 

Mint 

249 

Ladies'  Mantle 

63 

Mitella 

189 

Ladies'  Slipper 

350 

Monarda 

11 

Ladies'  Traces 

345 

Monkey  Flower 

264 

Lathyrus 

287 

Moon  Seed 

232 

Laurel 

179 

Moose  Wood 

407 

Leather  Wood 

159 

Mother  Wort 

251 

Leptandra 

7 

Mountain  Ash. 

207 

Lespedeza 

290 

Mountain  Currant 

94 

Lettuce 

305 

Mountain  Rice 

26 

Liatris 

312 

Mouse  Ear 

75 

Life  Everlasting 

318 

Mowhair 

424 

Lily 

145 

Mudwort 

258 

Lime  Tree 

227 

Muhlenbergia 

28 

Lindernia 

8 

Mullein 

84 

Linnsea 

257 

Mustard 

271 

Lobelia 

89 

Myriophyllum 

371 

Lop  seed 

256 

Myrtle,  Dutch 

393 

Locust  Tree 

295 

Myrtle,  Wax 

394 

Loose  Strife 

77 

Neottia 

M5 

Louse  Wort 

261 

Nettle 

366 

Lovage 

118 

Nettle  Tree 

401 

Ludwigia 

67 

Nightshade,  Enchanter's 

12 

Lupine 

285 

Nightshade,  Black 

87 

Lycopsis 

74 

Nightshade,  Woody 

87 

Lygodiura 

415 

Nonesuch 

297 

Lyme  Grass 

47 

Oak 

875 

Magnolia 

244 

Oat  Grass 

84 

Mares'  Tail 

3 

Oil  Nut 

378 

May  Weed 

336 

Orache 

401 

Maiden  Hair 

424 

Orchard  Grass 

33 

Malaxis 

347 

Orchis 

340 

Mallow 

276 

Osier 

392 

Maple 

405 

Osmunda 

416 

Marsh  Marigold 

235 

Oval  Ceanothus 

96 

Marsh  Mallow 

277 

Painted  Cup 

260 

Marsh  Rosemary 

132 

Panic  Grass 

41 

May  Apple 

229 

Parsnep                           116 

,120 

May  Weed 

336 

Parnassus,  Grass  of 

]29 

Meadow  Cowslip 

235 

Partridge  Berry 

174 

Meadow  Sweet 

209 

Pearl  wort 

65 

Meiilot 

290 

Pea  Vine 

295 

466 


INDEX. 


Peck's  Geum 

221 

Rattlesnake  Plaintain 

346 

Penny  Wort 
Pennyroyal 

115 
11 

415 
285 

Rattle  Pod 

Penthorum 

195 

Ray  Grass 

46 

Peppergrass 

266 

Redtop 

30 

Pepper  Root 

272 

Red  Actaea 

224 

Petty  Morel 

130 

Red  Larch 

387 

Pickerel  Weed 

138 

Reed 

41 

Pig  Nut 

379 

Reed  Grass 

40 

Pinapernel 

77,88 

Reed  Mace 

363 

Pine 

384 

Reedy  Cinna 

31 

Pine  Sap 

187 

Rhodora 

182 

Pine  Weed 

128 

Rib  Wort 

53 

Pink 

190 

Rich  Weed 

366 

Pin  Weed 

479 

River  Bush 

52 

Pipe  Wort 

358 

Robin's  Plaintain 

321 

Pipes 

411 

Roman  Wormwood 

368 

Plane  Tree 

1384 

Rose 

210 

Plantain 

53 

Rose  Bay 

178 

Plum,  Beach 

205 

Rough  Grass 

25 

Poke  Root 

402 

Rudbeckia 

338 

Poke  Weed 

197 

Rush 

147,  152 

Polygala 

282 

Sabbatia 

79 

Polypody 

417 

Saltwort 

104,  112 

Poly,  Grass 

200 

Samphire 

2 

Polygonum 

165 

Sandwort 

190 

Pond  Weed 

65 

Sanicle 

116 

Poplar 

397 

Sarsaparilla 

129 

Poppoose  Root 

135 

Sassafras 

170 

Potentilla 

216,  218 

Saxifrage 

164,  188 

Prenanthes 

304 

Scouring  Rush 

411 

Prickly  Ash 

405 

Scratch  Grass 

168 

Prickly  Pear 

203 

Scullcap 

255 

Prim 

5 

Sea  Burdock 

367 

Primrose 

157 

Sea  Hemp 

395 

Privet 

5 

Sea  Lovage 

118 

Proserpinaca 

50 

Sea  Arrow  Grass 

152 

Purslane 

199 

Sea  Rocket 

267 

Pyrola 

185 

Sea  Ruppia 

66 

Pyrus 

207 

Sea  Wormwood 

318 

Quaking  Grass 

37 

Sea  Wrack 

358 

Queria 

105 

Sedge 

359 

Radish 

269 

Self  Heal 

255 

Ram's  Head 

351 

Seneca  Grass 

45 

Ranunculus 

242 

Seneca  Snake  Root 

283 

Raspberry 

210 

Senecio 

328 

Rattlesnake  Grass 

37 

Senna,  American 

181 

INDEX. 

467 

Shagbark 

380 

Swamp  Rose 

210 

Shield  Fern 

418 

Sweet  Fern 

364 

Shepherd's  Purse 

267 

Sweei  Flag 

146 

Shrub 

339 

Sweet  Gale 

393 

Sickle  Pod 

269 

Sweet  Briar 

210 

Side-Saddle  Flower 

226 

Sweet  Uraspermum 

119 

Silk  Weed 

108 

Sweet  Viburnum 

123 

Silver  Fir 

385 

Sycamore 

384 

Silver  Weed 

216 

Tansy 

318 

Sium 

119 

Tephrosia 

296 

Skunk  Cabbage 

61 

Thalictrum 

234 

Smilax 

396 

Thesium 

104 

Snake  Head 

264 

Thimble  Berry 

210 

Snake  Root,  Virginia 

351 

Thin  Grass 

28 

Snap  Dragon 

259 

Thistle 

309 

Soap  Wort 

190 

Thorn  Apple 

83 

Soft  Grass 

46 

Thorn  Bush 

206 

Soft  Monarda 

11 

Thoroughwort 

315 

Solomon's  Seal 

140 

Threadlfoot 

3 

Sonchus 

308 

Thyme 

253 

Sorrel 

275 

Tiarella 

189 

Sow  Thistle 

308 

Toothwort 

271 

Spear  Grass 

34 

Tobacco 

90 

Spearmint 

249 

TobScco  Pipe 

186 

Spearwort 

238 

Touch-me-not 

98 

Speedwell 

5 

Toad  Flax 

259 

Spice  Wood 

170 

Traveller's  Joy 

233 

Spike  Grass 

33 

Tree  Primrose 

157 

Spikenard 

130 

Tree  Cranberry 

124 

Spiked  Willow  Herb 

156 

Trefoil 

288 

Spleenwort 

421 

Trichostema 

256 

Spruce 

386 

Trientalis 

154 

Spurge 

201 

Trillium 

150 

Spurrey 

196 

Trumpet  Weed 

"516 

Squirrel  Tail  Grass 

48 

Truncate  Hair  Grass 

33 

Star  Grass 

139 

Tulip  Tree 

244 

Stellaria 

193 

Tupelo  Tree 

408 

Stitchwort 

193 

Unicorn  Root 

150 

St.  John's  Wort 

298 

Uraspermum 

120 

Strawberry 

215 

Vallisneria 

390 

Elite 

4 

Velvet  Grass 

45 

Streptopus 

139 

Vernal  Grass 

29 

Succory 

303 

Vernonia 

312 

Sumach. 

125 

Vervain 

254 

Sundew 

131 

Vetch 

287 

Sunflower 

336 

Viburnum 

123 

Swamp  Pink 

85 

Vine 

97 

468 


INDEX. 


.Violet  98 

Viper's  Bugloss  73 

Virgin's  Bower  233 

Virginian  Lycopsis  74 

Virginian  Rhexia  158 
Virginian  Water  Horehound  10 

Villarsia  81 

Walking  Leaf  421 

Walnut  379 

Water  Cress  270 

White  Dock  153 

Water  Flag  363 

Water  Horehound  10 
Water  Lily                    230,  231 

Water  Millfoil  370 

Water  Oats  369 

Water  Parsnep  118 

Water  Pepper  165 

Water  Plantain  154 

Water  Starwort  3 

Water  Target  236 

Water  Pimpernel  88 

Wax  Myrtle  394 

Waxwork  96 

White  Dock  399 


White  Weed  320 
White  headed  Bog  Rush        18 

Whitlow  Grass  266 

Whortleberry  159 

Wild  Bugloss  74 

Wild  Cress  266 

Wild  Ginger  199 

Wild  Indigo  180 

Wild  Tansey  216 

Willow  391 

Willow  Herb  155 

Winterberry  137 

Wintergreen  184 

Witchhazel  63 

Woodsia  418 

Wood  Sorrel  275 

Woodwardia  423 

Wood  Waxen  285 

Wood  Hair  Grass  33 

Woody  Nightshade  87 

Woundwort  251 

Yarrow  336 

Yellow  eyed  Grass  18 

Yellow  Rattle  258 

Yew  399 


Date  Due 

L.^Jfr'/ 

>^V  c 

J.  ■  /A 

/^VA,/ 

if 

.iTikWrv 

^SSi  \' 

^m- 

^1  * 

/ 

1 

1 

1 

f) 

BOSTON  COLLEGE 


3  9031  01077222  6 


